2012 National Framing & Finish Estimate

7/27/2019 2012 National Framing & Finish Estimate

1/492

2012 National Framing & Finish Carpentry Estimator, All Rights Reserved Page 1

2012 National Framing & Finish Carpentry Estimator

By Dan Atcheson

Quarterly price updates on the Web are free and automatic all during 2012. You'll be promptedwhen it's time to collect the next update. A connection to the Web is required.

Download all of Craftsman's most popular costbooks for one low price with the Craftsman Site License.http://www.craftsmansitelicense.com

Craftsman Book Company 6058 Corte del Cedro / P.O. Box 6500 / Carlsbad, CA 92018


2/492


Credits and Acknowledgments

Michael Atcheson, A.I.A., Lubbock, TX,David Hansen and Jeff Corl, H&C Custom Framing, Inc., North Port, FL,

David Minarich, Venice Crane Service, Venice, FL,Phil Light, Center Line Estimating, Sarasota, FL,Michael Cahoon, Razor Component Systems, Inc., Ridgeland, SC,Larry Theis and David Clarkson , CT Woodcrafting, Venice, FL,Jim Butler, CCS Cabinetry, Venice, FL,Jack P. Jones, Author, Eastman, GA,Dan Gauthier, Gauthier Enterprises, Venice, FLSimpson Strong-Tie Co. Inc.

This book is dedicated to my brothers, Mike and Tim, and to my sister, Anne.

I'd like to thank the following personnel (and dear friends) at Craftsman Book Company for theirinvolvement and assistance in producing this book. Gary Moselle, producer and publisher, Ben Moselle,editor, Dave Ogershok, editor, Christine Bruneau, production manager and layout, Tina Svalina, ConnieHageman and Joan Hamilton, data conversion, Bill Grote, cover design, Ron South Photography, coverphotos.

I want to also thank my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, who gave me eyes to see, hands to type and amind to think.

2011 Craftsman Book CompanyPublished November 2011 for the year 2012.


3/492


Contents

1 Estimating Framing and Finish Carpentry 5

This book works two ways 6

Labor costs and crews 10Area modification factors 12

2 Tools for Every Carpentry Estimator 17

The board foot 17

Lumber waste 18

Dress waste 21

3 The Floor System 27

Posts and girders 27

Floor joists 33

Subflooring 40 Cost estimates 44

Girders and beams 44

Foundation plates 47

Floor joists 47

Header joists 57

Blocking 57

Cross bridging 60

Floor sheathing 61

Floor adhesives 64

4 The Wall System 65

Plates 65

Studs 68

Wind bracing 77

Wall sheathing 78

Cost estimates 89

Stud walls 89

Wall openings 95

Gable studs 151

Corners and tees 161

Wall sheathing 162

Nailers and furring strips 172

5 The Ceiling System 173

Ceiling joists 173

Ceiling-finish nailers 176

Engineered ceiling beams 180

Cost estimates 182

Ceiling joists 182

6 The Roof System 195

Roof slope 198

Rafters 199

Interior roof supports 210Roof sheathing 211

Attic ventilation 216

Trusses 217


4/492

2012 National Framing & Finish Carpentry Estimator, All Rights Reserved Page 3 (part 2)

Cost estimates 224

Rafters 224

Roof sheathing 288

Trusses 290

7 Estimating Nail Quantities 295

Flooring nail quantities 296

Siding nail quantities 301

Roofing nail quantities 303

8 The Board-Foot-Per-Square-Foot

(BFPSF) Method 307


5/492


9 Finish Carpentry 309

Windows 309

Exterior doors 314

Wall paneling 324

Wall molding 326Interior doors, frames and trim 330

Kitchen cabinets 339

Countertops 352

Wood flooring 355

Cost estimates 363

Ceiling sheathing 363

Interior trim labor 364

Hardboard flooring 366

10 Wood Stairways 369

Stair carriages 370

Tread width and riser height 372

Estimating stairways 377

Cost estimates 379

Basement and main stairways 379

11 Porches and Decks 383

Solid floor porches 383

Decks 385

12 Pole and Timber Construction 387

13 Demolition and Remodeling 389

Before you begin 389

Removing a partition 390

Adding a partition 391

Cost estimates 393

Flooring and roof cover demolition 393

Wood framing demolition 394

Window repairs 396

Adding walls and joists 397

Index 399


6/492


Chapter 1, Estimating Framing and Finish Carpentry

Nearly every residential construction project includes at least some framing or finish carpentry. Thereare more framers and finish carpenters working in construction than any other construction trade. That

makes carpentry estimating an important topic on nearly every residential construction project.

Most residential construction starts with a set of plans. The estimators task is to develop a bid (anoffer) to complete work shown on those plans. If thats your job, this manual and the disk inside theback cover will become valuable tools of your trade. Were going to explain how to estimate framing andfinish carpentry from A to Z, from the sill plate to the ridge board. When youre actually bidding jobs, thedisk in the back of this book will speed and simplify every step along the way.

Bids for framing and finish carpentry usually include both carpentry labor and material (lumber and panelproducts). Experienced carpentry estimators agree that labor is the most difficult part of the job to figurewith any precision. Labor estimates can be highly subjective, especially for small, custom jobs wheretheres no opportunity for economies of scale. Labor estimates nearly always require at least a few

assumptions and allowances (guesswork). Thats why estimates for labor on framing and finishcarpentry jobs vary so much from contractor to contractor. The range between high and low bid can be25% or more. And both the high and low bidders may be exactly correct in their labor cost projections,at least for the companies submitting those bids.

Material estimates should be much more precise. If a dozen estimators figure a job, the variation inmaterial quantities and costs should be less than 10%, maybe as little as 5%. Estimating materialquantities for framing and finish carpentry is not subjective -- at least it shouldnt be. There are goodmaterial estimates and bad material estimates for framing and finish carpentry. You want only goodmaterial estimates. Unfortunately, thats seldom easy. Estimating framing quantities isnt likeestimating windows or doors, simply a matter of accurate counting. You have to picture how the piecesgo together, how much waste is expected and how coverage loss will affect material requirements.

How This Manual Will HelpMost framing and finish carpentry estimators wear several hats. Many serve as company manager,owner, chief estimator, project manager and field superintendent. With roles like that, there may be notime to do a detailed labor and material take-off for every job that comes along. Even a full-timeestimator may not have ample time to do a detailed take-off on every job.


7/492


If youre an experienced framing and finish carpentry estimator with too little time to scope out the lastdime of cost in every job, take heart. This book is for you. Ive done most of the tedious work already.Use my figures to save time, save effort, and eliminate most of the routine mistakes even seasonedestimators make at least occasionally.

If youve had years of experience as a carpenter but little or no estimating experience, this book is likely

to be the best guide youll find anywhere. Cost data in this manual was compiled by a mathematicianwith almost three decades of estimating experience. Most of the cost tables in this manual are forcomplete assemblies -- such as studs, plates, blocking and anchors -- all wrapped up into oneconvenient package ready for use. These assembly costs give you extra time to estimate more jobs,run projects more effectively, and be a better manager for your business.

The chapters that follow have detailed labor, material and equipment costs for nearly all commonframing and finish carpentry work. Every chapter in this book begins with an explanation -- what youneed to know to make accurate estimates using the figures that fill the remainder of the chapter.Throughout this book youll find pictures and examples that make your work easier. Its nearlyimpossible to estimate costs for work you cant visualize and dont understand.

Save Estimating EffortOf course, the best estimating reference for your company would be a catalog of actual costs on jobscompleted in the last few months -- work done with materials from your dealers and installed by yourcrews. Since every contractor uses different crews and suppliers, every price book would be different.And, of course, prices in your company price book should be revised regularly to reflect current laborand material costs.

Having admitted that theres no substitute for developing your own price book, Ill suggest that you notbother. Most framing and finish carpentry specialists dont have the time or patience to maintain currentinstalled prices for everything that goes into their jobs. Even if you had time to burn, spending severalhours a month revising your company price book would be a waste of time.

Instead, I suggest that you let this manual serve as your company price book. Using prices in this book(and on the National Estimator disk in the back of this book) will eliminate most of the commonestimating mistakes. If your labor costs are higher or if your crews arent as skilled as most tradesmen,you may have to increase the prices listed here to make a reasonable profit. And, of course, sometimesyoure going to have a job with costs that exceed what any reasonable estimate could have predicted.This manual isnt a substitute for good judgment. Thats always your job.

This Book Works Two WaysThe National Estimator program makes it easy to copy and paste these costs into an estimate (or bid)and then add whatever markup you select. To get started with the National Estimator disk, insert it intoany computer that uses Microsoft Windows. Then follow instructions on the screen. If you have troubleusing National Estimator, call 760-438-7828 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Pacific), Monday through Friday. Well beglad to help.

Before installation is complete, youll have a chance to watch ShowMe, an interactive video guide to theNational Estimator program. ShowMe is designed to speed your mastery of National Estimator. Youcan also start ShowMe at any time while using National Estimator. Click "Help" on the NationalEstimator menu bar. Then click "Launch The Tutorial". The installation disk has to be in your computerwhen ShowMe is running.


8/492


9/492


Supervision Expenseis not included in the labor cost. The cost of supervision and non-productivelabor varies widely from job to job. Calculate the cost of supervision and non-productive labor and addthis to the estimate.

Payroll Taxes and Insuranceare included in the labor cost. See the following section for more on the

contractors burden.

Manhours per Unitand the Craft performing the work are listed in the Craft@Hrs column. To find theunits of work done per man in an 8-hour day, divide 8 by the manhours per unit. To find the units doneby a crew in an 8-hour day, multiply the units per man per 8-hour day by the number of crew members.

Manhours inc ludeall productive labor normally associated with installing the materials described. Thiswill usually include tasks such as:

Unloading and storing materials, tools and equipment on site. Moving tools and equipment from a storage area or truck on site at the beginning of the day. Returning tools and equipment to a storage area or truck on site at the end of the day.

Normal time lost for work breaks. Planning and discussing the work to be performed. Normal handling, measuring, cutting and fitting. Keeping a record of the time spent and work done. Regular cleanup of construction debris. Infrequent correction or repairs required because of faulty installation.

Adjust the Labor Cost to the job you are figuring when your actual hourly labor cost is known or can beestimated. The labor costs listed in the following section will apply within a few percent on many jobs.But labor costs may be much higher or much lower on the job you are estimating.

If the hourly wage rates listed in the following section are not accurate, divide your known or estimated

cost per hour by the listed cost per hour. The result is your adjustment for any figure in the Laborcolumn for that craft.

Adjust for Unusual Labor Product iv ity. Costs in the labor column are for normal conditions:experienced carpenters working on reasonably well-planned and managed framing and finish carpentryprojects with fair to good productivity and weather conditions. Labor estimates assume that materialsare standard grade, appropriate tools are on hand, work done by other crafts is adequate, layout andinstallation are relatively uncomplicated, and working conditions dont slow progress.

Working conditions at the job site have a major effect on labor cost. Estimating experience and carefulanalysis can help you predict the effect of most changes in working conditions. Obviously, no singleadjustment will apply on all jobs. But the adjustments that follow should help you produce moreaccurate labor estimates. More than one condition may apply on a job.

Add 10% to 15% when working temperatures are below 40 degrees or above 95 degrees. Deduct 10% when the work is in an open area with excellent access and good light. Add 5% to 50% for tradesmen with below average skills. Deduct 5% to 25% for highly motivated,highly skilled tradesmen. Deduct 10% to 20% when an identical task is repeated many times for several days at the same site.


10/492


Add Add 20% to 50% on small jobs where fitting and matching of materials is required, adjacentsurfaces have to be protected and the job site is occupied during construction. Add 25% to 50% for work done following a major flood, fire, earthquake, hurricane or tornado whileskilled tradesmen are not readily available. Material costs may also be higher after a major disaster. Add 10% to 35% for demanding specs, rigid inspections, unreliable suppliers, a difficult owner or aninexperienced architect.

This manual has been compiled for framing and finish carpentry estimators, not engineers. Nothing inthis manual is intended to suggest approved or recommended engineering practice. Only an engineerlicensed to practice in your community can identify materials and procedures that meet coderequirements and accepted standards for structural framing.

Use an Area Modification Factorfrom pages 12 through 16 if your material, hourly labor or equipmentcosts are unknown and cant be estimated. Heres how: Use the labor and material costs in this manualwithout modification. Then add or deduct the percentages shown for labor, material and equipment.

Equipment Costsfor small tools and expendable supplies (such as hammers and chalk line) areusually considered overhead expense and are covered by your markup. Equipment costs for larger

equipment (such as a forklift or pneumatic nailer) should be based on the rental rate for the periodneeded.

Labor and Material Costs Change. These costs were compiled in the summer of 2011 and projectedto mid-2012 by adding a small percentage. This projection will be accurate for some materials andinaccurate for others. No one can predict material price changes accurately.

How Accurate Are These Figures? As accurate as possible considering that the estimator who wrotethis book doesnt know your material suppliers, hasnt seen the plans or specifications, doesnt knowwhat building code applies or where the job is, had to project material costs at least six months into thefuture, and had no record of how much work your crews can handle. You wouldnt bid a job under thoseconditions. And I dont claim that all construction is done at these prices.

Estimating Is an Art, not a science. On many jobs the range between high and low bid will be 20% ormore. Theres room for legitimate disagreement on what the correct costs are, even when completeplans and specifications are available, the date and site are established, and labor and material costsare identical for all bidders.

No cost fits all jobs. Good estimates are custom made for a particular project and a single contractorthrough judgment, analysis and experience.

This book is not a substitute for judgment, analysis and sound estimating practice. Its an aid indeveloping an informed opinion of cost. If youre using this book as your sole cost authority for contractbids, youre reading more into these pages than the author intends.

Use These Figuresto compile preliminary estimates, to check your costs and subcontract bids andwhen no actual costs are available. This book will reduce the chance of error or omission on bidestimates, speed ball park estimates, and be a good guide when theres no time to get a quote.

Where Do These Figures Come From? From the same sources all professional estimators use:material suppliers, material price services, analysis of plans, specifications, estimates and completedproject costs.

Craftsman Will Answer Your Questions about any part of this book and explain how to apply thesecosts. Free telephone assistance is available from 8 a.m. until 5 p.m. Pacific time Monday throughFriday except holidays. Phone 760-438-7828. Support personnel at Craftsman dont accept collect callsand wont estimate the job for you. But if you need clarification on something in this manual, help is

available.


11/492


Labor Costs and CrewsThroughout this manual youll see a column headed Craft@Hrs. Letters and numbers in this columnshow our estimates of:

Who will do the work (the craft code)

An @ symbol, which means "at" How long the work will take (manhours).

For example, on page 63 youll find estimates for installing board subfloor sheathing. The Craft@Hrscolumn under 1 x 6s, joists at 24" O.C. and opposite Hand nailed shows:

[email protected]

That means we estimate the installation time for crew B1 at .025 manhours per square foot ofsheathing. Thats the same as 25 manhours per 1000 square feet.

The Craft Codes in Figure 1-1 define each of the craft codes used in this book. Notice that crew B1 is

composed of one carpenter and one helper. To install 1000 square feet of board subfloor sheathingwould require 25 manhours (12.5 hours for a crew of two).

Notice also in the table that the cost per manhour for crew B1 is listed as $32.17. Thats the average fora carpenter (listed at $35.72 per hour) and a laborer (listed at $28.62 per hour). Add $35.72 and $28.62to get $64.34. Divide by 2 to get $32.17, the average cost per manhour for crew B1.

Costs in the labor column of this book are the product of the installation time (in manhours) multipliedby the cost per manhour. For example, on page 63 the labor cost listed for 1 x 6 hand nailed boardsubfloor sheathing over joists 24 inches on center is $.80 per square foot. Thats the installed time (.025manhours) multiplied by $32.17, the average cost per manhour for crew B1.

Craft Codes Used in This Manual

Craft Cost Per Crew

Code Manhour Composition

B1 $32.17 1 laborer and 1 carpenter

B2 $33.35 1 laborer, 2 carpenters

B6 $31.25 1 laborer, 1 cement mason

B9 $31.53 1 bricklayer, 1 bricklayer's helper

BC $35.72 1 carpenter

BL $28.62 1 building laborer

V1 $35.03 2 carpenters, 1 building laborer,1 operating engineer

Craft codes used in this manual

Hourly Labor Costs

Hourly Labor Cost

1 2 3 4 5 6

Taxable Non-taxable

fringe fringe TotalBase benefits Insurance Insurance benefits hourly

wage (5.15% of and and (4.55% of cost

per base employer employer base used in

Craft hour wage) taxes(%) taxes($) wage) this book


12/492


Bricklayer $26.54 $1.37 25.54% $7.13 $1.21 $36.25Bricklayers Helper $19.63 $1.01 25.54% $5.27 $0.89 $26.80Building Laborer $19.83 $1.02 32.93% $6.87 $0.90 $28.62Carpenter $24.95 $1.28 31.83 $8.35 $1.14 $35.72Cement Mason $25.23 $1.30 23.35% $6.19 $1.15 $33.87Operating Engineer $29.35 $1.51 25.42% $7.84 $1.34 $40.04

Components of hourly labor costs

Components of Hourly Labor CostsFigure 1-2 shows hourly labor cost components -- base wage, typical fringe benefits, payroll taxes,insurance, and the total hourly cost.

The labor costs shown in Column 6 were used to compute the manhour costs for crews in Figure 1-1and the figures in the Labor column of this manual.

Its important that you understand whats included in the figures in each of the six columns. Heres anexplanation:

Column 1,the base wage per hour, is the craftsmans hourly wage. These figures are representative ofwhat many contractors will be paying craftsmen working on framing and finish carpentry jobs in 2012.

Column 2,taxable fringe benefits, includes vacation pay, sick leave and other taxable benefits. Thesefringe benefits average 5.15% of the base wage for many construction contractors. This benefit is inaddition to the base wage.

Column 3,insurance and employer taxes in percent, shows the insurance and tax rate for constructiontrades. The cost of insurance in this column includes workers compensation and contractors casualtyand liability coverage. Insurance rates vary widely from state to state and depend on a contractors lossexperience. Note that taxes and insurance increase the hourly labor cost by 30 to 35% for most trades.

There is no legal way to avoid these costs.


13/492


Column 4,insurance and employer taxes in dollars, shows the hourly cost of taxes and insurance foreach construction trade. Insurance and taxes are paid on the costs in both columns 1 and 2.

Column 5,non-taxable fringe benefits, includes employer paid non-taxable benefits such as medicalcoverage and tax-deferred pension and profit sharing plans. These fringe benefits average 4.55% of thebase wage for many construction contractors. The employer pays no taxes or insurance on these

benefits.

Column 6,the total hourly cost in dollars, is the sum of columns 1, 2, 4, and 5.

These hourly labor costs will apply within a few percent on many jobs. But wage rates may be muchhigher or lower in the area where you do business. We recommend using your actual labor cost ratherthan national averages. Thats easy with the National Estimator program. When copying and pastingany cost to your estimate, adjust the assumed hourly labor cost to your actual cost. You need do thisonly once for each trade. And you can make this adjustment at any time. Any change you make isapplied to that trade throughout the estimate.

Abbreviations Used in Book

BF board footBFPSF board foot per square footCSF hundred square feetCY cubic yardd pennyEa eachlb(s) pound(s)LF linear footMBF thousand board feetNo. numberO.C. on centerOSB oriented strand board

psi pounds per square inchPVC polyvinyl chlorideR thermal resistanceS4S surfaced 4 sidesSF square footSIP structural insulated panelSq square (100 square feet)SY square yardT&G tongue & groove edgex by or times


14/492


Area Modi ficat ion FactorsConstruction costs are higher in some cities than in other cities. Add or deduct the percentage shownon the following pages to adapt the costs in this book to your job site. Adjust your estimated totalproject cost by the percentage shown for the appropriate city in this table to find your total estimatedcost. Where 0% is shown it means no modification is required.

These percentages were compiled by comparing the construction cost of buildings in nearly 700communities throughout the U.S. and Canada. Because these percentages are based on completedproject costs, they consider all construction cost variables, including labor, equipment and materialcost, labor productivity, climate, job conditions and markup.

Modification factors are listed alphabetically by state. Areas within each state are listed by the firstthree digits of the postal zip code. For convenience, one representative city is identified in each zip codeor range of zip codes.

The percentages are composites of many costs and will not necessarily be accurate when estimatingthe cost of any particular part of a building. But when used to modify costs for an entire structure, they

should improve the accuracy of your estimates.

Total

Wtd.

Location, Zip Material Labor Equip. Avg.

Alabama Average -1 -13 0 -6%Anniston, 362 -3 -19 -1 -10%Auburn, 368 0 -19 0 -9%Bellamy, 369 -2 -17 -1 -9%Birmingham, 350-352 -3 8 -1 2%Dothan, 363 -1 -14 0 -7%

Evergreen, 364 -2 -28 -1 -14%Gadsden, 359 -4 -13 -1 -8%Huntsville, 358 1 -10 0 -4%Jasper, 355 -2 -31 -1 -15%Mobile, 365-366 -1 3 1 1%Montgomery, 360-361 -1 -9 0 -5%Scottsboro, 357 0 -14 0 -6%Selma, 367 -1 -17 0 -8%Sheffield, 356 -1 1 0 0%Tuscaloosa, 354 0 -10 0 -4%

Alaska Average 14 38 4 25%

Anchorage, 995 16 59 5 36%Fairbanks, 997 16 39 5 26%Juneau, 998 17 26 6 21%Ketchikan, 999 3 22 1 12%King Salmon, 996 16 46 5 30%

Arkansas Average -2 -17 -1 -9%Batesville, 725 0 -31 0 -14%Camden, 717 -4 -11 -1 -7%Fayetteville, 727 0 -11 0 -5%Fort Smith, 729 -2 -16 -1 -8%Harrison, 726 -1 -31 0 -15%

Hope, 718 -3 4 -1 0%Hot Springs, 719 -2 -31 -1 -15%Jonesboro, 724 -1 -20 0 -10%Little Rock, 720-722 -1 -9 0 -5%Pine Bluff, 716 -4 -8 -1 -6%


15/492


Russellville, 728 0 -21 0 -10%West Memphis, 723 -3 -14 -1 -8%

Ar izona Average 1 -14 0 -6%Chambers, 865 1 -18 0 -8%Douglas, 855 0 -24 0 -11%

Flagstaff, 860 2 -22 1 -9%Kingman, 864 1 -1 0 0%Mesa, 852-853 0 1 0 1%Phoenix, 850 1 2 0 1%Prescott, 863 3 -23 1 -9%Show Low, 859 1 -24 0 -10%Tucson, 856-857 0 -13 0 -6%

California Average 2 17 1 9%Alhambra, 917-918 3 17 1 9%Bakersfield, 932-933 0 6 0 3%El Centro, 922 1 4 0 2%

Eureka, 955 1 -6 0 -2%Fresno, 936-938 0 -2 0 -1%Herlong, 961 2 0 1 1%Inglewood, 902 3 18 1 10%Irvine, 926 3 25 1 13%Lompoc, 934 3 8 1 5%Long Beach, 907-908 3 19 1 10%Los Angeles, 900-901 3 16 1 9%Marysville, 959 1 3 0 2%Modesto, 953 1 -2 0 0%Mojave, 935 0 14 0 6%Novato, 949 3 31 1 16%Oakland, 945 3 43 1 21%Orange, 928 3 23 1 12%Oxnard, 930 3 10 1 6%Pasadena, 910-912 3 18 1 10%Rancho Cordova, 956-957 2 16 1 8%Redding, 960 1 -7 0 -2%Richmond, 948 2 43 1 21%Riverside, 925 1 9 0 5%Sacramento, 958 1 16 0 8%Salinas, 939 3 7 1 5%San Bernardino, 923-924 0 12 0 6%San Diego, 919-921 3 19 1 11%San Francisco, 941 3 57 1 28%

San Jose, 950-951 3 40 1 20%San Mateo, 943-944 4 43 1 22%Santa Barbara, 931 3 13 1 8%Santa Rosa, 954 3 15 1 8%Stockton, 952 1 4 0 3%Sunnyvale, 940 3 43 1 21%Van Nuys, 913-916 3 16 1 9%Whittier, 906 3 17 1 9%

Colorado Average 1 -1 1 0%Aurora, 800-801 2 9 1 5%Boulder, 803-804 3 0 1 2%

Colorado Springs, 808-809 2 -2 1 0%Denver, 802 2 10 1 6%Durango, 813 1 -9 0 -4%Fort Morgan, 807 1 -6 0 -2%Glenwood Springs, 816 2 11 1 6%


16/492


Grand Junction, 814-815 1 -3 0 -1%Greeley, 806 2 5 1 4%Longmont, 805 3 -2 1 1%Pagosa Springs, 811 0 -13 0 -6%Pueblo, 810 -1 1 0 0%Salida, 812 1 -13 0 -5%

Connecticut Average 1 27 0 13%Bridgeport, 066 1 24 0 11%Bristol, 060 1 35 0 17%Fairfield, 064 2 30 1 15%Hartford, 061 0 32 0 15%New Haven, 065 1 27 0 13%Norwich, 063 0 19 0 9%Stamford, 068-069 4 31 1 16%Waterbury, 067 1 25 0 12%West Hartford, 062 1 17 0 8%

Delaware Average 1 5 0 3%Dover, 199 1 -11 0 -4%Newark, 197 2 14 1 7%Wilmington, 198 0 13 0 6%

District of Columbia Average 2 29 1 14%Washington, 200-205 2 29 1 14%

Florida Average -1 -13 0

-6%Altamonte Springs, 327 -1 -13 0 -6%Bradenton, 342 0 -16 0 -7%

Brooksville, 346 0 -18 0 -8%Daytona Beach, 321 -2 -24 -1 -12%Fort Lauderdale, 333 2 -1 1 1%Fort Myers, 339 0 -20 0 -9%Fort Pierce, 349 -2 -22 -1 -11%Gainesville, 326 -1 -22 0 -11%Jacksonville, 322 -1 0 0 -1%Lakeland, 338 -3 -17 -1 -9%Melbourne, 329 -2 -17 -1 -9%Miami, 330-332 2 0 1 1%Naples, 341 3 -11 1 -3%Ocala, 344 -2 -23 -1 -12%Orlando, 328 0 -4 0 -2%

Panama City, 324 -2 -17 -1 -9%Pensacola, 325 0 -22 0 -10%Saint Augustine, 320 -1 -11 0 -6%Saint Cloud, 347 -1 -10 0 -5%St Petersburg, 337 -1 -11 0 -5%Tallahassee, 323 0 -12 0 -5%Tampa, 335-336 -1 -2 0 -1%West Palm Beach, 334 1 -6 0 -2%

Georgia Average -1 -12 -1 -6%Albany, 317 -2 -24 -1 -12%Athens, 306 0 -16 0 -7%

Atlanta, 303 3 25 1 13%Augusta, 308-309 -2 -11 -1 -6%Buford, 305 0 -10 0 -4%Calhoun, 307 -1 -23 0 -11%Columbus, 318-319 -1 -17 0 -8%


17/492


Dublin/Fort Valley, 310 -3 -17 -1 -10%Hinesville, 313 -2 -13 -1 -7%Kings Bay, 315 -2 -25 -1 -12%Macon, 312 -2 -8 -1 -5%Marietta, 300-302 1 7 0 4%Savannah, 314 -2 -7 -1 -4%

Statesboro, 304 -2 -28 -1 -14%Valdosta, 316 -2 -18 -1 -9%

Hawaii Average 17 39 6 28%Aliamanu, 968 17 42 6 29%Ewa, 967 17 38 6 27%Halawa Heights, 967 17 38 6 27%Hilo, 967 17 38 6 27%


18/492


Honolulu, 968 17 42 6 29%Kailua, 968 17 42 6 29%Lualualei, 967 17 38 6 27%Mililani Town, 967 17 38 6 27%Pearl City, 967 17 38 6 27%Wahiawa, 967 17 38 6 27%

Waianae, 967 17 38 6 27%Wailuku (Maui), 967 17 38 6 27%

Idaho Average 0 -17 0 -8%Boise, 837 1 -1 0 0%Coeur d'Alene, 838 0 -22 0 -10%Idaho Falls, 834 -1 -14 0 -7%Lewiston, 835 0 -22 0 -10%Meridian, 836 0 -18 0 -8%Pocatello, 832 -1 -19 0 -9%Sun Valley, 833 0 -22 0 -10%

Illinois Average -1 15 0 6%Arlington Heights, 600 2 38 1 18%Aurora, 605 2 36 1 17%Belleville, 622 -2 7 -1 2%Bloomington, 617 1 6 0 3%Carbondale, 629 -3 -11 -1 -7%Carol Stream, 601 2 36 1 18%Centralia, 628 -3 -5 -1 -4%Champaign, 618 -1 4 0 2%Chicago, 606-608 2 40 1 19%Decatur, 623 -2 -18 -1 -9%Galesburg, 614 -2 -9 -1 -5%Granite City, 620 -3 24 -1 10%Green River, 612 -1 10 0 4%Joliet, 604 0 38 0 17%Kankakee, 609 -2 6 -1 2%Lawrenceville, 624 -4 -9 -1 -6%Oak Park, 603 3 44 1 21%Peoria, 615-616 -1 14 0 6%Peru, 613 0 22 0 10%Quincy, 602 3 42 1 21%Rockford, 610-611 -2 18 -1 7%Springfield, 625-627 -2 8 -1 2%Urbana, 619 -3 -6 -1 -4%

Indiana Average -2 -2 -1 -2%Aurora, 470 -1 1 0 0%Bloomington, 474 1 -5 0 -2%Columbus, 472 0 -7 0 -3%Elkhart, 465 -2 -3 -1 -2%Evansville, 476-477 -2 18 -1 7%Fort Wayne, 467-468 -3 0 -1 -1%Gary, 464-464 -4 27 -1 11%Indianapolis, 460-462 -1 16 0 7%Jasper, 475 -1 -17 0 -9%Jeffersonville, 471 0 -11 0 -5%Kokomo, 469 -2 -15 -1 -8%

Lafayette, 479 -1 -10 0 -5%Muncie, 473 -4 -19 -1 -11%South Bend, 466 -4 2 -1 -1%Terre Haute, 478 -4 0 -1 -2%


19/492


Iowa Average -2 -12 -1 -7%Burlington, 526 0 -16 0 -7%Carroll, 514 -3 -30 -1 -15%Cedar Falls, 506 -1 -9 0 -4%Cedar Rapids, 522-524 0 2 0 1%Cherokee, 510 -2 -14 -1 -8%

Council Bluffs, 515 -2 -10 -1 -6%Creston, 508 -3 -9 -1 -6%Davenport, 527-528 -1 0 0 -1%Decorah, 521 -2 -11 -1 -7%Des Moines, 500-503 -2 6 -1 2%Dubuque, 520 -1 -4 0 -3%Fort Dodge, 505 -2 -16 -1 -8%Mason City, 504 0 -14 0 -6%Ottumwa, 525 0 -15 0 -7%Sheldon, 512 0 -23 0 -11%Shenandoah, 516 -3 -38 -1 -19%Sioux City, 511 -2 -4 -1 -3%

Spencer, 513 -1 -21 0 -10%Waterloo, 507 -4 -10 -1 -7%


20/492


Kansas Average -2 -13 -1 -7%Colby, 677 -1 -28 0 -13%Concordia, 669 0 -27 0 -13%Dodge City, 678 -2 -8 -1 -5%Emporia, 668 -3 -19 -1 -10%Fort Scott, 667 -2 -17 -1 -9%

Hays, 676 -2 -31 -1 -15%Hutchinson, 675 -3 -2 -1 -2%Independence, 673 -3 -9 -1 -5%Kansas City, 660-662 0 14 0 6%Liberal, 679 -2 -10 -1 -6%Salina, 674 -3 -18 -1 -10%Topeka, 664-666 -3 -4 -1 -3%Wichita, 670-672 -2 -8 -1 -5%

Kentucky Average -1 -8 0 -5%Ashland, 411-412 -3 -2 -1 -3%Bowling Green, 421 0 -12 0 -6%

Campton, 413-414 -1 -19 0 -9%Covington, 410 0 4 0 1%Elizabethtown, 427 -1 -22 0 -11%Frankfort, 406 1 -5 0 -2%Hazard, 417-418 -1 -12 0 -6%Hopkinsville, 422 -2 -14 -1 -8%Lexington, 403-405 1 1 0 1%London, 407-409 -1 -10 0 -5%Louisville, 400-402 -1 4 0 1%Owensboro, 423 -2 -8 -1 -5%Paducah, 420 -2 -6 -1 -4%Pikeville, 415-416 -3 -4 -1 -3%Somerset, 425-426 0 -20 0 -9%White Plains, 424 -3 -5 -1 -4%

Louisiana Average 1 14 0 7%Alexandria, 713-714 -3 -6 -1 -4%Baton Rouge, 707-708 5 23 2 12%Houma, 703 3 32 1 15%Lafayette, 705 0 19 0 9%Lake Charles, 706 -3 14 -1 5%Mandeville, 704 0 10 2 5%Minden, 710 -2 -4 -1 -3%Monroe, 712 -2 -10 -1 -6%New Orleans, 700-701 -1 18 1 9%

Shreveport, 711 -2 -4 -1 -3%

Maine Average -1 -16 0 -8%Auburn, 042 -1 -13 0 -7%Augusta, 043 -1 -19 0 -10%Bangor, 044 -2 -15 -1 -8%Bath, 045 0 -18 0 -8%Brunswick, 039-040 1 -8 0 -3%Camden, 048 -1 -23 0 -11%Cutler, 046 -1 -22 0 -11%Dexter, 049 -2 -15 -1 -8%Northern Area, 047 -2 -23 -1 -18%

Portland, 041 2 -3 1 0%


21/492


Maryland Average 1 7 0 4%Annapolis, 214 3 16 1 9%Baltimore, 210-212 -1 18 0 8%Bethesda, 208-209 3 30 1 15%Church Hill, 216 2 -11 1 -4%Cumberland, 215 -4 -11 -1 -7%

Elkton, 219 2 0 1 1%Frederick, 217 1 8 0 4%Laurel, 206-207 2 21 1 11%Salisbury, 218 1 -10 0 -4%

Massachusetts Average 2 28 1 14%Ayer, 015-016 1 19 0 9%Bedford, 017 3 39 1 19%Boston, 021-022 3 77 1 37%Brockton, 023-024 2 47 1 23%Cape Cod, 026 2 5 1 4%Chicopee, 010 1 20 0 10%

Dedham, 019 3 38 1 19%Fitchburg, 014 2 29 1 14%Hingham, 020 3 50 1 24%Lawrence, 018 2 35 1 17%Nantucket, 025 3 21 1 11%New Bedford, 027 2 16 1 8%Northfield, 013 1 2 0 1%Pittsfield, 012 1 3 0 1%Springfield, 011 -1 26 0 11%

Michigan Average -1 4 -1 1%Battle Creek, 490-491 -3 4 -1 0%Detroit, 481-482 0 25 0 12%Flint, 484-485 -3 0 -1 -1%Grand Rapids, 493-495 -1 0 0 -1%Grayling, 497 1 -22 0 -10%Jackson, 492 -3 0 -1 -1%Lansing, 488-489 0 2 0 1%Marquette, 498-499 -1 -6 0 -3%Pontiac, 483 -3 30 -1 12%Royal Oak, 480 -2 22 -1 9%Saginaw, 486-487 -2 -7 -1 -4%Traverse City, 496 0 -1 0 -1%

Minnesota Average 0 3 0 1%

Bemidji, 566 -1 46 0 21%Brainerd, 564 0 -2 0 -1%Duluth, 556-558 -2 2 -1 0%Fergus Falls, 565 -1 -18 0 -9%Magnolia, 561 0 -22 0 -10%Mankato, 560 0 -9 0 -4%Minneapolis, 553-555 1 24 0 12%Rochester, 559 0 -4 0 -1%St Cloud, 563 -1 4 0 1%St Paul, 550-551 1 27 0 13%Thief River Falls, 567 0 -6 0 -3%Willmar, 562 -1 -5 0 -3%

Mississippi Average -2 -17 -1 -9%Clarksdale, 386 -3 -21 -1 -11%Columbus, 397 -1 -20 0 -10%Greenville, 387 -4 -33 -1 -17%


22/492


Greenwood, 389 -3 -25 -1 -13%Gulfport, 395 3 6 1 4%Jackson, 390-392 -3 -10 -1 -6%Laurel, 394 -3 -9 -1 -6%McComb, 396 -2 -24 -1 -12%Meridian, 393 -2 -16 -1 -8%

Tupelo, 388 -1 -21 0 -10%

Missouri Average -1 -8 0 -4%Cape Girardeau, 637 -2 3 -1 1%Caruthersville, 638 -2 -18 -1 -9%Chillicothe, 646 -2 -19 -1 -10%Columbia, 652 1 -10 0 -4%East Lynne, 647 -1 -13 0 -6%Farmington, 636 -3 -23 -1 -12%Hannibal, 634 1 -11 0 -5%Independence, 640 -1 18 0 8%Jefferson City, 650-651 1 -8 0 -3%

Joplin, 648 -2 -23 -1 -12%Kansas City, 641 -2 21 -1 9%Kirksville, 635 0 -35 0 -16%Knob Noster, 653 0 -16 0 -7%Lebanon, 654-655 -1 -24 0 -12%Poplar Bluff, 639 -1 -15 0 -8%Saint Charles, 633 1 1 0 1%Saint Joseph, 644-645 -3 24 -1 9%Springfield, 656-658 -2 -14 -1 -7%St Louis, 630-631 -2 16 -1 6%

Montana Average 0 -11 0 -5%Billings, 590-591 0 -5 0 -2%Butte, 597 1 -11 0 -5%Fairview, 592 -1 -3 0 -2%Great Falls, 594 -1 -5 0 -3%Havre, 595 -1 -22 0 -11%Helena, 596 0 -14 0 -6%Kalispell, 599 2 -16 1 -7%Miles City, 593 -1 -10 0 -5%Missoula, 598 1 -15 0 -6%

Nebraska Average -1 -22 0 -11%Alliance, 693 -1 -28 0 -13%Columbus, 686 0 -17 0 -8%

Grand Island, 688 0 -25 0 -12%Hastings, 689 0 -20 0 -9%Lincoln, 683-685 0 -11 0 -5%McCook, 690 0 -31 0 -14%Norfolk, 687 -3 -25 -1 -13%North Platte, 691 0 -25 0 -11%Omaha, 680-681 -1 -2 0 -1%Valentine, 692 -2 -39 -1 -19%

Nevada Average 2 3 1 2%Carson City, 897 2 -11 1 -4%Elko, 898 1 12 0 6%

Ely, 893 2 -23 1 -10%Fallon, 894 2 8 1 5%Las Vegas, 889-891 2 24 1 12%Reno, 895 2 6 1 4%


23/492


New Hampshire Average 1 0 0 0%Charlestown, 036 1 -9 0 -4%Concord, 034 1 -3 0 -1%Dover, 038 0 9 0 5%Lebanon, 037 2 -10 1 -4%Littleton, 035 -1 -6 0 -3%

Manchester, 032-033 0 3 0 2%New Boston, 030-031 2 15 1 7%

New Jersey Average 1 32 0 15%Atlantic City, 080-084 -2 27 -1 11%Brick, 087 2 14 1 7%Dover, 078 1 31 0 15%Edison, 088-089 1 36 0 17%Hackensack, 076 3 29 1 15%Monmouth, 077 3 46 1 22%Newark, 071-073 2 32 1 15%Passaic, 070 2 31 1 16%

Paterson, 074-075 2 24 1 12%Princeton, 085 -2 38 -1 16%Summit, 079 3 42 1 21%Trenton, 086 -3 34 -1 14%

New Mexico Average 0 -21 0 -10%

Alamogordo, 883 -1 -20 0 -10%Albuquerque, 870-871 2 -7 1 -2%Clovis, 881 -2 -28 -1 -14%Farmington, 874 2 -4 1 -1%Fort Sumner, 882 -3 -4 -1 -3%Gallup, 873 1 -22 0 -10%Holman, 877 2 -27 1 -11%Las Cruces, 880 -1 -26 0 -13%Santa Fe, 875 3 -24 1 -10%Socorro, 878 1 -33 0 -15%Truth or Consequences, 879 -2 -30 -1 -15%Tucumcari, 884 -1 -22 0 -11%

New York Average 0 23 0 11%Albany, 120-123 0 21 0 9%Amityville, 117 2 30 1 15%Batavia, 140 -3 6 -1 1%Binghamton, 137-139 -3 4 -1 0%Bronx, 104 2 40 1 19%

Brooklyn, 112 3 28 1 14%Buffalo, 142 -3 8 -1 2%Elmira, 149 -4 6 -1 1%Flushing, 113 3 49 1 24%Garden City, 115 3 45 1 23%Hicksville, 118 3 43 1 21%Ithaca, 148 -4 -2 -1 -3%Jamaica, 114 3 44 1 21%Jamestown, 147 -4 -7 -1 -5%Kingston, 124 0 -7 0 -3%Long Island, 111 3 98 1 47%Montauk, 119 1 27 0 13%

New York (Manhattan), 100-102 3 97 1 46%New York City, 100-102 3 97 1 46%Newcomb, 128 -1 3 0 1%Niagara Falls, 143 -4 -10 -1 -7%Plattsburgh, 129 1 -1 0 0%


24/492


Poughkeepsie, 125-126 0 3 0 2%Queens, 110 4 50 1 25%Rochester, 144-146 -3 10 -1 3%Rockaway, 116 3 35 1 17%Rome, 133-134 -3 -3 -1 -3%Staten Island, 103 3 28 1 14%

Stewart, 127 -1 -12 0 -6%Syracuse, 130-132 -3 8 -1 2%Tonawanda, 141 -3 3 -1 -1%Utica, 135 -4 -3 -1 -4%Watertown, 136 -2 10 -1 3%West Point, 109 1 29 0 14%White Plains, 105-108 3 39 1 19%

North Carolina Average 0 -10 0 -5%Asheville, 287-289 1 -19 0 -8%Charlotte, 280-282 1 4 0 2%Durham, 277 2 3 1 2%

Elizabeth City, 279 1 -16 0 -7%Fayetteville, 283 -1 -17 0 -8%Goldsboro, 275 1 -6 0 -2%Greensboro, 274 0 -8 0 -3%Hickory, 286 -1 -21 0 -10%Kinston, 285 -1 -24 0 -12%Raleigh, 276 3 0 1 1%Rocky Mount, 278 -1 -15 0 -7%Wilmington, 284 1 -6 0 -2%Winston-Salem, 270-273 0 -11 0 -5%

North Dakota Average -1 0 0 0%Bismarck, 585 0 0 0 0%Dickinson, 586 -1 10 0 4%Fargo, 580-581 0 -3 0 -2%Grand Forks, 582 0 3 0 1%Jamestown, 584 -1 -1 0 -1%Minot, 587 -1 0 0 0%Nekoma, 583 -1 -27 0 -13%Williston, 588 -1 21 0 9%

Ohio Average -2 1 -1 -1%Akron, 442-443 -1 0 0 -1%Canton, 446-447 -2 -6 -1 -4%Chillicothe, 456 -2 3 -1 0%

Cincinnati, 450-452 0 10 0 4%Cleveland, 440-441 -3 9 -1 3%Columbus, 432 0 13 0 6%Dayton, 453-455 -3 -2 -1 -2%Lima, 458 -3 -11 -1 -7%Marietta, 457 -2 -7 -1 -4%Marion, 433 -3 -13 -1 -8%Newark, 430-431 -1 11 0 5%Sandusky, 448-449 -1 0 0 -1%Steubenville, 439 -3 -3 -1 -3%Toledo, 434-436 -1 14 0 6%Warren, 444 -4 -6 -1 -4%

Youngstown, 445 -5 3 -2 -1%Zanesville, 437-438 -2 6 -1 2%

Oklahoma Average -3 -16 -1 -9%Adams, 739 -2 -23 -1 -12%


25/492


Ardmore, 734 -3 -12 -1 -7%Clinton, 736 -3 -21 -1 -11%Durant, 747 -4 -18 -1 -10%Enid, 737 -4 -15 -1 -9%Lawton, 735 -3 -21 -1 -11%McAlester, 745 -4 -20 -1 -11%

Muskogee, 744 -2 -30 -1 -15%Norman, 730 -2 -8 -1 -5%Oklahoma City, 731 -2 -6 -1 -4%Ponca City, 746 -3 -6 -1 -5%Poteau, 749 -2 -20 -1 -10%Pryor, 743 -2 -26 -1 -13%Shawnee, 748 -4 -26 -1 -14%Tulsa, 740-741 -1 -4 0 -2%Woodward, 738 -4 -4 -1 -4%

Oregon Average 1 -10 1 -4%Adrian, 979 -1 -32 0 -15%

Bend, 977 1 -12 0 -5%Eugene, 974 2 -5 1 -1%Grants Pass, 975 2 -15 1 -6%Klamath Falls, 976 2 -26 1 -11%Pendleton, 978 0 -7 0 -3%Portland, 970-972 2 19 1 10%Salem, 973 2 -4 1 -1%

Pennsylvania Average -3 2 -1 -1%Allentown, 181 -2 14 -1 5%Altoona, 166 -3 -10 -1 -6%Beaver Springs, 178 -3 -7 -1 -5%Bethlehem, 180 -1 15 0 7%Bradford, 167 -4 -12 -1 -8%Butler, 160 -4 3 -1 -1%Chambersburg, 172 -1 -11 0 -5%Clearfield, 168 2 -5 1 -1%DuBois, 158 -2 -22 -1 -11%East Stroudsburg, 183 0 -7 0 -3%Erie, 164-165 -3 -9 -1 -6%Genesee, 169 -4 -10 -1 -7%Greensburg, 156 -4 -1 -1 -2%Harrisburg, 170-171 -2 9 -1 3%Hazleton, 182 -3 -5 -1 -4%Johnstown, 159 -4 -12 -1 -8%

Kittanning, 162 -4 -8 -1 -6%Lancaster, 175-176 -2 9 -1 3%Meadville, 163 -4 -23 -1 -13%Montrose, 188 -3 -12 -1 -7%New Castle, 161 -4 -1 -1 -3%Philadelphia, 190-191 -3 37 -1 15%Pittsburgh, 152 -4 18 -1 6%Pottsville, 179 -4 -11 -1 -7%Punxsutawney, 157 -4 -6 -1 -5%Reading, 195-196 -4 14 -1 5%Scranton, 184-185 -1 -2 0 -2%Somerset, 155 -4 -10 -1 -7%

Southeastern, 193 0 26 0 12%Uniontown, 154 -4 -6 -1 -5%Valley Forge, 194 -3 39 -1 16%Warminster, 189 -1 30 0 13%Warrendale, 150-151 -4 18 -1 6%


26/492


Washington, 153 -4 18 -1 6%Wilkes Barre, 186-187 -3 -2 -1 -2%Williamsport, 177 -3 -6 -1 -4%York, 173-174 -3 7 -1 2%

Rhode Island Average 1 16 0 8%

Bristol, 028 1 14 0 7%Coventry, 028 1 14 0 7%Cranston, 029 1 20 0 9%Davisville, 028 1 14 0 7%Narragansett, 028 1 14 0 7%Newport, 028 1 14 0 7%Providence, 029 1 20 0 9%Warwick, 028 1 14 0 7%

South Carolina Average 0 -10 0 -5%Aiken, 298 0 12 0 5%Beaufort, 299 -1 -17 0 -8%

Charleston, 294 -1 -4 0 -3%Columbia, 290-292 0 -10 0 -5%Greenville, 296 0 -12 0 -6%Myrtle Beach, 295 0 -20 0 -9%Rock Hill, 297 0 -17 0 -8%Spartanburg, 293 -1 -13 0 -7%

South Dakota Average -1 -19 0 -9%Aberdeen, 574 -1 -15 0 -7%Mitchell, 573 0 -18 0 -9%Mobridge, 576 -1 -28 0 -14%Pierre, 575 -1 -30 0 -14%Rapid City, 577 -1 -15 0 -8%Sioux Falls, 570-571 0 -7 0 -3%Watertown, 572 -1 -18 0 -9%

Tennessee Average -1 -7 0 -4%Chattanooga, 374 -1 1 0 0%Clarksville, 370 1 0 0 0%Cleveland, 373 -1 -9 0 -4%Columbia, 384 -1 -20 0 -10%Cookeville, 385 0 -13 0 -6%Jackson, 383 -1 -12 0 -6%Kingsport, 376 0 -12 0 -6%Knoxville, 377-379 -1 -5 0 -3%

McKenzie, 382 -2 -24 -1 -12%Memphis, 380-381 -2 6 -1 2%Nashville, 371-372 1 10 0 5%

Texas Average -2 -5 -1 -4%Abilene, 795-796 -4 -8 -1 -6%Amarillo, 790-791 -2 -4 -1 -3%Arlington, 760 -1 -1 0 -1%Austin, 786-787 1 3 0 1%Bay City, 774 -2 51 -1 23%Beaumont, 776-777 -4 23 -1 9%Brownwood, 768 -3 -28 -1 -14%

Bryan, 778 0 -16 0 -8%Childress, 792 -3 -37 -1 -19%Corpus Christi, 783-784 -3 8 -1 2%Dallas, 751-753 -1 11 0 4%Del Rio, 788 -3 -37 -1 -19%


27/492


El Paso, 798-799 -3 -25 -1 -13%Fort Worth, 761-762 -2 -1 -1 -1%Galveston, 775 -3 23 -1 9%Giddings, 789 0 -8 0 -3%Greenville, 754 -3 5 -1 1%Houston, 770-772 -1 24 0 10%

Huntsville, 773 -2 24 -1 10%Longview, 756 -3 -1 -1 -2%Lubbock, 793-794 -3 -17 -1 -9%Lufkin, 759 -3 -13 -1 -7%McAllen, 785 -4 -35 -1 -18%Midland, 797 -4 9 -1 2%Palestine, 758 -2 -10 -1 -6%Plano, 750 -1 9 0 4%San Angelo, 769 -3 -20 -1 -11%San Antonio, 780-782 -3 -4 -1 -3%Texarkana, 755 -3 -19 -1 -11%Tyler, 757 -2 -17 -1 -8%

Victoria, 779 -3 -5 -1 -4%Waco, 765-767 -3 -13 -1 -8%Wichita Falls, 763 -3 -22 -1 -12%Woodson, 764 -3 -16 -1 -9%

Utah Average 1 -11 1 -4%Clearfield, 840 2 -3 1 0%Green River, 845 1 -7 0 -3%Ogden, 843-844 0 -21 0 -9%Provo, 846-847 2 -24 1 -10%Salt Lake City, 841 2 0 1 1%

Vermont Average 1 -12 0 -5%Albany, 058 1 -17 0 -7%Battleboro, 053 1 -8 0 -3%Beecher Falls, 059 1 -20 0 -9%Bennington, 052 -1 -17 0 -8%Burlington, 054 2 3 1 3%Montpelier, 056 2 -9 1 -3%Rutland, 057 -1 -14 0 -7%Springfield, 051 -1 -12 0 -6%White River Junction, 050 1 -13 0 -5%


28/492


Virginia Average -1 -12 0 -6%Abingdon, 242 -2 -12 -1 -7%Alexandria, 220-223 3 26 1 13%Charlottesville, 229 1 -15 0 -6%Chesapeake, 233 -1 -6 0 -3%Culpeper, 227 2 -7 1 -3%

Farmville, 239 -2 -30 -1 -15%Fredericksburg, 224-225 1 -13 0 -5%Galax, 243 -2 -27 -1 -13%Harrisonburg, 228 1 -17 0 -7%Lynchburg, 245 -2 -21 -1 -11%Norfolk, 235-237 0 -4 0 -2%Petersburg, 238 -2 -8 -1 -5%Radford, 241 -2 -24 -1 -12%Richmond, 232 -1 7 0 3%Roanoke, 240 -2 -24 -1 -12%Staunton, 244 0 -21 0 -9%Tazewell, 246 -3 -10 -1 -6%

Virginia Beach, 234 0 -10 0 -5%Williamsburg, 230-231 0 -4 0 -2%Winchester, 226 0 -13 0 -6%

Washington Average 1 2 0 2%Clarkston, 994 0 -4 0 -2%Everett, 982 2 8 1 5%Olympia, 985 2 -4 1 -1%Pasco, 993 0 7 0 3%Seattle, 980-981 3 28 1 14%Spokane, 990-992 0 0 0 0%Tacoma, 983-984 1 9 0 5%Vancouver, 986 2 6 1 4%Wenatchee, 988 1 -19 0 -8%Yakima, 989 0 -10 0 -4%

West Virginia Average -2 -8 -1 -5%Beckley, 258-259 0 -14 0 -6%Bluefield, 247-248 -1 2 0 0%Charleston, 250-253 1 10 0 5%Clarksburg, 263-264 -3 -8 -1 -5%Fairmont, 266 0 -16 0 -8%Huntington, 255-257 -2 3 -1 0%Lewisburg, 249 -2 -30 -1 -15%Martinsburg, 254 -1 -10 0 -5%

Morgantown, 265 -3 2 -1 -1%New Martinsville, 262 -3 -25 -1 -13%Parkersburg, 261 -3 15 -1 5%Romney, 267 -4 -12 -1 -7%Sugar Grove, 268 -3 -24 -1 -12%Wheeling, 260 -3 -6 -1 -5%

Wisconsin Average -1 2 0 1%Amery, 540 0 -2 0 -1%Beloit, 535 0 11 0 5%Clam Lake, 545 -1 -4 0 -2%Eau Claire, 547 -1 -3 0 -2%

Green Bay, 541-543 0 3 0 2%La Crosse, 546 -2 -4 -1 -3%Ladysmith, 548 -2 -2 -1 -2%Madison, 537 2 15 1 8%Milwaukee, 530-534 0 20 0 9%


29/492


Oshkosh, 549 -1 7 0 3%Portage, 539 0 5 0 2%Prairie du Chien, 538 -2 -12 -1 -6%Wausau, 544 -1 -2 0 -1%

Wyoming Average 0 -5 0 -2%

Casper, 826 -2 6 -1 2%Cheyenne/Laramie, 820 1 -13 0 -5%Gillette, 827 -1 18 0 8%Powell, 824 0 -17 0 -8%Rawlins, 823 0 0 0 0%Riverton, 825 -2 -14 -1 -7%Rock Springs, 829-831 0 9 0 4%Sheridan, 828 0 -8 0 -4%Wheatland, 822 0 -25 0 -12%

UNITED STATES TERRITORIESGuam 53 -21 -5 18%

Puerto Rico 2 -47 -5 -21%

VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.)St. Croix 18 -15 -4 2%St. John 52 -15 -4 20%St. Thomas 23 -15 -4 5%

CANADIAN AREA MODIFIERSThese figures assume an exchange rate of $0.98 Canadian to $1.00 U.S.

Alberta Average 18 28 6 23%Calgary 18 28 4 23%

Edmonton 17 31 4 24%Ft. McMurray 19 25 10 22%

British Columbia Average 18 11 6 14%

Fraser Valley 18 9 4 13%Okanagan 19 9 10 14%Vancouver 18 15 4 16%

Manitoba Average 12 5 2 8%North Manitoba 12 4 2 8%South Manitoba 12 7 2 9%Selkirk 12 4 2 8%Winnipeg 12 4 2 8%

New Brunswick Average 8 26 1 10%Moncton 8 26 1 10%

Nova Scotia Average 9 -14 1 -3%Amherst 8 -14 1 -4%Nova Scotia 9 -15 1 -4%Sydney 9 -14 1 -3%

Newfoundland/Labrador Average 11 -17 2 -4%

Ontario Average 14 17 6 16%

London 14 19 3 16%Thunder Bay 16 13 6 14%Toronto 13 19 8 16%


30/492


Quebec Average 11 -2 2 4%Montreal 11 -2 2 4%Quebec City 11 -2 2 4%

Saskatchewan Average 15 6 5 10%

La Ronge 16 4 9 10%

Prince Albert 4 14 3 9%Saskatoon 14 10 3 12%

Equipment rental ratesThe cost tables in this manual are based on the costs below. These figures assume the equipment is ingood condition and include a damage waiver (about 10% of the rental cost), fuel, and oil, where required.Add the cost of pickup, return to the rental yard and repairs, if necessary. A rental "day" is assumed tobe one 8-hour shift and begins when the equipment leaves the rental yard. A "week" is 40 hours in fiveconsecutive days. A "month" is 176 hours in 30 consecutive days.

Rental for Day Week Month

3/8" Power Drill 11.00 42.00 125.00

Compound Miter Saw 38.00 150.00 440.00Pneumatic Nailer 32.00 125.00 370.008-1/4" Circular Saw 18.00 60.00 180.00Scaffolding (1 stage) 32.00 32.00 95.00Scaffolding (2 stages) 45.00 45.00 135.00


31/492


Chapter 2, Tools for Every Carpentry Estimator

No doubt youve heard someone start telling a joke or funny story by saying, Stop me if youve heardthis one already. This chapter needs the same preface. If youve been working as a carpenter orcarpentry estimator for years, you probably know everything Im going to explain in this chapter. But

some may not. So Im going to do the responsible thing -- be sure no one gets left behind.

This chapter covers the basic concepts (tools) framing and finish carpentry estimators use daily. Imgoing to start by defining a board foot. Then Im going to cover key estimating concepts like waste,coverage, culls and offal. If youre confident of the meaning of these terms, buzz right on to Chapter 3.The definitions and reference tables in Chapter 2 will always be here if you need them later. If youvenever met a cull and wouldnt know offal if it fell on your foot, please give this chapter a few moreminutes of your valuable time. The chapters that follow assume youre well acquainted with theinformation in Chapter 2.

The Board FootLumber is often estimated and sold by the board foot (BF) or thousand board feet (MBF). A board thats

1 foot long and 1 foot wide and 1 inch thick (12" x 12" x 1") has one board foot of lumber. Thats simpleenough. But thats just the beginning. A piece of lumber measuring 2 inches thick and 6 inches wideand 12 inches long (2" x 6" x 12") also has one board foot of lumber. If that 2 x 6 (usually called atwo-by-six) is 10 feet long (2" x 6" x 10'), youve get ten board feet of lumber. You can see that theboard foot is a measure of lumber volume, 144 cubic inches of lumber. Twelve inches times 12 inchestimes 1 inch thick is 144 cubic inches. So is 2 inches times 6 inches times 12 inches. Thats easyenough. But, again, theres more.

Every framer knows that a 2 x 4 doesnt really measure 2 inches thick by 4 inches wide. Whendressed (sanded) and dried out, that 2 x 4 is very nearly 1 inches thick by 3 1/2 inches wide.Calculating lumber volume in half inches would be a messy problem. To simplify things, we use thenominal (name) dimensions when figuring lumber volume in board feet. So a nominal 2 x 6 is considered

to have one board foot of lumber for each foot of length. Thats not too hard to understand. But theresone more exception to remember. Any lumber less than 1 inch thick, such as 5/8-inch shelving orsiding, is considered to have a nominal thickness of 1 inch when figuring board footage.

Figure 2-1 makes it easy to calculate the board feet of lumber for any dimension and length. Multiply thelength of the piece by the appropriate factor in Figure 2-1.Thats the board feet per piece. Multiply bythe number of pieces to find the total board footage. For example, ten 2 x 4 studs 8 feet long would be 8(feet) times .667 (the factor) times ten (the number of studs) or 53.36 board feet.


32/492


Nominal Nominal

Size in Size in

Inches Factor Inches Factor

1 x 1 .083 2 x 2 .333

1 x 2 .167 2 x 3 .5001 x 3 .250 2 x 4 .6671 x 4 .333 2 x 5 .8331 x 5 .417 2 x 6 1.001 x 6 .500 2 x 8 1.331 x 8 .667 2 x 10 1.671 x 10 .833 2 x 12 2.001 x 12 1.00 2 x 14 2.331 x 14 1.17 2 x 16 2.671 x 16 1.33 4 x 3 1.001 x 20 1.67 4 x 4 1.331-1/4 x 4 .417 4 x 6 2.001-1/4 x 6 .625 4 x 8 2.67

1-1/4 x 8 .833 4 x 10 3.331-1/4 x 10 1.04 4 x 12 4.001-1/4 x 12 1.25 6 x 6 3.001-1/2 x 4 .500 6 x 8 4.001-1/2 x 6 .725 6 x 10 5.331-1/2 x 8 1.00 8 x 8 5.331-1/2 x 10 1.25 8 x 10 6.671-1/2 x 12 1.50 8 x 12 8.00

Board feet per linear foot of lumber

Figure 2-1

To find the factor for any dimension not shown in Figure 2-1,divide the nominal cross section area by

12. For example, the factor for a 10 x 10 timber would be 10 times 10 divided by 12, or 8.33 board feetper linear foot.

Lumber Waste - It's EverywhereThe quantity of lumber, sheathing, siding and trim you order will always be more than the quantityactually nailed together or the area covered. Ill call the difference waste even though its not trulywasted. True, some gets hauled to the scrap heap, but theres going to be loss due to coverage, cuttingand lap on every job. The estimators job is to anticipate as much of this loss as possible. Remember,its perfectly reasonable to expect your material estimates to be within 5 percent of the actual quantityrequired.

A conscientious framing crew will reduce waste by separating scrap lumber into stockpiles according to

size and length. That makes it easy to grab a short length off the scrap pile instead of cutting whatsneeded from a longer piece.

ShrinkageIn the retail business, shrinkage is inventory that simply disappears -- cant be accounted for. You mayhave losses like that, such as lumber that walks off the job over night. Thats theft and wont be part ofthe calculation for most estimators. But shrinkage covers other contingencies, such as the plumbingcontractor who cuts a 2 x 4 for a tub hanger, or the electrical contractor who needs a mast for his dropline. Shrinkage like that is inevitable and may not be worth complaining about. Certainly its not worthcalling the cops. Just assume that a few studs and plates will shrink away through no fault of yourown.

CullsAnother type of waste begins when your framing crew starts pulling lumber from the stack. A cull is anypiece of lumber that cant be used for its original intended purpose. Of course, that doesnt mean a cullis totally useless. Most culls can be recovered -- sawed into shorter lengths and used for blocking,temporary bracing or ceiling-finish nailers. Your lead framer should be instructed to set culls aside in aneat pile. Most of that pile should disappear as framing continues. If it doesnt, youre accumulating toomany culls. Discuss that issue with your lumber dealer before placing the next order.


33/492


Cutting WasteOn nearly every job youll have to cut at least a few boards or panels to fit the area covered. The piecestrimmed off may not be useful anywhere else on the job. Thats cutting waste. Youll have more cuttingwaste on smaller, irregular jobs and less cutting waste on jobs with long runs and fewer intersecting wallor roof lines. Cutting waste varies with job layout and cant be predicted until you see the plans. Note

that tables in the remainder of this chapter dont include cutting waste.


34/492


You cant do much about shrinkage, culls and cutting waste. But accurate calculation of offal(pronounced awfall) is part of your job description. For example, Figure 2-2 shows ceiling joists 10'6"long. There may be a perfectly good reason for ceiling joists that length. But framing lumber is sold inlengths that are multiples of two feet. So those 10'6" joists will have to be cut from 12-footers. The resultwill be cut ends 18 inches long. Those are probably usable elsewhere in the job. For example, if joists

are 16 inches from center to center (usually called on center and abbreviated O.C.), those 18-inchlengths cut from joist ends will make good blocks. In that case, cutting waste should be negligible. Butwhat if the joists were 11'2" long? As a general proposition, any cut length less than 12 inches is goingto be offal. (Offal means something of no value -- to be discarded.) Its safe to assume 10 inches of offalfor each joist with a length of 11' 2".

End Lap WasteEnd-lap waste occurs when the ends of boards are lapped over a support beam. Boards are lappedwhen the lap can be concealed (usually floor and ceiling joists), and when the cut-off ends cant be usedsomewhere else. If the span is 13 feet in Figure 2-3, the lap for each joist will be one foot, assuminglumber for these joists is bought in 14-foot lengths.

To compute the factor for offal and end-lap, divide the purchase length by the plan length. For example,if the purchase length for a joist is 12 feet and the length shown on the plans is 10'6" (10.5 feet), thefactor is 12 divided by 10.5, or 1.143. Youll have to buy 14.3 percent more joist material than actuallygets installed. Waste (as Ive defined it) will be 14.3 percent.


35/492


Figure 2-4 shows waste factors due to offal and end-lap for lumber lengths from 4 feet to 26 feet. Forexample, if you buy 12-footers for use as 11-foot joists, the factor is 1.091. Youll need to buy 9.1percent more joist material than is shown on the plans. These factors are important and make a bigdifference to the estimator. Your profit on a job may be as little as 10 percent. Omitting waste factorsfrom your bid eats into your bottom line -- usually 10 percent or more. Thats a mistake no estimatorwants to repeat. The cost tables in this manual are based on purchasing even-foot lumber and cutting it

to the required length. Thats a good way to keep actual costs in line with estimated costs.

LF LF Waste LF LF Waste

Purchased Required Factor Purchased Required Factor

2-3 1.778 14-3 1.123 2-6 1.600 14-6 1.104 2-9 1.455 14-9 1.0854-0 3-0 1.333 16-0 15-0 1.067 3-3 1.231 15-3 1.049 3-6 1.143 15-6 1.032 3-9 1.067 15-9 1.016

4-3 1.412 16-3 1.108 4-6 1.333 16-6 1.091 4-9 1.263 16-9 1.0756'-0 5-0" 1.200 18-0 17-0 1.059 5-3 1.143 17-3 1.044 5-6 1.091 17-6 1.029 5-9 1.044 17-9 1.014

6-3 1.280 18-3 1.100 6-6 1.231 18-6 1.081 6-9 1.185 18-9" 1.0678-0 7-0 1.143 20-0 19-0 1.053 7-3 1.104 19-3 1.039

7-6 1.067 19-6 1.026 7-9 1.032 19-9 1.013

8-3 1.212 20-3 1.086 8-6 1.176 20-6 1.073 8-9 1.143 20-9 1.06010-0 9-0 1.111 22-0 21-0 1.048 9-3 1.081 21-3 1.035 9-6 1.053 21-6 1.023 9-9 1.026 21-9 1.012

10-3 1.171 22-3 1.079 10-6 1.143 22-6 1.067 10-9 1.116 22-9 1.055

12-0 11-0 1.091 24-0 23-0 1.044 11-3 1.067 23-3 1.032 11-6 1.044 23-6 1.021 11-9 1.021 23-9 1.011

12-3 1.143 24-3 1.072 12-6 1.120 24-6 1.061 12-9 1.098 24-9 1.05114-0 13-0 1.077 26-0 25-0 1.040 13-3 1.057 25-3 1.030 13-6 1.037 25-6 1.020 13-9 1.018 25-9 1.010

Waste factors due to offal or end lap Figure 2-4

Side-Lap WasteSide-lap waste is the reduction in a boards covering capacity when material is overlapped at the sides.Figure 2-5 shows a common example.


36/492


Side-lap waste depends on the width of the lap -- how much of the board is hidden under the boardabove. Spacing of siding courses is usually adjusted to fit the wall height. Once you know the number ofcourses, you can calculate weather exposure and the side lap.


37/492


To find the number of courses of lapped boards required to cover a wall, divide the wall height in inches(minus one lap) by the usual exposure. You subtract one lap from the wall height because theresalways one less lap than the number of courses. See Figure 2-5. An example will help make this clear.

Assume youre using 8-inch bevel siding to cover a wall 96 inches high. As shown later in this chapter,

the dressed width of 8-inch bevel siding is actually 7 inches. Assuming a normal exposure of 6inches (and a 1" lap), the number of courses is 96 inches (wall height) minus one lap (1") divided by6.25 inches (the exposure), or 15.2 courses. No carpenter is going to install 15.2 courses. Instead,youre going to get 15 evenly-spaced courses. Multiply 15 by the length of the wall to find the linear feetof bevel siding.

Notice in the example above that I havent made any deduction for door or window openings. Thatsbecause most door and window openings save little or no siding material. Usually door and windowopenings add to the installation time without reducing the amount of material needed. If a windowopening is 12 square feet (such as 3' x 4'), youll probably have close to 12 square feet of wasted sidingmaterial. Most estimators make an exception for larger doors and windows, such a garage door, a patiodoor or a large picture window. In that case, deduct the window or door area before calculating the

siding material needed. When you estimate material like siding, you have to add waste as apercentage, based on sound experience and good judgment.

Now lets do the same calculation for siding shingles. Assume a shingle exposure of 6 inches andshingles 16 inches long. How many courses are required to cover a wall 10 feet high?

With a 6-inch exposure, well have a 10-inch lap. So the number of courses required is 120 inches (thewall height) minus one lap (10") and divided by 6 inches (the exposure). Thats 110 divided by six, or18.3 courses. Again, well round to the nearest whole number, 18 courses of shingles, each spaced at62/3 inches (120" divided by 18).

Dress Waste

All lumber is sold by nominal dimensions, not actual dimensions. You can ignore the difference betweennominal and actual size when estimating framing, but the difference is important when estimatingsheathing. A nominal 1 x 6 is really only 5 inches wide. Youll need two 1 x 6 boards plus one inch ofa third 1 x 6 to cover one square foot of wall, floor or roof. This loss of coverage is due to dress wasteand can be expressed as a factor to simplify estimates. Figure 2-6 shows dress waste factors fornominal board widths from 2 inches to 16 inches. To compute the factor for any other board width, dividethe nominal width by the actual width. For example, 6 inches (the nominal width) divided by 5.5 inches(the actual width) yields a factor of 1.091. To find the square feet of board needed to cover any area,multiply the dress waste factor by the measured area. For example, 109.1 board feet of 1 x 6 lumber willcover 100 square feet. As explained earlier, this figure doesnt include cutting waste, which varies fromjob to job.

Nominal Actual Dress Waste

Width Width Factor

2 1-1/2" 1.3333 2-1/2" 1.2004 3-1/2" 1.1435 4-1/2" 1.1116 5-1/2" 1.0917 6-1/2" 1.0778 7-1/4" 1.1049 8-1/4" 1.09110 9-1/4" 1.08111 10-1/4" 1.07312 11-1/4" 1.06714 13-1/4" 1.05716 15-1/4" 1.049

Dress waste factors for common softwood boards

Figure 2-6


38/492


A boards thickness doesnt affect the area that the board covers. So a boards dressed thicknessdoesnt affect dress waste.


39/492


Dress waste factors for softwood flooring are different. Figure 2-7

Nominal Dressed Dress Waste

Dimension Face Width Factor

3/8 x 2 1-1/8 1.7801/2" x 3 2-1/8 1.4125/8 x 4 3-1/8 1.281 x 5 4-1/8 1.2121-1/4 x 6 5-1/8 1.171

Dress waste factors for softwood flooring

Figure 2-7

Tongue and groove hardwood strip flooring (oak, beech, birch, hard maple and pecan) have differentdress waste factors than square edge softwood boards. See Figure 2-8.For example, youll need 125square feet of - x 2-inch tongue and groove hardwood strip flooring to cover 100 square feet of floor.Again, this doesnt include cutting waste.



3/4" x 3-1/4" 3-1/4 1.2313/4" x 2-1/4" 2-1/4 1.3333/4" x 2" 2" 1.3753/4" x 1-1/2" l-1/2" 1.5003/8" x 2" 2 1.2503/8" x 1-1/2" l-1/2" 1.3331/2" x 2" 2 1.2501/2" x 1 1/2" l-1/2" 1.33333/32" x 3 1/4" 3-1/4" 1.231

33/32" x 2 1/4" 2-1/4 1.333 Dress waste factors for tongue and groove hardwood strip flooring

Figure 2-8

Wood boards are used occasionally on ceilings. Figure 2-9 shows dress waste factors for all ceilingboards other than cedar (the first four rows) and for cedar ceiling boards (the last row).



3/8 x 3 2-1/8 1.4121/2" x 4 3-1/8 1.2805/8 x 5 4-1/8 1.2123/4" x 6 5-1/8 1.1711 x 4 cedar 3-1/4 1.231

Dress waste factors for ceiling boards

Figure 2-9

Figure 2-10 shows dress waste factors for tongue and groove sheathing. For example, to find the squarefootage of 2- x 8-inch tongue and groove sheathing with a inch tongue required to cover any area,multiply the area by 1.164. Youll notice a subtle change in Figure 2-10.Previous dress waste tableswere for materials 1 inch thick or less. So the dress waste factors converted surface area to board feet.Figure 2-10 includes nominal 2 inch lumber. Use the factors to convert surface area to nominal boardsurface (not board feet).

Nominal Dimension Dress Waste

And Tongue Depth Face Width Factor

1 x 4, 1/4" tongue 3-1/8 1.2801-1/4" x 5, 1/4" tongue 4-1/8 1.212


40/492


1-1/2 x 6, 1/4" tongue 5-1/8 1.1712" x 8, 1/4" tongue 6-7/8 1.1642 x 10, 1/4" tongue 8-7/8 1.1272 x 12, 1/4" tongue 10-7/8 1.1032 x 4, 3/8 tongue 3-1/8 1.2802 x 6, 3/8 tongue 5 1.200

2 x 8, 3/8 tongue 6-3/4 1.1852 x 10, 3/8 tongue 8-3/4 1.1432 x 12, 3/8 tongue 10-3/4 1.116

Dress waste factors for tongue and groove sheathing

Figure 2-10

Figure 2-11 shows dress waste factors for shiplap board sheathing. For example, to find the square feetof nominal 1- x 4-inch shiplap sheathing required to cover any area, multiply the area by 1.280. Onceagain, Figure 2-11 includes nominal 2-inch lumber. Use the factors to convert surface area to nominalboard surface (not board feet).


41/492



And Lap Depth Face Width Factor

1" x 4", 3/8" lap 3-1/8" 1.2801" x 6", 3/8" lap 5-1/8" 1.171

1" x 8", 3/8" lap 6-7/8" 1.1641" x 10", 3/8" lap 8-7/8" 1.1271" x 12", 3/8" lap 10-7/8" 1.1032" x 6", 1/2" lap 5" 1.2002" x 8", 1/2" lap 6-3/4" 1.1852" x 10", 1/2" lap 8-3/4" 1.1432" x 12", 1/2" lap 10-3/4" 1.116

Dress waste factors for shiplap sheathing

Figure 2-11

Dress Waste for Board SidingBoard siding is still popular with many architectural styles. Board siding comes in many patterns.

Cedar, fir and redwood are the most popular species for siding. Figure 2-12 and 2-13 show dress wastefactors for the most common siding patterns and species. Bevel siding isnt covered in this tablebecause side lap waste is more important than dress waste when installing bevel siding.


And Edge Detai l Face Width Factor

5/8" x 4", 1/4" tongue & groove 3-1/8" 1.2801" x 6", 1/4" tongue & groove 5-1/8" 1.1711" x 8", 1/4" tongue & groove 6-7/8" 1.1641" x 10", 1/4" tongue & groove 8-7/8" 1.1271" x 12", 1/4" tongue & groove 10-7/8" 1.1035/8" x 4", 3/8" tongue & groove 3" 1.333

1" x 6", 3/8" tongue & groove 5" 1.2001" x 8", 3/8" tongue & groove 6-3/4" 1.1851" x 10", 3/8" tongue & groove 8-3/4" 1.1431" x 12", 3/8" tongue & groove 10-3/4 1.1165/8" x 4", 3/8" shiplap 3" 1.3331" x 6", 3/8" shiplap 5" 1.2001" x 8", 3/8" shiplap 6-3/4" 1.1851" x 10", 3/8" shiplap 8-3/4" 1.1435/8" x 4", 1/2" shiplap 2-7/8" 1.3911" x 6", 1/2" shiplap 4-7/8" 1.2311" x 8", 1/2" shiplap 6-5/8" 1.2082" x 6" log cabin siding 4-15/16" 1.2152" x 8" log cabin siding 6-11/16" 1.196

Dress waste factors for rustic , drop and log cabin siding

Figure 2-12

Dress waste factors are slightly different for redwood siding. See Figure 2-13.For square edge redwoodsiding, use the dress-waste factors in Figure 2-6.



1/2" x 3", tongue & groove 2-1/4" 1.3335/8" x 4", tongue & groove 3-1/4" 1.2313/4" x 6", tongue & groove 5-1/4" 1.143

1" x 8", tongue & groove 7-1/4" 1.1041" x 10", tongue & groove 9-1/4" 1.0811" x 12", tongue & groove 11-1/4" 1.0673/4" x 6", shiplap 5" 1.2001" x 8", shiplap 7" 1.143


42/492


1" x 10", shiplap 9" 1.1111" x 12", shiplap 11" 1.091

Dress waste factors for redwood board siding

Figure 2-13

Dress Waste for Vertical Board SidingVertical board siding is popular with some architectural styles. See Figure 2-14. Assume that 1 x 12square edge boards and 1 x 3 battens are installed as in Figure 2-14. The gap between 1 x 12 boardswill be -inch. How many board feet of redwood siding will be required to cover a wall 91'4" long and 8feet high?

The wall area is 91.34 feet times 8 feet or 730.72 square feet. Round that up to 731 square feet.

The dress waste factor is the nominal board width divided by the dressed board width plus the width ofthe gap. From Figure 2-6 we know that 1 x 12 boards have a dressed width of 11 1/4 inches. Add the1/2-inch gap between boards and we have 11.75 inches. Dividing 12 by 11.75 yields a dress-wastefactor of 1.021 for the 1 x 12s. Well need 1.021 times 731 or 746 board feet of 1 x 12.


43/492


Now lets figure the 1 x 3 battens. The dress-waste factor for battens is the nominal board width dividedby the dressed board width plus the gap between battens. From Figure 2-6 we know that 1 x 3 boardshave a dressed width of 2 1/2 inches. The gap between battens is 11 3/4 inches minus 2 1/2 inches, or9 1/4 inches. Adding 2 1/2 inches and 9 1/4 inches, we get 11.75 inches. Divide three (the nominalwidth) by 11.75 to get a dress-waste factor of .255. Multiply .255 by 731 square feet and you have 187

board feet of batten.

Dress Waste for Roof DeckingFigure 2-15 shows dress waste factors for the most common roof decking. Multiply the factor by thesquare feet of deck to find the nominal square feet of deck lumber required. For nominal 2-, 3-, 4- and5-inch-thick roof decking, these factors convert surface area to nominal board surface (not board feet).



1" x 4", tongue & groove 3" 1.3332" x 5", tongue & groove 4" 1.2502" x 6", tongue & groove 5" 1.200

2-1/2" x 6", tongue & groove 5-1/4" 1.1433" x 8", tongue & groove 6-3/4" 1.1853" x 10", tongue & groove 8-3/4" 1.1434" x 12", tongue & groove 10-3/4" 1.1163" x 4" grooved planks 3-1/2" 1.1434" x 6" grooved plank 5-1/2" 1.0914" x 8" grooved plank 7-1/4" 1.1044" x 10" grooved plank 9-1/4" 1.0814" x 12" grooved plank 11-1/4" 1.0672" x 6" laminated T&G 5" 1.2003" x 6" laminated T&G 5-1/4" 1.1435" x 8" laminated T&G 6-3/4" 1.185

5" x 8" laminated T&G 7" 1.1435" x 8" laminated T&G 7-1/8" 1.123

Dress waste factors for roof decking

Figure 2-15

Dress Waste for Patio and Porch Decking

Boards for wood patio and porch decks are usually laid with a small gap to promote drainage. The dresswaste factor is the nominal board width divided by the actual board width plus the gap. For example, aporch deck measures 10 feet by 20 feet and will be built from treated 2 x 4s laid flat-wise with a -inchgap between each deck board. How many board feet of 2 x 4 lumber will be required?

The total deck area is 10 feet by 20 feet or 200 square feet. The dress waste factor is 4 inches (nominal

4" width) divided by 3 1/2 inches (the actual width) plus the 1/4-inch gap. Thats four divided by 3.75, or1.067, the dress waste factor. Since were using nominal 2-inch lumber, there will be two board feet persquare foot. So multiply the factor (1.067) by two. The answer is 2.13 board feet per square foot. For the200 square feet well need 2.13 times 200, or 426 board feet. Add whatever cutting waste is expected.


44/492


Use the same technique to compute board footage for fencing. Figure 2-16 shows dress waste factorsfor the most common fence board, including cedar. The boards required per linear foot appear in theright column of the table. These figures assume boards are installed with edges flush.

Boards

Dress Per Nominal Face Waste Linear

Dimension Width Factor Foot

1" x 3" 2-1/2" 1.200 4.801" x 4" 3-1/2" 1.143 3.431" x 6" 5-1/2" 1.091 2.181" x 8" 7-1/4" 1.103 1.66

Dress waste factors for fence board

Figure 2-16

For example, a fence thats 100 feet long and 6 feet high is to be built from 1 x 8 boards with a one-inch

gap between each board. How many board feet of 1 x 8 lumber will be required to construct the fence?

Solution: The fence area is 100 feet x 6 feet, or 600 square feet. The dress waste factor is the nominalwidth (8") divided by the actual width (7") plus the gap (1"). Thats eight divided by 8.25, or .97. Theboard footage will be .97 times 600, or 582.

One final note: Not all lumber conforms to the tables in this chapter. Every lumber mill has thediscretion to cut lumber to any dimension. Your local lumber dealer will be the best authority on actualdimensions of lumber currently in stock.

Assuming youve mastered the information in this chapter (or at least know where to find the appropriatetable), well get started with framing -- beginning with The Floor System.


45/492



46/492


Chapter 3, The Floor System

A raised floor system isolates the home from potential moisture problems and provides a warm,comfortable walking surface. Its also a line of defense from pests. As illustrated in Figure 3-1, the mainmembers of a pier-and-beam floor system are posts, girders, foundation plates, floor and header joists,lateral supports and wood board or wood sheet flooring materials. This chapter covers each component

in detail, including installation and cost saving tips for designers.

PostsPosts provide the vertical supports for girders. Posts are usually made of solid 4 x 4, 6 x 6 or 8 x 8cedar, redwood or other insect- and moisture-resistant wood thats been chemically treated withcreosote, pentachlorophenol and salt preservatives. Place posts on poured, or prefabricated, concretepiers. Figure 3-2 shows a post anchored to a concrete support, but there is a variety of ways to securea post to a concrete pier. Make sure the bottoms of posts are at least 6 inches above the ground.

The size of wood posts required depends on the strength of wood used for the post, the length of thepost and the center-to-center spacing of the posts. The center-to-center spacing of the posts dependson the size and strength of the girder installed over the posts, as well as the anticipated floor load. The

building architect makes post spacing decisions, depending on the load they will carry. Never increasethe span between posts beyond whats shown on the plans.


47/492


For heavier loads, or when using tall posts or steel girders, use a round steel post or pipe columninstead of a wood post. When you pour spot footings for steel posts, set the top of the footing 1inches low to allow for future adjustment of the fabricated column height. After setting the column to thecorrect height, dry pack beneath the bearing plate with an almost-dry mixture of cement, sand andwater. This mixture will provide a non-shrinking bearing for the column. Once the post is set, brace it

before you place a girder over it.

We can determine the total board feet of 6 x 6 posts required for the building diagrammed in Figure 3-3using the section view in Figure 3-4. First, check the length of each post. Generally, all posts will be thesame length. Well assume for this example that all four posts are one foot long. Four posts at one footlong equal four linear feet. After youve determined the total linear feet of posts, convert the total to aboard-foot quantity. We have four linear feet of 6 x 6 posts that have a board foot factor of three, asdiscussed in Chapter 2 and shown in Figure 2-1.So we have four linear feet times three, which equals12 board feet.


48/492


GirdersGirders support the interior ends of floor joists at the ground floor. They can be made from one timber,but theyre usually built up out of two or more 2-by lumber pieces face nailed together and set on edge.Girders should terminate over the centers of the supporting posts, as shown in Figure 3-5.

The size of girder required depends on the strength of the wood used for the girder, the spacing of theposts, and the anticipated floor loads. Many builders prefer manufactured wood beams for supportingthe floor. Where you have long spans or heavy loads, glue-laminated or steel beams are probably thebest choice. Glue-laminated beams are easier to cut and drill on site than steel beams, but with eithertype of beam, you may need special engineering and drawings. Allow extra time for ordering anddelivery of any special order beam, and schedule lifting equipment for heavy members.

If trusses are installed for a roof frame, there wont be any interior load-bearing partitions, so girders inthe pier-and beam foundation can be designed to carry a lighter load.

The bottoms of girders should be at least 12 inches above the earth. If this clearance isnt possible,install a girder thats treated for, or is naturally resistant to water damage and insect infestation. Keep in

mind that the cost of treated (or naturally resistant) lumber is more expensive than common lumber.


49/492


Install girders so the top of the girder is flush with the top of the sill plate, as in Figure 3-4. This allowsyou to frame the floor joists directly into the header joists.

One common method of girder end support involves girder pockets. Girder pockets are formed or cutinto the foundation walls, as in Figure 3-6.

Any girder terminating in a concrete or masonry foundation should have at least 4 inches of bearing andshould have a -inch airspace at the sides and end of the girder to allow for expansion and contraction.The 4-inch minimum bearing also applies to girders over posts. Connect all posts securely to beams orgirders with steel T-brackets, post caps, or column caps as shown in Figure 3-7. This connectinghardware helps keep the supporting posts in place during high winds and earthquakes.

Another common way to connect the girder to the foundation wall is to use girder hangers. Figure 3-8shows a typical girder hanger installation.

To take off a solid girder, determine the total linear feet of girder required and convert this to a board-footquantity using board foot factors from Figure 2-1.If the girder is built up out of 2-by lumber, you can

determine the total board feet required by multiplying the total length of girder by the number of boardsused in the girder, and converting the total linear feet of boards to a board-foot quantity.

Lets determine the total board feet required for the three 2 x 8 built-up girders in the buildingdiagrammed in Figures 3-3 and 3-4. Assuming the girder material is purchased in 10-foot lengths, thereis no offal waste to consider. We have 30 linear feet of tripled 2 x 8 boards, which comes to 90 linearfeet. 2 x 8s have a board foot factor of 1.33, as discussed in Chapter 2 and shown in Figure 2-1.So wehave 90 linear feet times 1.33, which equals 120 board feet.


50/492


Next, lets determine the number of 2 x 8 boards required for this job. Well need to build three sets of10-foot girders. Since each girder is built out of three 2 x 8s, well need three girders times three boardsper girder, which equals nine boards 10 feet long.

Lets take this example a step further and use the cost data from the 2" x 8" girders or beams section in

this chapter to determine the costs of the built-up girders. Assume the use of a pneumatic nailer. Thematerial cost per linear foot for a 10-foot span girder is $2.13. Well need three built-up girders, eachspanning 10 feet, so thats 30 linear feet. Thirty times $1.94 equals $63.90. Labor cost will be thirtylinear feet times $1.03 per linear foot, which equals $30.90. Thirty linear feet times $0.01 per linear footgives us an equipment cost of $0.30. Total cost for the girders will be $95.10.

Flitch BeamsGirders may be strengthened by bolting one or more steel plates between the framing lumber. Theplates are usually 1/4-, 3/8- or 1/2-inch thick. This allows the girder to carry a heavier load, and itprovides a nailing surface for floor joists framed into the girder.

Foundation Plates

Foundation plates (also called plates, sills, or mudsills) are used in pier-and-beam construction toconnect the floor system to the foundation wall. A foundation plate is usually a 2 x 4 or a 2 x 6. Ifpossible, install the plate at least 12 inches above the earth (Figure 3-1). If this clearance isnt possible,install a plate thats treated for, or is naturally resistant to water damage and insect infestation. Mostcodes require wood members to be at least eight inches above the earth, as shown in Figure 3-4.

Bolt the foundation plate to the foundation wall with -inch diameter anchor bolts embedded in theconcrete. Space bolts at 6- or 8-foot centers (maximum), depending on local building coderequirements. You need at least two bolts per board, regardless of p

2012 National Framing & Finish Estimate

Documents

Transcript of 2012 National Framing & Finish Estimate