2014 TAITIEN Timing Academy

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2014 TAITIEN Timing Academy

Transcript of 2014 TAITIEN Timing Academy

Page 1: 2014 TAITIEN Timing Academy
Page 2: 2014 TAITIEN Timing Academy

Milestones of Taitien

Page 3: 2014 TAITIEN Timing Academy

Worldwide Contacts

Worldwide Sales

USA / Virginia USA / Colorado TAIWAN / Shulin

CHINA / Shenzhen CHINA / Nanjing CHINA / Zhengzhou CHINA / Shenzhen

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1. Crystal Unit Equivalent Circuit

Figure 1

2. AT-cut (Orientation Angle) vs. Frequency -Temperature

CharacteristicsThe mode of vibration and the frequency

temperature coefficient of crystal units depend

upon the orientation angle. Figure 2 represents

various orientation angles in the synthetic

quartz crystal. The AT-cut is the most popular

orientation angle for crystal units. Figure 3 shows

AT-cut frequency-temperature characteristics

representing third-order curves.

Figure 2

3.Frequency vs Load Capacitance

Since the crystal oscillator frequency will change

when the load capacitance changes, we can

change the load capacitance with a capacitor

bank or varactor & thus change the crystal

oscillator frequency in some applications.

fL

CL1 fa(fp)f1(fs)

0

Figure 3

Figure 4

Introduction to Crystals

L1: Motional Inductance

C1: Motional Capacitance

R1: Motional Resistance

C0: Shunt Capacitance

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FL–FS C1FS FS 2×(C0+CL)

F

fL2–fL1Pulling rangefS

C1×(CL2–CL1)2×(C0+CL1)×(C0+CL2)

4. Negative Resistance (-Rn) of oscil lation circuit The negative resistance is an indicator for

oscillation margin of circuits. A circuit might not

oscillate due to aging, temperature, voltage

change etc., if the negative resistance of an

oscillation circuit does not have enough margin.

Figure 5

Negative Resistance Measurement Method : (1) Connect the resistance (R) to the circuit in

series with a crystal unit.

(2) Adjust R to ensure the oscillation can start .

(3) Measure R when oscillation just starts (or

stops) in above (2).

(4) Calculate the negative resistance using the

formula: -Rn = R + RL

(5) It is preferable when. Rn > R1* ( 5 to 10 )

CI : The specification of crystal impedance

* The circuit noise will influence test result.

Ordering Formula

1. Type :

2. Nominal Frequency : MHz

3. Mode of Oscillation :

4. Frequency Tolerance at 25 oC ±2 oC

: ± ppm Max.

5. Frequency Stability vs. Temperature Range

: ± ppm Max.

~ oC ( referred to 25 oC)

6. Equivalent Series Resistance

: ΩMax.

7. Load Capacitance : pF ±5

8. Shunt Capacitance : pF Max.

9. Drive Level : µW ( <100 µW max.)

10. Aging : ± ppm/yearL1’

RL -Rn

CL

Figure 6

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1. XO (Crystal Oscil lator)This is a basic crystal oscillator which has

no temperature compensated and voltage

control for tuning the output frequency. The

temperature characteristics are only produced

by the crystal.

2. VCXO (Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator)

VCXO is a crystal oscillator with a control pin for

externally tuning the output frequency.

3. TCXO (Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator)

TCXO is a crysta l Osci l la tor that has a

temperature compensation circuit for producing

better frequency stability at various temperature

ranges. Most of our TCXO’s have a voltage

control function option (VCTCXO).

4.OCXO (Oven Control led Crysta l Oscillator)

OCXO (Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator) uses

an electronic heater to improve the frequency

stability with environmental temperature change.

The OCXO frequency stability is usually more

than 10 times better than a TCXO under the

same environmental conditions. In an OCXO,

the crystal and other sensitive components

are heated to reduce their variat ion with

temperature. Typically the oven temperature is

10 degrees Celsius above the highest operating

condition of the oscillator. An OCXO offers

higher frequency stability and better frequency

phase noise performance than that of a TCXO

and other crystal oscillators.

5. Frequency Stability vs Temperature Range

This is a basic characteristic of quartz crystals.

The output frequency will deviate at different

temperature, i.e.:

XO : ±25 ppm @ -40 oC ~ 85 oC

TCXO : ±2.5 ppm @ -40 oC ~ 85 oC

6. Pulling Range (VCXO) This specification of VCXO is defined by the

minimum frequency deviation with Vcon change.

It must include a Vcon range and a frequency

deviation range.

For example: Vcon: 1.65V±1.35V, ±100ppm

Introduction to Crystal Oscillators

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7. Output Waveform and measuring load

Rise Time (TR): The output level time from logic 0 to logic 1. Fall Time (TF): The output level time from logic 1 to logic 0. Symmetry (SYM): This is a ratio of full and half cycles. Logic 0: TTL 0.4V, CMOS 10% VDD, LVPECL/LVDS 20% Waveform. Logic 1: TTL 2.4V, CMOS 90% VDD , LVPECL/LVDS 80% Waveform. Symmetry reference: TTL 1.4V, CMOS 50% VDD, LVPECL/LVDS 50% Waveform.

8. Tri-State The output pin will be controlled by a tri-state control pin. The output pin will be at high impedance when the control pin is at a logic 0.

DD

DD

DD

LV

Max

Min

LVDS waveform

LTEST POINT

=390 ΩROutput

CL15 PFEQUIVALENT1N916 OR

TTL LOAD

VDD

TEST POINT

CMOS LOAD

Output

F15 PCL

Clipped Sinewave

Output

1000PF

10K

TEST POINT

F10 PCL

LVPECL TEST CIRCUIT

50 Ω

OutputComp.

Output

50 Ω VDD-2.0V

TEST POINT

TEST POINT

LVDS TEST CIRCUIT

100 Ω

Output

Comp.Output TEST POINT

TEST POINT

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9. IR Reflow Conditions

Ordering Formula 1. Type :

2. Nominal Frequency : MHz

3. Frequency Tolerance : ppm Max.

4. Frequency Stability

4-1. vs Temperature Range : ppm Max.

4-2. vs VDD Change : ppm Max.

4-3. vs Load Change : ppm Max.

5. Operating Temperature : to °C

6. VDD : Vdc ± 5%

7. Current Consumption : mA Max.

8. Output Load : TTL

CMOS 15pF

CMOS 50pF

Clipped Sine wave

10KΩ // 10pF

LVPECL 50Ω

LVDS 100Ω

9. Rise Time : ns Max.

10. Fall Time : ns Max.

11. Duty Cycle : %

12. Pulling Range (VCXO) : ppm Max.

13. Control Voltage : Vdc ± Vdc

14. Trimming Range : ppm Min.

100

100

5025

150

200217

260

200 300 400

Temperature (˚C)

Time (Seconds)

25±5

105±45s90±30s

25°C to Peak Temperature: 8 minutes max.

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Page 9: 2014 TAITIEN Timing Academy

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