2013 King Hall Day 1 Session 2 - 2
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Transcript of 2013 King Hall Day 1 Session 2 - 2
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Lessons Learnt?How the Great War shaped Japanese Naval Planning
COL Tim Gellel
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Japan’s entry into the Great War
1902 Anglo-Japanese AllianceRN’s dilemma … • RN needed IJN help needed to defeat German East Asia Squadron,
capture Tsingtao … IJN’s opportunity • To remove German threat• To dominate Yellow Sea and maritime approaches to Peking11 Aug: To Britain - will seize Tsingtao, with/without your cooperation.15 Aug: Surrender Tsingtao ultimatum to Germany 23 Aug: Declared war on Germany, Tsingtao siege commenced. 25 Aug: Declared war on Austria-Hungary
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Tsingtao and Japan
Port Arthur
Sasebo
Hakko-ho
Tsingtao
Weihaiwei
Yellow Sea
Bohai Gulf
Peking
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Lungkou Weihaiwei
Tsingtao
2 Sep
18 Sep
0 50km
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IJN at Tsingtao – Land, Air, Sea
Naval Artillery Landing Force • 4 x 5cm, 4 x 12cm guns, 494
menSeaplane Tender Wakamiya Maru• 4 Maurice Farman Floatplanes• First naval air attack on land
targets• First naval air attacks on ships• First night bombing raid2nd Fleet• Blockade, landing, sweeping1st Fleet• Distant covering force, blockade
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The German Pacific Possessions
Oct: IJN seized:• Marianas (Saipan), • Carolines (Truk, Yap, Kusaie, Ponape, Palau, Angaur) • Marshalls (Jaluit)IJN occupation suggested by British Admiralty• Australia lacked capacity• Mahan warned of American “outrage” Japan not initially committed to possession• offered Yap to Australia … • … but retracted that offer after Tokyo riots
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Indo-Pacific Patrols
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ASW in the Mediterranean
1917: Feb: unrestricted sub warfare• GBR, FRA request IJN destroyers,
recognise Japan’s Pacific mandateApr: 2nd Special Service Fleet Arrives
MaltaMay: U-63 sinks SS Transylvania, Jun: Austrian U-27 sinks Sakaki• 92 crew: 59 KIA, 24 WIA• 2nd Special Service Fleet expands By Nov 1918: • escorted 787 ships, 700,000 troops• but sank no U-boats 1919: escort 7 German U-boat prizes
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Dreadnought “Phoney War”1914: 17 pre-/semi-dreadnoughts1918: 8 new 14-inch dreadnoughts • “8-8 Fleet” PlanDreadnoughts’ contribution minimal • 1914: Kongō to Tsingtao, Midway • 1916: 3 battlecruisers on China patrol • IJN rejected British requests for battlecruisers Jutland• “served as the basis for years of study by the [Naval General] staff
and staff college”• Confirmed IJN faith in battleship
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From Victor to VictimIJN Great War commitment significant …• Tsingtao, Indian and Pacific Oceans, Mediterranean, Siberia… but selective,• Dreadnoughts absent, cruisers did not engage/sink enemy ships driven by (national) self-interest ... • Eliminated rival naval threats • Expanded Japanese territory • War-prize U-boats boost IJN sub development … but small compensation for ensuing humiliations• 1919: Britain opposes Japan’s Racial Equality Proposal at Versailles • 1922: forced return of Tsingtao • 1922: withdrawal from Siberia; Britain annuls Treaty, rejects 10:10:7
ratio in Washington Conference
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Lessons LearntIJN continued airpower lead• Dec 1941–Jun 1942 IJN carrier ops Pacific, Indian Oceans• Dec 1941: HMS Prince of Wales, Repulse sunk by airpower• Jan 1942: IJN paratroopers seize MenadoJutland did not invalidate …• IJN precept of decisive naval battle, and the battleship’s starring role… but confirmed • “fleet in being” and “decisive battle” doctrinesIJN overlooked offensive use of own submarines… • 187 IJN subs only sank 171 vessels … while ignoring defensive ASW • Under-investment in destroyers and ASW weapons • By 1942 merchantmen losses outstripped production • By 1945 90% of merchantmen sunk
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Summary
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