2014 © McGraw-Hill Education PART I: ELEMENTS Music: An Appreciation, Brief, 8 th edition | Roger...

2014 © McGraw-Hill Education

PART I: ELEMENTSPART I: ELEMENTSMusic: An Appreciation, Brief, 8th edition | Roger Kamien


Music: vital part of human society•Provides entertainment and emotional release; accompanies activities•Heard everywhere in modern life

Recorded music is a 20th-century innovation•Internet access•Portable audio

Live performance: special excitement•Experience affected by emotional state of both performer and audience

Evaluating music performances•Background music vs. active listening•Perceptive listening enhances enjoyment•Knowledge of musical elements enhances perception


SOUND: pitch, dynamics, tone colorSOUND: pitch, dynamics, tone colorOur world is filled with sounds•Sounds can be pleasant or unpleasant•Humans are able to focus on specific sounds•We can ignore sounds that do not interest usSound•Begins as a result of vibrating object•Transmitted through a medium: air•Causes our eardrums to vibrate•Impulses sent to brain for processing

MUSIC: organization of sounds in time

Four main categories of musical sounds• pitch • dynamics • tone color • duration


pitch: highness or lowness of pitch: highness or lowness of soundsoundDetermined by frequency of vibration

•Fast vibration = high pitch; slow vibration = low pitch•Generally, smaller vibrating objects = higher pitches

In music, definite pitch is a tone•Tones have specific frequencies

e.g., 440 cycles (vibrations) per second = A)

•Irregular vibrations create sounds of indefinite pitch

Interval: distance between 2 tones•Octave: doubling/halving of frequency•Tones an octave apart seem to blend together

Western music divides octave into 12 tonesNonwestern music may divide into different number

Range: distance between voice or instrument’s highest & lowest possible tones


dynamicsdynamicsRelative loudness of a sound•Related to amplitude of vibration producing sound•Changes in dynamics may be sudden or gradual

Accent: tone played louder than tones near itItalian terms used to indicate dynamics•Extremes: ppp, pppp, fff, ffff•Crescendo: gradually louder

•Decrescendo (diminuendo): gradually softer


tone color (timbre)tone color (timbre)• Quality that identifies an instrument’s sound• Can be bright, dark, mellow, etc.Changes in tone color create variety and

contrastTone colors add a sense of continuity

Specific melodies with specific tone colors

Unlimited variety of tone colorsComposers frequently blend sounds of

instruments to create new tone colors

Modern electronic technique create new tone colors


listening outlines, vocal music listening outlines, vocal music guides, and properties of soundguides, and properties of sound

Listening Outlines & Vocal Music Guides•Helps focus attention on musical events as they occur•Preceded by description of the music’s main features•Listening Outline: points out notable musical sounds•Vocal Music Guide: helps the listener follow the thought, story, or drama

*Suggestion: While listening to one passage, look ahead to what is next


LISTENINGLISTENINGThe Firebird, scene 2 (1910)Igor Stravinsky

Listen, then follow the listening outline to this selection in CONNECT MUSIC

Note: •Tone colors through instrumentation•Dynamic contrasts


LISTENINGLISTENINGC-Jam Blues (1942)Duke Ellington


Listen for:•Tone colors •Repeated note melody•Improvised solos•Muted brass instruments


PERFORMING MEDIA:PERFORMING MEDIA:voices and instrumentsvoices and instruments

Voices: unique ability to fuse words & musical tones•Voice range is based on physical makeup & training•Voice classifications

Female Malesoprano (highest) tenormezzo-soprano baritonealto bass (lowest)

•Vocal music is frequently performed with instrumental accompaniment


Musical instruments: any mechanism (other than voice) that produces musical sounds•Western instruments: 6 broad categories

string percussionwoodwind keyboardbrass electronic

•Made in different sizes for range variety•Tone color may vary with the register•Provide entertainment; used for accompaniment•Instruments’ popularity rises and falls with changing musical tastes


string instrumentsstring instrumentsSound produced by vibrating tight cableshorter the string and tighter the tension, higher the pitch (& vice versa)

Orchestral bowed instruments• violin • viola • cello (violoncellon) • bass (double bass)

Common playing techniques• pizzicato • vibrato • tremolo• double stop • harmonics • mute

Some string instruments not played with bowGuitar & harp use plectrum (small wedge; pick)


woodwind instrumentswoodwind instrumentsTraditionally, woodwinds were made of wood•In the 20th century, metal & plastic became common•The longer the tube, the lower the pitch

– Holes along instrument change the length of the tube

Main orchestral woodwinds and ranges:

Woodwinds: single note instrumentSounds produced by blowing (player’s breath)• “whistle mouthpiece” • single reed • double reed• saxophone: single reed instrument; common in jazz


brass instrumentsbrass instrumentsOrchestral brasses (in order of range)•trumpet, french horn, trombone, tuba•cornet, baritone horn, & euphonium used mainly in concert and in marching bandsSound produced by blowing into mouthpiece•Vibration of player’s lips produces sound•Sound exits through flared end called bell•Pitch changed in 2 ways:

― Pressure of player’s lips (together and against mouthpiece)

― Lengthening the instrument via slide or valveso Trombone uses sliding tubeso Others use valves connected to additional tubingo Generally, the longer the tube, the lower the pitch

•Tone color is altered by inserting mute into bellBrass provides power and emphasis in music


percussion instrumentspercussion instrumentsSound (generally) produced by striking, shaking, or rubbing the instrument•Instruments of definite pitch produce tones•Those of indefinite pitch produce noise-like sounds•Membranes, pieces of wood or metal vibrate

Percussionists must play many instrumentsPercussion traditionally emphasizes rhythm

20th-century music: greater use of percussion


electronic instrumentselectronic instruments• Produce or amplify sound using electronics

– Invented ~1904, significant impact only after 1950– Modern technology blurs lines between instrument types,

recording, computer, and hybrid devices

• Tape studio: main electronic tool of 1950s• Synthesizers came into use in 1960s

– Huge machines first built in mid-1950s– Analog synthesis dominated until ~1980– Digital (FM) synthesis came to forefront in 1980s

Effects devices were integrated into digital synthesizers– Sampling technology advanced in 1990s

• MIDI (1983) allowed connection of devices• Small computers develop in 1970s & 80s• Modern composers connect these devices, use

software, and write new types of music


LISTENINGLISTENINGThe Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34 (1946)Benjamin Britten


Listen for:•Themes, variations•Contrast•Repetition•Various orchestral instruments


RHYTHMRHYTHM• Flow of music through time• Particular arrangement of note lengths

BEAT– Recurrent pulsation– Divides music into equal units of time

METER– Grouping of beats– 2s and 3s; strong and weak beats

ACCENT and SYNCOPATION– Accent: note is emphasized– Syncopation: emphasis placed on an unexpected note

or beat


tempotempo• The speed of the beat; the pace

associated with emotional effect

• Tempo indicated at beginning of piece–As with dynamics, Italian terms are used

–Molto, non troppo, accelerando, ritardando

• Metronome: indicates exact tempo


MUSIC NOTATIONMUSIC NOTATION• Written music stores information

– Allows composer to communicate their ideas to others

Notating pitch• Letter names: A B C D E F G• Staff

• Grand Staff− G Clef or Treble− F Clef or Bass


notating pitchnotating pitchKeyboard note names with notation


notating rhythmnotating rhythm• music notation indicates length of tone in relation

to other tones in the pieceHow note looks indicates

duration

Notating SilenceRests indicate

notated silence


notating meternotating meter• Time signature indicates the meter of a piece of

music– Appears at beginning of piece– Appears again whenever meter changes– Written as two numbers, one above other2 3 top number: how many beats per measure

4 2 bottom number: what type note counts 1 beat

– Common and cut time; duple and triple meter

The Score• Includes music for every instrument• Can include 20+ lines of music at once


MELODYMELODY• A series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole• Begins, moves, ends• Tension and release• Stepwise vs. leap motion• Climax• Legato vs. staccato• Made of phrases (parts)• Sequence within melodies• Cadence: complete vs. incomplete


LISTENINGLISTENINGOver the Rainbow (1938)Harold Arlen


HARMONYHARMONY• The way chords are constructed and how they

follow each other • Chord: three or more tones sounded at once

– chord is simultaneous tones– Melody is a series of individual tones

• Progression: how chords follow each other

Consonance and Dissonance• Stable, restful chords (consonant)• Unstable, tense chords (dissonant)

degree of dissonance—more and less dissonant

• Resolution: movement away from a dissonance, towards consonance


the triadthe triad• Simplest, most basic chord

Made up of three notesNotated on 3 adjacent lines or spaces

• Tonic: triad built on 1st scale noteMost stable, restful chordPieces usually begin and end on this chord

• Dominant: triad built on 5th scale noteMost unstable, tense chordDominant to tonic movement feels conclusive

Broken Chords (Arpeggios)• Chord tones sounded in series


KEYKEYCentering of a melody or harmony around a central note

The Major ScaleWhole steps and half steps occurring in a predetermined orderbright, happy sound

The Minor ScaleWhole steps and half steps occurring in a different predetermined orderdark, sad sound


LISTENINGLISTENINGPrelude in e minor for piano, Op. 28, No. 4 (1839)Frédéric Chopin


Note:•Harmony for variety and movement


key signaturekey signature• Pieces using major scales—major key• Pieces using minor scales—minor key• Number of sharps or flats played determines scale

and key– Also determines key signature– Key signature notated at beginning of piece between

clef sign and time signature

The Chromatic ScaleUtilizes all 12 notes within the octave

– Includes both black and white piano keys– This scale does not define a key


modulation: change of keymodulation: change of key• Provides contrast within longer piece• Modulation like temporary shift in gravity

new tone and key becomes “home”

Tonic KeyThe main key of a piece• Modulations away to different keys usually return

to the tonic key• Return to tonic creates feeling of resolution and

conclusionreturn to tonic usually occurs near end of piece


MUSICAL TEXTUREMUSICAL TEXTURELayering of sound, how layers relate

Monophonic TextureSingle, unaccompanied melody literally “one sound”

Polyphonic TextureTwo or more equally important melodies sounding simultaneously

Homophonic TextureOne melody with chordal accompaniment

Changes of TextureWithin a piece, creates variety and contrast


LISTENINGLISTENINGFarandole from L’Arlesienne Suite No. 2 (1879)Georges Bizet


Note:•Contrasting textures


MUSICAL FORMMUSICAL FORMOrganization of musical elements in time

Techniques that create musical form•Repetition—restating musical ideas•Contrast—avoiding monotony with new ideas•Variation—reworking ideas to keep them new

Types of Musical FormTernary•simple•subdivided


LISTENINGLISTENINGDance of the Reed Pipes from Nutcracker Suite (1892)Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky


Note:•Ternary form


types of musical formtypes of musical formBinary•A B•A A B•A B B•A A B B

LISTENINGLISTENINGBourée from Suite in e minor for lute (1710)Johann Sebastian Bach



MUSICAL STYLEMUSICAL STYLE• Characteristic way of using melody, rhythm, tone,

color, dynamics, harmony, texture, and form• Western art music can be divided into:

Middle Ages, 450-1450

Renaissance, 1450-1600Baroque, 1600-1750Classical, 1750-1820Romantic, 1820-190020th Century to 19451945 to present

• Shaped by political, economic, social, and intellectual developments

2014 © McGraw-Hill Education PART I: ELEMENTS Music: An Appreciation, Brief, 8 th edition | Roger...

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