2013 02-11 - leeds lab
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Adrian Ward
The third half of your brain:Transactive memory, the internet, and the self
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“We want Google to
be the third half of
your brain.”
The Third Half of Your Brain
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The Third Half of Your BrainTransactive Memory
We form “Transactive Memory Systems” with the people in our lives—a sense of shared
memory that is bigger than the sum of its parts.
We don’t only know what we know. We also know what our
friends and family know.
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Transactive Memory
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Natural Couples Impromptu Couples
Transactive Memory
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Expertise:
Now, just for today, let’s assume that you (one
participant) are the expert in ______, and that you (the other participant) are the
expert in _____.
Please try to remember the items for which you are the
expert.
Transactive Memory
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Memory Task:
“Midori is a Japanesemelon liqueur”
“Luke and Laura got marriedon ‘General Hospital.’”
“Yeasts reproduce by budding.”
Transactive Memory
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Impromptu NaturalCouple
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
Assigned Expertise No Assignment
Transactive Memory
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Overlapping Memories Non-overlapping Memories
0
5
10
15
20
25
Natural Couples – Memory Type
Transactive Memory
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Transactive Memory
Memory structures are
social structures
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Transactive Memory
Memory structures are
social structures
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Transactive Memory
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Transactive Memory
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Transactive Memory
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Transactive Memory
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Transactive Memory
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Transactive Memory
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Transactive Memory
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Transactive Memory and the ‘NetTransactive Memory
The internet is becoming saturated with information.
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Transactive Memory and the ‘Net
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Transactive Memory and the ‘Net
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Participants typed 40 trivia statements
into a computer.
They were told that this information would either be saved or erased.
Remember0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
% of items correctly re-membered
Saved Erased
Will people remember
information if they believe they
can access it online later?
Transactive Memory and the ‘Net
Sparrow, Liu,& Wegner (2011)
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Hard 818 614500
600
700
800
RT after being asked hard trivia questions
Search Engine WordsBrand Names
Participants answered either
hard or easy trivia questions, then
performed a modified Stroop
task.
When we are asked difficult questions, we automatically think of the
internet.
REDGOOGLEGREEN
Transactive Memory and the ‘Net
We don’t remember things as well when we know they are being saved
digitally—but do we tend to look online for this
info?
Sparrow, Liu,& Wegner (2011)
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Transactive Memory and the ‘Net
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a transactive memory partnerthe third of half of your brain
Transactive Memory and the ‘NetBut Hold On!
There’s a difference between the internet being…
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But Hold On!Transactive Memory and the ‘Net
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Transactive Memory and the ‘Net
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But Hold On!Google Effects on CSE
If people fail to differentiate between info
stored online and info stored in their own
memories, then they should feel responsible for
performance based on online info.
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The Cognitive Self-Esteem Scale
In order to test whether people attribute the internet’s intelligence to themselves,
we developed a new measure:
n=61
Google Effects on CSE
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Google Effects on CSE
Participants answered 10 trivia questions and were
either:
(1)Given no specific instructions
(2)Instructed not to use Google
(3)Instructed to use Google** * = p < .05
Control No Google Google5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
CSE Scores After Completing Trivia Quiz
F(2,384) = 3.52p = .03
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Google Effects on CSE
Rosen
berg
PANAS_
Pos
PANAS_
Neg
PASC
I_Ph
ys
PASC
I_So
c
PASC
I_Mat
h
PASC
I_Ver
bal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Results – Other Potentially Related Scales
ControlNo GoogleGoogle
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Google Effects on CSE
Alternative explanation: Performance-related feedback
Participants took a trivia quiz either:
(1) Without Google(2) Without Google, but receiving False
Feedback(3) With Google
**** ** = p < .01
F(2,151) = 7.19p = .001
No Google False Feedback Google4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
CSE Scores After Completing Trivia Quiz
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Google Effects on CSE
So what does cause this effect?
Possibility: combination of a “feeling of knowing” (e.g., Nelson & Narens, 1980) and the “knew it all
along” effect (e.g., Fischhoff & Beyth, 1975)
We think we know the answer—and Google “confirms” our knowledge
before we can realize that we never actually knew
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No Google Slow Google
Google4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
“Slow Google” Study
Google Effects on CSE
No Goo
gle
Googl
e, W
rite
Answer
Firs
t
Googl
e4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
“Write Answers” Study
F(2,115) = 6.62, p = .002 F(2,130) = 6.56, p = .002
One way to interfere with the “feeling of knowing” is to modify
the speed of Google
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Easy Medium Hard4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
No GoogleGoogle
Google Effects on CSE
Finteraction(2,353) = 3.00, p = .05
p = .013 nsns
Another way to interfere with the “feeling of knowing” is to modify
the difficulty of the questions.
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Google Effects on CSE
Boosts in CSE provide evidence that we think of Google as a part
of the self,but there are better measures out
there…Predictions of future performance;Chance, Norton, Gino, Ariely (2011)
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You will now be asked to take a second trivia quiz.
This quiz will be similar in difficulty and content to the quiz you just took.
You will be unable to use any outside sources for help.
Before you begin the second quiz, please take your best guess as to how many
questions (out of 10 total) you think you will answer correctly.
No Google Slow Google
Google3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
“Slow Google” Study
No Google Write Answers
Google3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
“Write Answers” Study
Google Effects on CSE
F(2,115) = 5.27, p = .006 F(2,130) = 6.14, p = .003
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Google Effects on CSE
When we use Google, we fail to realize we are using an external
source. We treat Google as a part of our own brains.
The Inclusion of Other in the Self scale (IOS); Aron, Aron, &
Smollan, 1992
What other measures might tap into the extent to which we see
Google as a part of the self?
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Google Effects on CSEYou Google
You Google
You Google
You Google
You Google
You Google
You Google
When we are close to something or someone, we often think of it (or he,
or she) as being a part of who we are. This often happens with friends and
family members, and even with things we use often - such as our computers, or even our favorite
clothing.
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Google Effects on CSE
Slow: No Google Write Answers: No Google
Slow: Google Write Answers: Google
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
IOS Means
You Google
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Obam
a
Relat
ives TV
Cell P
hone
Favo
rite
Mov
ie
Cousin
sGod
Favo
rite
Book
Compu
ter
Sibl
ings
Googl
e
Best F
riend
Pare
nts
Spou
se0
1
2
3
4
5
6
IOS Means – Comparison Items
Google Effects on CSE
How does our relationship with Google compare to our
relationships with other sources of info?
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Google Effects on CSESummary
(1) Our minds work like card catalogs—we keep track of who knows what
(2) Google knows practically everything
(3) We incorporate Google into our card catalogs—perhaps to the exclusion of human memory partners
(4) We may fail to draw a distinction between Google’s knowledge and our own
(5) Google may be “the third half” of our brains
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SummaryOther Stuff
(1) Data Bank Study
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Other Stuff
(1) Data Bank Study
(2) Google as Internet
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Other Stuff
(1) Data Bank Study
(2) Google as Internet (Use)
Googl
e
Face
book
Yaho
o
YouT
ube
Yaho
o Mai
l
Yaho
o Se
arch
msn
Bing
Gmai
lAOL
0
500,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,500,000,000
2,000,000,000
2,500,000,000
3,000,000,000
3,500,000,000
Visits Per Week (Experian)
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Other Stuff
(1) Data Bank Study
(2) Google as Internet (Explicit)
Google Facebook Amazon Reddit Yahoo ESPN0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Percent of Users Who Listed Each Site as First Associate
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Google FacebookAmazon Reddit Yahoo ESPN0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Percent of Users Who Listed Each Site as First Associate
(with comparison data)
Our Sample
Comparison (Nelson & McEvoy, 2000)
Other Stuff
(1) Data Bank Study
(2) Google as Internet (Explicit)
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Other Stuff
(1) Data Bank Study
(2) Google as Internet
(3) Ongoing Studies(1) Google-as-internet LDT (Implicit)(2) Source Confusion(3) Positive/Negative Effects
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(Thanks)