20140329 Kern JK ExcelFile TM SHarm ReferenceList v33
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Authors Year Journal
Li et al. 2014 ToxSci Advance Access
Trumpler et al. 2014 Trace Elements
Dorea et al. 2014 Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health
Pieper et al. 2014 Metallomics.
Zhang et al. 2014 Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.
Staab et al. 2014 PLoS Genet.Wehe et al. 2014 Anal Bioanal Chem.
Marques et al. 2014 Environ Pollut.
Geier et al. 2013 Transl Neurodegener
Grønborg et al. 2013 JAMA Pediatr.
Chen et al. 2013 World J Pediatr.
Zimmermann et al. 2013 Neurotoxicology.
Goldman 2013 Hum Exp Toxicol.
Sharpe et al. 2013 J Toxicol.
Abdel-Rahman 2013 J Applied Pharmaceutical Science
Guzzi et al. 2012 Interdiscip Toxicol.
Zimmer et al. 2012 Environ Health Perspect.
li et al. 2012 PLoS One.
Mrozek-Budzyn et al. 2012 Neurotoxicol Teratol.
Blanuša et al. 2012 J Biomed Biotechnol.
Sharpe et al. 2012 J Toxicol.
Khan et al. 2012 J Physiol Pharmacol.
Ye et al. Abstract only 2012 Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.
Ida-Eto et al. 2012 Brain Dev.
Dorea et al. 2012 J Biomed Biotechnol.
Chauvat et al. 2012 J Immunol Methods.
Duszczyk-Budhathoki et al. 2012 Neurochem Res.Sulkowski et al. 2012 Cerebellum.
Barile et al. 2012 J Pediatr Psychol.
Ida-Eto et al. 2011 Neurosci Lett.
Secor et al. 2011 Int J Toxicol.
Olczak et al. 2011 Behav Brain Res.
Asadi et al. 2010 Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol.
Hunter et al. 2010 Dis Model Mech.
Olczak et al.a 2010 Folia Neuropathol.
Wyrembek et al. 2010 J Physiol Pharmacol.
Gallagher & Goodman 2010 J Toxicol Environ Health A.
Olczak et al.b 2010 Neurochem Res.
Hewitson et al. a 2010 J Toxicol Environ Health A.
Zieminska et al. 2010 Toxicology.
Rodrigues et al. 2010 Arch Toxicol.
Hewitson et al. b 2010 Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars).
Paradis et al. 2010 Northeast Bioengineering Conference
Gardner et al. 2010 Toxicol Lett.
Migdal et al. 2010 Toxicology.
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Geier et al. 2010 Indian J Med Res.
Migdal et al. 2010 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.
Geier et al. 2010 Med Sci Monit.
Marques et al. 2010 Acta Paediatr.
Minami et al. 2010 Cell Biol Toxicol.
Geier et al. 2009 Toxicol Environ Chem
Olczak et al. 2009 Brain Res.Kuo et al. 2009 Hum Exp Toxicol.
Marques et al. 2009 Cogn Behav Neurol.
Hashimoto et al. 2009 Toxicol In Vitro.
Peltz et al. 2009 Int J Toxicol.
Minami et al. 2009 Toxicology.
James et al. 2009 FASEB J.
Epstein et al. 2009 J Ocul Pharmacol Ther.
Tozzi et al. 2009 Pediatrics.
Branch 2009 Exp Toxicol Pathol.
Young et al. 2008 J Neurol Sci.
Geier et al. 2008 Neuro Endocrinol Lett.
Eke & Celik 2008 Toxicol In Vitro.
Wu et al. 2008 Chem Res Toxicol.
Laurente et al. 2007 Anales de la Facultad de Medicina
Park et al. 2007 J Toxicol Environ Health A.
Liu et al. 2007 Toxicol Sci.
Geier & Geier 2007 J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.
Nguyen et al. 2007 Eye Contact Lens.
Lawton et al. 2007 Toxicol In Vitro.
Ribeiro et al. 2007 Neurosci Res.
Geier & Geier 2007 J Toxicol Environ Health A.Hagele et al. 2007 Int J Toxicol.
Yole et al. 2007 Toxicology.
Karsen et al. 2007 J Infect Dev Ctries.
Havarinasab et al. 2007 Toxicology.
Agrawal 2007 J Leukoc Biol.
Zheng & Dreskin 2007 Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
Geier & Geier 2006 Med Sci Monit.
Orct et al. 2006 J Appl Toxicol.
Lee et al. 2006 Environ Toxicol Pharmacol.
Goth et al. 2006 Environ Health Perspect.
Geier & Geier 2006 Neuro Endocrinol Lett.
Geier & Geier 2006 J Toxicol Environ Health A.
Woo et al. 2006 Mol Carcinog.
Herdman et al. 2006 Toxicol Sci.
Havarinasab & Hultman 2006 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.
Pérez et al. 2006 J Lipid Res.
Burbacker et al. 2005 Environ Health Perspect.
Yel et al. 2005 Int J Mol Med.
Mutkus et al. 2005 Biol Trace Elem Res.
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Havarinasab et al. 2005 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.
Chang et al. 2005 Pharmacol Res.
Parran et al. 2005 Toxicol Sci.
Geier & Geier 2005 Med Sci Monit.
Lee-Wong et al. 2005 Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
Ueha-Ishibashi et al. 2005 Toxicol In Vitro.
James et al. 2005 Neurotoxicology.Humphrey et al. 2005 Neurotoxicology.
Geier & Geier 2004 Int J Toxicol.
Jin et al. 2004 Neurosci Lett.
Waly et al. 2004 Mol Psychiatry.
Ueha-Ishibashi et al. 2004 Toxicol In Vitro.
Hornig et al. 2004 Mol Psychiatry.
Bultynck et al. 2004 Biochem J.
Geier & Geier 2004 Med Sci Monit.
Havarinasab et al. 2004 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.
Ueha-Ishibashi et al. 2004 Toxicology.
Nakao et al. ordered, but not able to retrieve 2003 Natural Science Research
Qvarnström et al. 2003 Anal Chem.
Geier & Geier 2003 Pediatr Rehabil.
Alexandre et al. 2003 Biol Cell.
Baskin et al. 2003 Toxicol Sci.
Jan et al. 2003 Pharmacol Toxicol.
Koh et al. 2003 Australas J Dermatol.
Alexandre et al. 2003 Mol Reprod Dev.
Jain et al. 2003 J Pharm Pharmacol.
Geier & Geier 2003 Exp Biol Med (Maywood).
Westphal et al. 2003 Arch Toxicol.Vojdani et al. 2003 Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol.
Kim et al. 2002 Biochim Biophys Acta.
Hidalgo et al. 2002 Biol Res.
Makani et al. 2002 Genes Immun.
Kerst et al. 2002 J Membr Biol.
Müller et al. 2001 Int J Hyg Environ Health.
Montero et al. 2001 Cell Calcium.
Chen et al. abstract (in Chinese) 2000 Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi.
Westphal et al. 2000 Int Arch Occup Environ Health.
Song et al. 2000 Brain Res.
Donoso et al. 2000 Biophys J.
Verstraeten et al. 1999 Abstract
Mihai et al. 1999 Cell Calcium.
Patrizi et al. 1999 Contact Dermatitis.
Chen et al. abstract only 1998 Acta Otolaryngol Suppl.
Karhapää et al. abstract 1996 Cell Calcium.
Nishio et al. abstract 1996 Neurochem Int.
Thrower et al. 1996 Biochem J.
Wiktorek et al. abstract 1996 Biochem Biophys Res Commun.
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Wu et al. abstract 1996 FEBS Lett.
Abramson et al. 1995 J Biol Chem.
Bootman et al. 1992 J Biol Chem.
Brunner et al. abstract 1991 Mutagenesis.
Withrow et al. abstract 1989 Photochem Photobiol.
Chanez et al. 1989 Neurotoxicology.
Chervonskaia et al. 1988 Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol.Kravchenko et al. 1984 Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol.
Kravchenko et al. 1982 Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol.
Matheson et al. 1980 J Pediatr.
Anundi et al. 1979 Acta Pharmacol Toxicol.
Fagan et al. 1977 Arch Dis Child.
Parry abstract 1977 Mutat Res.
Heinonen et al. 1977 Publishing Sciences Group (book)
Blair et al. abstract 1975 Toxicology.
Braaten et al. 1975 Tissue Cell.
Gasset et al. abstract 1975 Arch Ophthamol.
Axton abstract 1972 Postgraduate Medical Journal
Itoi et al. (in Japanese) 1972 Jpn J Clin Ophthal.
Nelson & Gottshall 1967 Appl Microbiol.
Ellis 1943 Arch Ophthamol.
Kinsella 1941 Ann Intern Med.
Welch & Hunter 1940 Am J Public Health.
Welch 1939 J. Immunol.
Cummins 1937 Lancet
Salle & Lazarus 1935 Proc Soc Exp Biol Med.
Powell & Jamieson 1931 Am J Hyg.
Smithburn et al. 1930 J. Am. Med. Assoc.
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Cmp General type of study Model System
TM tissue culture and functional testing animal
TM tissue culture human
TM clinical human
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animalTM tissue culture human
TM clinical human
TM epidemiology human children
TM epidemiology human children
TM tissue culture and functional testing animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM epidemiology human
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM epidemiology human children
TM tissue culture and urine animal
TM tissue culture brain
TM tissue culture brain
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture brain
TM clinical human children
TM tissue culture immune
TM tissue culture brainTM tissue culture brain
TM clinical human children
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture vascular
TM animal model animal
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM animal model animal
TM animal model animal
TM epidemiology human children
TM animal model animal
TM animal model animal
TM animal model animal
TM animal model animal
TM animal model animal
TM animal model animal
TM tissue culture vascular
TM tissue culture immune
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TM epidemiology human children
TM tissue culture immune
TM tissue culture human and bacterial
TM clinical human infants
TM tissue culture brain
TM tissue culture human
TM animal model rat infantsTM tissue culture immune
TM clinical human infants
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture vascular
TM tissue culture brain
TM tissue culture human children
TM tissue culture human
TM epidemiology human children
TM animal model animal
TM epidemiology human children
TM epidemiology human children
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture human and animal
TM tissue culture human
TM epidemiology human children
TM case report human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM case series human childrenTM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM case report human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture human
TM case report human
TM epidemiology human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM epidemiology human
TM epidemiology human children
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture brain
TM tissue culture animal
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TM tissue culture immune
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture human
TM epidemiology human
TM case report human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture humanTM tissue culture human
TM epidemiology human
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture and animal model animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM epidemiology human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM epidemiology human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM case report human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM epidemiology human
TM tissue culture humanTM clinical human
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM clinical human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM epidemiology human
TM tissue culture human
TM clinical human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
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TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture humanTM tissue culture human
TM tissue culture human
TM case report human
TM tissue culture animal
TM clinical human
TM tissue culture fungus
TM epidemiology human
TM tissue culture animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM animal model animal
TM clinical human
TM animal model animal
TM animal model animal
TM clinical human
TM clinical human
TM tissue culture human & animal
TM tissue culture mammalian
TM animal model animal
TM tissue culture animal
TM animal model animal
TM human human
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Type of Study
mice
human blood
human children
human
human
nematode (roundworm)human
human children
human children
human children
rat
rat
VAERS database
human
adult mice
human
human
mouse
human children
rat infants
human
rats
eyes
rats
human children
human
ratsrats
human children
rat infants
mouse
rat infants
human cells
nematodes
rat infants
rats
National Health Interview Survey 1997-2002
rats
newborn primates
rats
rats
rhesus macaque infants
snail
human
human
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Vaccine Safety Datalink, birth cohorts, 1990-1996
human
human and bacterial
human infants
mice
human
ratshuman
human infants
rats
bovine
mice
lymphoblastoid cells (autistic vs controls)
human tissue
10 y follow up of pertussis vaccine trial in 1992-3
male and female CD1 mice
Vaccine Safety Datalink
children from Rh-negative mothers in the US prior to 2002
human
human?
hamsters 7 days old
murine and human
human
human children
human female
mice
mice brain
human childrenbovine
mice
human
murine
human
human
human children
rat infants
human
murine
human children
human children
human
human
murine
human
infant monkeys
human
Chinese hamster
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mice
human
human
human children
human
young rats
humanhuman
human children
human
human
rats
mouse
chicken
human children
mouse
rat infants
human
mice
human children
mice
human
canine
human
mice
guinea-pig
human
humanhuman children
human
mammal
human
Xenopus laevis (frog)
human
human
guinea pig
human
rat
rabbit
infants
human
human children
guinea pig
rat
rabbit
rat
rat
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mouse
rabbit
HeLa cells
pig
mouse
rat fetus
human diploid cellshuman cell line L-132
human cell line L-132
children
hepatocytes
human infants
yeast cells
50,000 pregnancies
monkeys
rat
rabbits
adults and children
rabbits
mouse
patients
patients with endocarditis
human & Guinea pig blood
whole blood
Guinea pigs
embryonic tissue
animals
human
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More Specific Focus
brain tissue and developmental testing
human whole blood and physiological simulation solutions
Gesell Development Schedule (GDS) on children from two villages in Brazil
human astrocytes
human Chang conjunctival cells
transcriptome RNA sequencing to identify genes controlled by the SKN-1/Nrf2 negative regulator WDR-23 in thehuman astrocytes
children in Brazil
US children in the VSD
children (about 1.5 million) born in Denmark between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 2004
premature SD rats at a dose of 32.8, 65.6, 98.4 or 131.2 μg/kg
rat glioma cell
VAERS database during three consecutive flu seasons beginning 2008/2009
B-lymphocytes taken from individuals with autism, their nonautistic twins, and their nontwin siblings and controls
brain tissue
Jurkat T cells, a human T leukemia cell line
neural crest cells
mouse C2C12 myoblast cells
196 infants born between January 2001 and March 2003 to mothers in the first and second trimesters of pregnan
whole blood and urine and mass fractions of mercury in organs (kidneys, liver, brain, small intestine, and large int
astrocytes
cerebellum
conjunctival epithelial cells
brain
Amazonian infants
T cells in vitro
rat prefrontal cortexcerebellum
neuropsychological tests
early development of serotonergic neurons
aortic endothelial cell
behavioral tests
human leukemic cultured LAD2 mast cells
single neuroligin gene
brain
hippocampal neurons
boys 3-17 yo, born before 1999
brain
tested nine survival, motor, and sensorimotor reflexes
cerebellar granule cells
rat tissues (brain, heart, kidney and liver) and blood
amygdala growth
neuronal patterns
peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro
dendritic cells
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premature puberty
dendritic cells (DCs)
human neuroblastoma cells/bacterial cells
Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS) test
cerebellum and cerebrum
neuroblastoma cells and fetal cells
brain, liver and kidneysoral cancer cells
infant hair-Hg and Gesell schedules
thymocytes
pulmonary artery ECs
metallothionein (MT) mRNAs in cerebellum microglia cell line, C8-B4 cells
glutatione levels/redox
conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells
neuropsych testing
maximum tolerated dose
birth-7 months and birth-13 months
maternal Rh-negativity assessed among 298 Caucasian children with NDs and known Rh-status
cultured peripheral blood lymphocyte cells
interaction of thimerosal with topoisomerase II alpha and protein and nonprotein thiols and with DNA
encephalon
kidney cells
gastric cancer cells
children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
eyes
N2a neuroblastoma and rat C6 glioma cells
neuroblastoma N1E-115 cell line
children with apparent mercury toxic encephalopathies and regressive autistic disorderpulmonary artery endothelial cell
YAC-1 lymphoma cells
43 yo female given tetanus injection with recation to TM
autoimmune syndrome
dendritic cells
31 yo female, response to skin prick test with TM
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) from 1991 through 2004
distribution in blood and organs (kidney, liver and brain)
HeLa S epithelial cells
dendritic cells
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), from 1994 through 2000 in the United States
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), DTP and Hib vaccines in comparison to DTPH vaccine, from 19
leukemia cells
SK N SH (Human neuroblastoma cell line)
murine systemic autoimmune diseases
U937 phagocytes
mercury levels in the brain
neuronal cell
ovary (CHO) cells
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immune response
osteoblast-like cells
neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y cells)
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), (DTaP) vaccines, from 1997 through 2001
patient who received an influenza vaccine
lymphocytes dissociated from thymic glands
neuroblastoma cells and glioblastoma cellsneuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), (DTaP) vaccines, from 1997 through 2000
TRPV1, a receptor for capsaicin
SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells
thymocytes
hippocampal neurons and neurological testing
B lymphoma cells
Evaluations of the Biological Surveillance Summaries of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
A.SW mice
cerebellar neurons
K562 human leukemia cells
organs
Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS)
mouse primary oocytes
cultured human neurons and fibroblasts
Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells
3.5 year old boy
mouse oocyte
cerebellar membranes
Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS)
lymphocyteslymphocyte receptors and tissue enzyme (DPP IV or CD26); human serum albumin in patients with autism
HeLa S cells
sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from skeletal or cardiac mammalian muscle
Jurkat T cells (Human T cell lymphoblast-like cell line)
KCNE1-injected Xenopus laevis oocytes
erythrocytic GST T1 (glutathione-S-transferase T1)
intact HeLa cells
cochlear outer hair cells
Central European individuals with a positive patch-test reaction to thimerosal va healty controls
tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neur
triad-enriched sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle
database from 4 HMOs contained immunization, medical visit, and demographic data on over 400,000 infants bo
calcium receptor in human parathyroid and rMTC6-23 cells
atopic children
guinea pig cochlear outer hair cells
GH4C1 pituitary cells
rabbit blood platelets
Ca2+ channel from rat cerebellum
intact glioma C6 cells
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single pancreatic acinar cells
skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum
Fura-2-loaded HeLa cells
pig brain
mouse lymphoma
brain, total brain homogenate, synaptosomes and myelin
cytotoxic action (CTA) of chemical substances contained as admixturestested DTP vaccine on the cell line L-132
tested DTP vaccine on the cell line L-132
child given gammaglobulin preserved with TM
hepaocytes
13 cases of infants with exomphalos treated with TM
yeast cells
studied drug exposure during pregnancy and malformations in the infants
Squirrel monkeys were dosed intranasally
Rat, Wistar-Lewis, fetal 18-20 day gestation; (also neonatal 3-12 day old); primary cultures of endocrine pancreas
rabbits injected prenataly
adults and children
reproductive health in rabbits
mice injected with pertussis vaccine with TM and without TM
TM used in ophthamic ointment
13 cases of patients treated with TM for endocarditis
varying dilutions
compared the relative toxicity of Thimerosal with other germicide compounds, e.g., phenol or iodine
inoculated Guinea pigs
compared emryonic cells to bacterial cells
toxicity studies
21 adults with meningitis were given an injection IV 1% solution TM
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When Exposed Sex-dependent Finding
first 4 months of life males more affected neural development delay, social int
na na Analogous behaviour of methylmerc
postnatal na children in the village with higher m
na na strongly disturbed poly(ADP-ribosyl)
na na Acute exposure to thimerosal induce
na na increased nuclear SKN-1::GFP in the ina na many-fold higher levels of Hg were p
postnatal na TM negativelly impacted children's p
postnatal na Increased risk of an ASD diagnosis
postnatal na Decrease in the rate of ASD with the
postnatal day 1 na Expression of DRD4 and 5-HT2AR an
na na Significant cytotoxicity (p<0.0001) w
prenatal na increased prenatal TM exposure resu
na na Autism families showed thimerosal h
adults na elevated brain nitric oxide and decre
na na thimerosal caused a significant decre
na na Thimerosal reduced NC cell migratio
na na thimerosal induces S phase arrest an
prenatal na An adverse effect of neonatal TCV ex
early postnatal life na TM-exposed group mercury retentio
na na inhibits mitochondrial respiration lea
prenatal males more affected expression of suppressor-of-white-a
na na DNA single- and double-strand break
prenatal na lasting impairment of brain monoami
na na a higher score of neurological develo
na na abortive activation of T cells followe
infant na rapid increase of glutamate overflowinfant males more affected aberrant cerebellar oxidative stress,
early life males more affected presence of tics
embryonic exposure na dramatic increase in the number of s
na na induced phospholipase D activation, i
early postnatal life males more affected impairments of locomotor activity an
na na TM induced significant vascular endo
na na single neuroligin gene (nlg-1) mutan
early postnatal life na degeneration of neurons and "dark"
na na damaged a significant proportion of
birth males more affected threefold greater odds for autism dia
early postnatal life na alterations in opiod recepters, degen
birth na delayed acquisition of neonatal refle
na na induced the rise in the intracellular c
na na mercury in tissues and blood followi
4 and 6 months na altered amygdala maturation
infant na a clear disruption of the baseline neu
na na decreases IFN-gamma release
na na a calcium (Ca2+) influx , induced glut
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birth-7 months and birth-13 months na increased rate ratios for premature p
na na induced DC activation, as monitored
na na relative toxicity indices (human neur
prenatal na GDS at 6 months was significantly as
na na expressed metallothionein (MT) mes
na na mitochondrial damage, reduced oxid
early postnatal life no accumulates in the rat brain in signifina na killed cells in a concentration-depen
pre/post natal exposure to methyl and TM na GS at 6 months was significantly influ
na na increases intracellular Zn(2+) concen
na na activates vascular endothelial cell (E
na na MT-1 mRNA significantly decreased
na na thimerosal resulted in a greater decr
na ns ocular tissue damage
early postnatal life unclear girls with higher thimerosal intake ha
adult mice males more affected gender-selective toxicity
3 months of age na increased rate ratios were observed
prenatal na increases in maternal Rh-negativity a
na na genotoxic and cytotoxic effect
na na reacted rapidly with cysteine, GSH, h
7 days old na Neurotoxic effects were also produc
na na cytotoxicity on renal cells
na na reduced cell viability, apoptosis, and
na na children with ASDs (28.30%) were sig
na na total limbal stem cell (LSC) failure an
na na impaired neurite outgrowth
na na blockade of the resting state, hyperp
na na significant dose-response relationshina na endothelial lipid signaling enzyme, p
na na induced microtubule depolymerizati
na na hypersensitivity, myelodysplastic syn
na na activated the production of anti-fibril
na na induced increased TH2 (IL-5 and IL-1
na na generalized pruritus without hives, t
early postnatal life na reduction on neurodevelopmental di
na na high brain and blood concentrations
na na apoptosis, reduced cell viability and i
na na altered ATP-mediated interleukin-6 s
na na significantly increased adjusted (sex,
na na significantly increased odds ratios for
na na apoptosis, G(2)/M phase arrest, and
na na apoptosis in a neuroblastoma model
na na induced glomerular, mesangial and s
na na blocks the conversion of Arachidonic
na na There was a higher percentage of th
na na induced apoptosis was associated wi
na na caused significant but selective chan
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na na initial immunosuppressive effects lea
na na induced cytosolic Ca2+ elevation and
na na elevated levels of fragmented DNA a
na na exposure to mercury from TCVs admi
na na generalized maculopapular eruption
na na depolarized the membranes, associa
na na induced cytotoxicity was associatedna na accumulated in the mitochondria; cy
na na evidence that administration of thim
na na blocked the capsaicin-activated inwa
na na inhibited both IGF-1- and dopamine-
na na induced decrease in cellular content
na na showed growth delay; reduced loco
na na induce isoform-specific conformatio
childhood na evidence showing a direct relationshi
na na induces in genetically susceptible mi
2 weeks na increased the intracellular concentra
na na potency of thimerosal to affect K562
na na was rapidly taken up in the organs of
childhood vaccines na occurrence of neurodevelopmental d
na na induces an instantaneous, complete
na na induces DNA breaks, caspase-3 activ
na na increases calcium levels in renal tubu
11 days prior to reaction na Wells' syndrome
na na irreversibly inhibits meiosis reinitiati
na na inhibitor of the binding of [(3)H]mep
childhood vaccines na an association between neurodevelo
na na induces micronuclei in the cytochalana na bind to lymphocyte receptors and/or
na na stimulates focal adhesion kinase and
na na increased susceptibility to stimulatio
na na induced apoptosis in T cells as deter
na na interacts with the cysteine residue C
na na inhibition of the human erythrocytic
na na increased the sensitivity to histamine
na na induced Ca2+ mobilization in isolated
na na homozygous gene deletions of the gl
na na blocked the two types of sodium cha
na na produced a significant increase of rel
postnata na elevated risk for the following disord
na na increases the responsiveness of the c
na na high frequency of sensitization to thi
na na induced Ca2+ mobilization in isolated
na na potently inhibited the Ba2+ currents
na na serotonin transport activity into rabb
na na enhances Ins(1,4,5)P3-induced Ca2+
na na inhibit phosphatidylserine synthesis
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na na modulates the agonist-specific cytos
na na stimulate Ca2+ release from skeletal
na na stimulated Ca2+ spikes occurred in t
na na TM led to rapid inhibition of tubulin
na na TM was toxic to cells and highly mut
prenatal na inhibition of Na+K+ATPase activity
na na toxic at 0.8micrograms/ml; aluminuna na in a concentration of 1 in 10,000, con
na na most toxic effect on cells was caused
na na acrodynia or mercury poisoning resul
na na glutathione depletion and lipid perox
post natal na 10 out of 13 infants dies; Hg blood a
na na TM induced significant genetic altera
prenatal na TM was associated with malformatio
na na Mercury concentrations were signific
pre and post natal na destroys fibroblastoid cells
adult and prenatal na TM caused dose-dependent increase
na na Five out of the six patients died, and
prenatal na significantly increased numbers of de
na na Pertussis vaccines preserved with 0.0
na na Merthiolate is capable of causing an i
na na all patients receiving the Thimerosal
na na TM was more toxic for human cells t
na na TM was, by several orders of magnit
na na guinea-pigs inoculated with 1 c.cm. o
na na Thimerosal 35.3 times more toxic to
na na significant numbers of animals died
na na 20 of 21 people died with 24 hours, t
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raction deficiency, and inclination of depression; alternation of a number of canonical pathways involvi
ry and ethylmercury species in human blood was shown and an ethylmercury-glutathione adduct was i
rcury exposure from maternal fish consumption and postnatal TCV had a significantly more severely aff
tion, a signalling reaction induced by DNA strand breaks
s antiproliferative properties, apoptosis, and autophagy activation in human Chang conjunctival cells
ntestine and also increased Pnlg-1::gfp fluorescence in motor neurons (TM interferes with brain structuresent in the cells with exposure to organic Hg compounds than inorganic Hg compounds
sychomotor developement
removal of TM from vaccines
learning function decreased, and apoptosis increased significantly in the 131.2 μg/kg group, Memory f
s observed; ethyl and methyl comparative; both transported by LAT equally
lted in an 11-fold increased fetal-loss rate
ypersensitivity, whereas none of the control individuals displayed this response.The thimerosal concent
sed brain glutathione levels, neuron degeneration and brain holes
ase in cellular viability at 1 μM (25%, p<0.05; IC50: 10 μM). Methyl mercury exhibited a significant decr
at least as potently and effectively as CH3HgCl (lowest effective concentration in the range of 1–5 nM),
d finally causes apoptosis via inhibition of PI3K/Akt/survivin signaling followed by activation of the mito
posure was observed for the psychomotor development index (PDI) only in the 12th and 24th months o
was higher in the brain, enteral excretion was similar, and urinary excretion was much lower compare
ding to a drop in the steady state membrane potential, but also concurrent with these phenomena incr
ricot-1 (SWAP-1), a gene negatively regulated by T3, was increased in TM-exposed males (61.1% increa
s
inergic system
pment at six months was negatively associated with exposure to additional TCV-EtHg
by cell death
hyroid hormone metabolism, and motor behavior in rat pups
erotonergic neurons localized to the lateral portion of the caudal raphe was observed
induced upstream phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) leading to downstrea
d increased anxiety/neophobia, prosocial interactions was reduced, frequency of asocial/antisocial int
thelial growth factor (VEGF)
ts were significantly more sensitive than wild-type animals to both inorganic (HgCl2) and organic thimer
neurons in the prefrontal and temporal cortex, the hippocampus and the cerebellum, pathological chan
eurons after 60-90 min exposure; reduced both NMDA and GABA responses
gnosis
erating neurons and loss of synaptic vesicle marker (synaptophysin)
es
lcium and zinc concentration and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential
g TM treatment was predominantly found as Ino-Hg, but a considerable amount of Et-Hg was also foun
ronal communication pattern when the extracted central nervous system is exposed to Thimerosal
thione (GSH) depletion and reactive oxygen species
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uberty
by CD86 and HLA-DR overexpression associated with the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha and in
blastoma cells/bacterial cells) were 2-phenoxyethanol (4.6-fold) < phenol (12.2-fold) < Thimerosal (>33
ociated with total mercury concentration of neonate's hair
senger RNA
ative-reduction activity, cellualr degeneration, and cell death
cant amounts and remains there longer than 30 days after the injection and also increased pain threshoent manner through apoptosis
enced by Hg exposure- methyl and TM
ration via decreasing cellular thiol content
) phospholipase D (PLD), suggesting mechanisms of mercury vasculotoxicity
ase in the GSH/GSSG ratio and increase in free radical generation in autism compared to control cells
d lower mean scores in the finger-tapping test with the dominant hand and in the Boston Naming Test
or autism, autism spectrum disorders, tics, attention deficit disorder, and emotional disturbances
mong children with NDs, autism spectrum disorders, and attention-deficit-disorder/attention-deficit-hy
uman serum albumin, and single-stranded DNA to form ethylmercury adducts, inhibited the decatenati
d at encephalic level: at hippocampus (regions CA1, CA3 and DG), cerebral cortex, and cerebellum (Pur
induced [Ca2+](i) increases via Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space
nificantly more likely (odds ratio 2.35, 95% confidence interval 1.17-4.52, p < 0.01) to have Rh-negative
corneal opacification
olarizing shifts of m(infinity) and h(infinity) curves, change in the voltage sensitivity and slower inactivati
between the severity of the regressive ASDs observed and the total mercury dose children received frospholipase D (PLD), enhanced reactive oxygen species generation, decrease of levels of total cellular t
n and inhibition of tubulin synthesis and/or beta-tubulin degradation
drome and pancytopenia.
larin autoantibodies (AFA), and induced a persistent Th1-skewed response
) and decreased TH1 (IFN-gamma) cytokine secretion from the T cells, depletion of intracellular glutathi
roat tightness, and a dry cough without wheezing on auscultation
sorders woth decreased use of TM in vaccines
ntracellular glutathione levels, and increase of genomic DNA fragmentation
ecretion, initially enhancing the rate of cytokine secretion but suppressing cytokine secretion overall in
age, vaccine type, vaccine manufacturer) risks of autism, speech disorders, mental retardation, persona
autism, speech disorders, mental retardation, infantile spasms, and thinking abnormalities reported to
DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner.
via the cJun N-terminal kinase pathway
stemic vessel wall immune-complex deposits and antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
acid into arachidonoyl-CoA, and a CoA-independent transacylase inhibitor that blocks the movement of
total mercury in the brain that was in the form of inorganic mercury for the Thimerosal-exposed monk
h depolarization of mitochondrial membrane, generation of reactive oxygen species, and release of cyt
es in both glutamate transporter mRNA and protein expression in CHO cells
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ding to a second phase with strong immunostimulation and autoimmunity, which is T-cell dependent, H
subsequent cell death in human osteosarcoma cells; concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 microM thimerosal
ppearing at 0.01 microM (apoptosis) to decrease at concentrations >1 microM (necrosis)
inistered in the US was a consistent significant risk factor for the development of NDs
ed with increasing the [Ca2+]I; induced an apoptotic change in membranes of almost all living cells
ith depletion of intracellular GSH in both cell lines ochrome c was shown to leak from the mitochondria, followed by caspase 9 cleavage within 8 h of trea
erosal-containing vaccines in the United States resulted in a significant number of children developing N
rd current (I(cap)) in cultured sensory neurons
timulated methylation with an IC(50) of 1 nM and eliminated MS activity
of glutathione and apoptosis
otion; exaggerated response to novelty; and densely packed, hyperchromic hippocampal neurons with
al changes in the N-terminal part of IP3R1, leading to the formation of a highly IP3-sensitive Ca2+-relea
p between increasing doses of mercury from thimerosal-containing vaccines and neurodevelopmental
e a systemic autoimmune syndrome
ion of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in a concentration-dependent manner, decreased the cellular content of glutathio
cells was similar to that of methylmercury; inhibited the growth and increased the population of shrunk
the mice (kidney, liver, and mesenterial lymph nodes),
isorders following thimerosal-containing childhood vaccines does not appear to be coincidental
nd long-lasting microtubule interphasic network disassembly in mouse primary oocytes, correlated wit
tion, membrane damage, and cell death in cultured human neurons and fibroblasts
lar cells
n in mouse oocyte
ramine to histamine H(1) receptors in guinea-pig cerebellar membranes
pmental disorders and thimerosal-containing DTaP vaccines was found
in B block micronucleus test with human lymphocytestissue enzymes, resulting in autoimmune reaction in children with autism
cytoskeletal changes by redox modulation
by Ca2+ and decreased the inhibitory effect of Mg2+ in skeletal vesicles
ined by TUNEL and propidium iodide assays, suggesting a role of mercury in T cell apoptosis; and enha
14 in the S3 segment of KCNQ1, leading to a change of its gating properties.
glutathione-S-transferase T1 (GST T1)
of ER-Ca(2+)-release by about two orders of magnitude; thimerosal increased the [Ca(2+)](ER) steady-s
guinea pig cochlear outer hair cells
utathione S-transferases M1 and T1 are associated with thimerosal sensitization
nnels in a dose-dependent manner; the inhibitory effect of thimerosal was much more pronounced in T
ease rate constants and initial release rates at all [Mg(2+)] tested (up to 1 mM), and shifted the K(0.5) v
ers: autism (RR 7.6, 95% Cl = 1.8-31.5), non-organic sleep disorders (RR 5.0, 95% Cl = 1.6-15.9}, and spee
alcium receptor in human parathyroid and rMTC6-23 cells
erosal in atopic children
guinea pig cochlear outer hair cells
through voltage-operated Ca2+ channels
it blood platelets was inhibited
release by both altering the open times of the channel significantly and causing a shift to higher subcon
y 70%,
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lic Ca2+ oscillatory patterns in single pancreatic acinar cells of mouse
muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, inhibit high affinity [3H]ryanodine binding, and modify the chan
e absence of extracellular (Ca2+ o), suggesting that they result from mobilization of Ca2+ from intracell
ssembly abd disassembly of microtubules
genic
sulafte toxic at 500 micrograms/ml tained in one vaccine caused celluar damage
by components of pertussis antigens and merthiolate solution.
lted including nerve damage
idation
d tissue levels above toxic levels for fetuses and adults
tions at a level < 1ppb
ns in the children
antly raised over control values in brain (high dose group only), liver, muscle and kidney, but not in bloo
in fetal mortality and was found to cross the placental and blood brain barrier
necropsy showed extensive renal tubular necrosis in each case, and in two, evidence of diffuse intravas
ad fetuses (up to 18% of fetuses died following exposure) and increased fetal congenital anomalies (up
1%Merthiolate are more toxic for mice than unpreserved vaccines prepared from the same parent con
inflammation of the mucous membrane in patients
treatment died, and that following autopsy, some of the patients were determined to have died of mer
an bacterial cells (toxicity index=5.7) and was among the 10 germicides tested, had the ninth worst toxi
de, the most toxic compound tested
f the mixtures after 24 hours all died
embryonic cells than bacterial cells
ithin days of exposure
he 21st person started to recover, but after a second dose, he died
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ng neuronal development, neuronal synaptic function, dysregulation of endocrine system
dentified.
ected children
ral proteins)
nction was significantly impaired by 65.6 (P<0.05), 98.4 and 131.2 μg/kg (P<0.001)
ration required to inhibit cell proliferation in these individuals was only 40% of controls. Cells hypersens
ase in cellular viability at 50 μM (33%, p<0.01; IC50: 65 μM). Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) did not show an
whereas inorganic mercury (HgCl2) was about 10-fold less potent
hondrial apoptotic pathway
f life. The overall deficit in the PDI attributable to neonatal TCV exposure measured over the course of t
to HgCl(2)-exposed sucklings.
ases the formation of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and Fenton/Haber-Weiss generated hydroxyl ra
e), but not in females; (p<0.05). Positively regulated T3-target genes, Purkinje cell protein 2 (Pcp2; p=0.
threonine phosphorylation of PLD(1), and caused loss of intracellular glutathione
ractions was increased in males, but decreased in females, marked decline in the density of striatal D2
osal
ges of the blood vessels in the temporal cortex, diminished synaptophysin reaction in the hippocampus,
d in the liver and brain.
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terleukin 8, oxidative stress, monitored by ROS induction and depolarization of the mitochondrial mem
0-fold), TM more toxic to human cells than bacteria
ld
eractivity-disorder
n activity of DNA topoisomerase II alpha, induced single and double strand breaks in K562 cells were co
inje cells and granulose cells); with decrease in neuronal density, neuronal necrosis, axonal demyeliniza
mothers than controls (14.36%). Each ASD patient's mother was determined to have been administere
ing kinetics,
m Thimerosal-containing vaccines/Rho (D)-immune globulin preparationshiols
one (GSH)
DCs.
lity disorders, thinking abnormalities, ataxia, and NDs in general, with minimal systematic error or confo
VAERS were found following DTP vaccines in comparison to DTPH vaccines
AA within phospholipids
eys (34% vs. 7%).
ochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to cytosol.
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-2 linked
killed 33, 55 and 100% cells, respectively
tment. In addition, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was cleaved to form a 85 kDa fragment followi
Ds
altered glutamate receptors and transporters
se channel
isorders, and measles-containing vaccines and serious neurological disorders.
ne, and cytotoxic actions on cerebellar granule neurons
en; hypodiploidal cells was also greatly increased; thimerosal-induced apoptosis
h the irreversible inhibition of meiosis reinitiation
ced intracellular reactive oxygen species and reduced intracellular glutathione (GSH)
tate level in permeabilized cells; and inhibited also plasma membrane Ca(2+)extrusion and increased Ca
X-R sodium channels than TTX-S sodium channels; and the effect of thimerosal was irreversible
lue for Mg(2+) inhibition to 101 or 137 microM in triads actively or passively loaded with calcium, resp
ch disorders (RR 2.1, 95% (1=1.1-4.0)
uctance levels
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nel activity of the reconstituted Ca2+ release protein
ular stores
ular coagulation.
to 9.1% of fetuses developed congenital anomalies following exposure)
entrate and containing the same number of organisms. An increase in mortality was observed when M
ury poisoning from the Thimerosal treatment.
icity index.
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itive to thimerosal also had higher levels ofoxidative stress markers, protein carbonyls, and oxidant gen
y significant change in cellular survival.
he three-year follow-up (GEE) was significantly higher in TCV group.
ical. These oxidants increase the levels of cellular aldehyde/ketones. Additionally, we find a five-fold in
07) and Forkhead box protein P4 (FoxP4; p=0.08), showed a trend towards decreased expression in TM-
eceptors
atrophy of astroglia in the hippocampus and cerebellum, and positive caspase-3 reaction in Bergmann
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brane
nsistent with a rapid induction of apoptosis
tion, and gliosis.
a TCR during her pregnancy.
unding, were associated with TCV exposure
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g maximal caspase 3 activation, apoptosis and oncosis/necrosis
(2+)(Mn(2+)) entry through the plasma membrane
ctively. Further oxidation of vesicles with thimerosal completely suppressed the inhibitory effect of [M
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rthiolate was injected separately, before or after an unpreserved saline suspension of pertussis vaccine
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rationprotein carbonyls, and oxidant generation.
rease in the levels of oxidant damaged mitochondrial DNA bases and increases in the levels of mtDNA n
exposed males. The expression of deiodinase 2 (DIO2) showed a trend towards an increase in TM-expo
stroglia
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(2+)] on CICR, yielding initial rates of CICR of 2 micromol/(mg x s) in the presence of 1 mM free [Mg(2+)
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icks and blunt-ended breaks.
ed females,
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].