Lecture 7. Other Nanotechnology Applications DNA sequencing

Filtration

Clothing and Sports

Composites

Other Nanomedicine Applications and Opportunities

Other Nanotemplate-based Applications:

Superconductors

Magnetic Nanowires

Ferroelectrics

Dielectric Nanostructures and Cloaking

The Business of Nanotechnology

The H-bonding systems of DNA base-pairs between guanine (G) and cytosine (C), and adenine (A) and thymine (T). In addition the

chemical structures of histidine and tryptophan proteins are shown. Histamine is a decarboxylation product of histidine.

DNA Sequencing

Nanopore Technology

DNA Sequencing is at the center of the Human Genome Project, which promises

to revolutionize the Biomedical Sciences and the treatment of human diseases. NIH

posts proposal solicitations at least twice a year

Future Sequencing Technologies are Single Molecule Approaches

*High speed sequencing individual DNA molecules electronically by a Solid-

state Nanopore based device

__Ions Flow

Membrane

Nanopore DNA

Blocks Ion flow

principle of nanopore detection Measure Ionic Current Blockade

open pore

m

VI A

H

pore pore moleculeA A A

Current blockage animation

pore

A

DNA molecule

Ionic Current (pA)

time

Current Blockages from dsDNA Molecules

Iopen

IBlockage

td DIb

polymer polymer

d

bias

L Lt

v V

DNA(protein)

b bias

m

AΔI =σV

H

( )ecdevent

A I t dt D

The Dream Picture: Sequencing

Filtration

Clothing,

Sunscreens,

and

Sports Composites

• Other Template–based Applications

Nanoporous

Membrane

Superconductor

Magnet

Ferroelectric

Semiconductor

LowTemperature SuperconductorNanowires

• Mesoscopic superconducting lead nanowires with high aspect ratio and diameter ranging from 40 to 270 nm have been grown by electrodeposition inside nanoporous polycarbonate membranes. Nanowires with a diameter less than 50 nm were insulators due to a poor crystal structure. The others are shown to be type II superconductors because of their small electronic mean free path, instead of being type I which is usual for the bulk form of lead. An increase in the thermodynamic critical field Hc is observed and is attributed to the small transversal dimension leading to an incomplete Meissner effect. Finally, it is demonstrated that this enhancement agrees with numerical simulations based on the Ginzburg–Landau theory.

Michotte et al

• High Temperature Superconductor Nanowires

• Single crystalline YBa2Cu3O7−δ nanowires from a template-directed sol–gel route

• Xu Jian, Liu Xiaohe and Li Yadong, , Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China Department of Chemistry, Central South University, Changsha 410083

• Preparation of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template • Porous AAO membrane was prepared using a two-step anodizing process [19].

After degreasing in ethanol, high-purity Al foil (99.999%) was electropolished in a H3PO4–H2SO4–H2O (40:40:20 wt.%) solution for 5 min to reduce the surface roughness. The resulting Al sheet was washed with ethanol and distilled water, then mounted on a copper plate to serve as anode for anodization. In the first step, the anodizing of the Al sheet was carried out under constant voltages of 40 V in 0.3 M oxalic acid electrolyte for 6 h at 17 °C. Prior to the second anodization, first disordered porous alumina layer was removed in a mixture of H3PO4 (6 wt.%) and CrO3 (1.8 wt.%) at 60 °C for 3 h. The second step was following the same conditions as that of the first, except that the anodizing time was 3 h. A stepwise voltage reduction technique [28 and 29] was then utilized to thin the barrier layer. The as-obtained AAO membrane was immersed in 5 wt.% aqueous H3PO4 solution for pore widening and barrier layer dissolving, followed by washing and drying. Finally, the through-hole AAO membrane was detached from the Al substrate in a saturated HgCl2 solution for next use.

• Sol–gel process and fabrication of YBCO nanowires • YBa2Cu3O7−δ sols used for template synthesis can be obtained as follows. Firstly,

appropriate quantities of ammonia and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was added to copper acetate solutions. Meanwhile the solution of Ba2+ or Y3+ was prepared by dissolving Ba(OH)2·8H2O or Y2O3 into acetic acid solution, and then both were poured into the previous solution of Cu2+ to give a mixture with initial molar ratio of Y3+:Ba2+:Cu3+ = 1:2:3. The pH of this mixture solution was adjusted to 6.5 using ammonia and glacial acetic acid, thus preventing crystallization of copper acetate during gelation. The obtained solution was hydrolyzed to form a dispersed blue colloidal particles solution (sol) at 70 °C under continuous stirring.

• Then a piece of AAO membrane (φ 2 cm) was dipped into this transparent hot sol followed by ultrasonic treatment 10 min, and kept at ambient temperature overnight (12 h). The sol containing AAO membrane was gelled to shards by slow evaporation at 90 °C. To form the superconducting phase, the obtained gel/AAO composite was further heated at 50 °C h−1 to 950 °C and held for 2 h in air at ambient oxygen pressure. Subsequently, the specimen was cooled at 50 °C h−1 to ambient temperature. Finally, the AAO membrane incorporated with YBCO nanowires was picked out, and rubbed away YBCO powders covering both faces of the membrane by polishing alumina.

• Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the monodisperse cylindrical pores of alumina membrane were filled with nanowire arrays with a narrow distribution of diameters. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the obtained nanowires was assessed as orthorhombic YBCO 123 lattice after heating gels at 950 °C for crystallization. As determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction (ED) analysis, the nanowires were essentially single crystalline in nature. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images further revealed the single crystalline nature of the as-prepared nanowires.

• Representative SEM images of (a) top-view of an empty AAO membrane; (b) cross-sectional view of AAO membrane; (c) top-view of an AAO membrane

filled with YBCO nanowires; (d) cross-sectional view of YBCO nanowires/AAO composite, which revealed the filling of YBCO wires within most of the AAO pores. The surface of membrane was covered with YBCO powders and could be removed by polishing alumina.

•CLOSE

• Magnetic Nanowires

• Magnetic properties of ferromagnetic nanowires embedded in nanoporous alumina membranes

• M. Kröll, , a, W. J. Blaua, D. Grandjeanb, R. E. Benfieldb, F. Luisc, P. M. Paulusc and L. J. de Jonghc a Physics Department, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland b Centre for Materials Research, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK c Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands

• Iron, nickel and cobalt nanowires are prepared within the pores of nanoporous alumina membranes using an electrochemical AC plating procedure. Nanowires produced in this way can be easily varied in diameter (5–250 nm) and length (up to several hundred microns). The magnetisation curves for these nanowire/alumina composites can then be determined not only as a function of the temperature but also as a function of the wire diameter and length. Conclusions regarding the magnetisation reversal processes that take place in the wires can be drawn. For Fe and Ni nanowires, we show that the magnetisation process in wires with a diameter smaller than the domain wall width is independent of the wire length and probably takes place via the formation of a small magnetic domain at the end of the wires and a subsequent propagation of the domain wall along the wire. For Co nanowires a competition between the shape anisotropy and the temperature- and size-dependent magnetocrystalline anisotropy could be observed.

Magnetization parallel to and perpendicular to the long axis of the nanotube

Ferroelectric Nanotubes

Dielectric Nanostructures – a road to

Metamaterials, negative dielectric

Constants, and cloaking

J Valentine et al. Nature 000, 1-4 (2008) doi:10.1038/nature07247

SEM image of NIM prism and schematics of experimental setup.

J Valentine et al. Nature 000, 1-4 (2008) doi:10.1038/nature07247

Diagram and SEM image of fabricated fishnet structure.

Business Week, Feb. 14, 2005