2010-07-8_Category B Licensing in CIECA Countries

Category B (passenger car) driver licensing in CIECA member countries

Overview of the category B licensing process (training, testing & probationary licensing) for novice drivers in CIECA member countries

2010

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Table of content

Table of content .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Some interesting facts .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

AUSTRIA ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

BELGIUM ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

BULGARIA ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

CROATIA ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

CYPRUS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

CZECH REPUBLIC ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

DENMARK .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

DUBAI (UAE) ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19

ESTONIA ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

FINLAND ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

FRANCE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25

GERMANY ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

GREAT BRITAIN .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 29

GREECE ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

HUNGARY .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32

ICELAND ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34

IRELAND ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36

KOSOVO ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37

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LATVIA ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38

LITHUANIA ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40

LUXEMBOURG ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 42

MALTA .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44

MONACO ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46

NETHERLANDS ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 47

NEW ZEALAND ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 49

NORTHERN IRELAND ................................................................................................................................................................................. 51

NORWAY ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53

POLAND ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55

PORTUGAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 57

QUEBEC (CANADA) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 59

SLOVAKIA .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61

SLOVENIA .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 63

SPAIN ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65

SWEDEN ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67

SWITZERLAND ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 69

TUNISIA ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71

VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA ............................................................................................................................................................................... 72

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Introduction

Every few years, CIECA updates its Guide on Driver Licensing. The last version, in CD-Rom format, was published in 2001. Data collection is underway for the next version which will be made available on CIECA‟s website at www.cieca.be. Based on the data collected so far, CIECA is pleased to present in this report an overview of the category B (passenger) car licensing process in 31 countries worldwide. This document provides information on the training, testing and probationary licensing systems in these countries, with a focus on:

A. Training / practice - Minimum age for learning to drive - Provisional licensing - Existence of an official curriculum - Options for driver training - Accompanied driving programmes, if allowed - Obligatory attendance of practical /theory driving school lessons - Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours - Total average number of hours pre-test practice

B. Driving test - Composition of the driving test (medical exam, first aid, theory and practical tests) - Age at which theory and practical tests can be taken - Pass rates for theory / practical tests - Minimum age for solo driving

C. Post-test - Existence of a probationary period - Length of probationary period - Conditions of probationary period - Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period

http://www.cieca.be/

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- Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers The full updated Guide on Driver Licensing is expected to be published by the end of 2008. For more information or feedback, please contact Daniel Vandenberghe at the CIECA office in Brussels at [email protected].

mailto:[email protected]

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Some interesting facts

- Within the European Union, there are 4 countries which allow licensing (for solo driving) from 17 years old, as opposed to the norm of 18 years old. These countries are the United Kingdom, Ireland, Austria (L17 programme) and Hungary. Within Europe, Iceland also allows licensing from 17. GDL1 jurisdictions generally allow solo driving at a younger age than in Europe. For example, in New Zealand solo driving is possible already from the age of 15.5 years old.

- Accompanied driving, as a means for a learner driver to practise before the practical test, is allowed in most countries, is the norm in several countries but is prohibited in a number of other countries, especially in Eastern Europe (where training in driving schools is the only option).

- Solo driving is possible before taking/passing a practical driving test in Ireland and Belgium. This practice will come to an end in Ireland in June 2008 but is positively encouraged in Belgium. Over 60000 Belgian learner drivers took advantage of this option in 2005. There is no data available on the crash risk of these pre-test solo drivers.

- Within the European Union, pass rates (at the first attempt) for the practical driving test range from 35% in Poland to over 85% in Austria and Slovakia. - Obligatory post-licence training for all novice drivers exists in Finland, Luxembourg, Austria, Estonia and Switzerland (within the first 1-3 years of solo driving). Slovenia will join

this list in 2010. The content varies from country to country but generally involves on-road feedback drives, group discussion and track-based experiences. - At least 17 EU member states have introduced probationary periods for novice drivers, with restrictions / tighter conditions during the 1-3 year period of solo driving after passing

the practical test. - The conditions imposed on novice drivers in the probationary period vary from country to country and include:

- Zero or low BAC2 levels (e.g. Austria, Germany, Slovenia) - Easier withdrawal of the licence in the event of certain traffic offences, e.g. a lower demerit point threshold, in addition to extension of the probationary period - „Improvement courses‟ for novice driver offenders (e.g. Austria, Germany) - Speed restrictions (e.g. Lithuania) - Restrictions on engine power (e.g. Victoria [Australia] and Croatia) - Novice driver display-plates (e.g. France) - Mandatory accompaniment by an older person during night time hours (e.g. Croatia) - Prohibition to drive during night time hours or on weekends (several GDL jurisdictions) - Restrictions on carrying peer-age passengers (many GDL jurisdictions) - Non-use of mobile phones while driving (e.g. Victoria, [Australia]) - Mandatory accompaniment during the first 3 months after licensing (Israel).

1 Graduated Driver Licensing, such as in North America and Australasia.

2 Blood Alcohol Content.

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AUSTRIA

A. Training / practice

Minimum age for learning to drive 17.5 (or 16 for L17 programme)

Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training No

Official curriculum Yes (a regulation of the ministry of transport in combination with a curriculum for theoretical and practical training from t he Austrian driving school association)

Options for driver training Either standard driving school-based training (L18) or the L17 programme. L17 is a combined driving school and accompanied driving programme, starting with obligatory practical and theory lessons in driving school and continuing with a minimum of 3000 km s accompanied driving. On 3 occasions, after each 1000 of the 3000 kms, the learner and accompanying person returns to the driving school for short theory and practical lessons. L17 learners can start training at 16 and can take the test – and drive solo – from the age of 17 instead of the normal 18.

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes, as part of L17 programme (~20% of learner drivers) or L18 in combination with driving lessons (rarely used)

Requirements for accompanying person Minimum age 25, 3 years driving experience, special relationship to the learner (e .g. parents), no major violation against traffic rules in last 3 years

Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes (12 lessons x 50 minutes)

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (32 lessons x 50 minutes)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Minimum 10 hours (12 lessons x 50 minutes)

Total average number of hours pre-test practice At least 10 hours for standard approach (L18) and ~3500 kms for L17 (= ~70 hours, based on sample in 2006)

Possibility of (legally) driving solo before passing the driving test No

B. Driving test

Test includes Theory and Practical test

Position of theory test End of training, before the practical test

Age at which theory test can be taken 18 (17 for L17 learners)

Pass rate 1st time at theory test 85% (based on sample, 2006)

Age at which practical test can be taken 18 (17 for L17 learners)

Pass rate 1st time at practical test 95% (L17) and 86% (L18) based on sample, 2006

Minimum age for solo driving 17 (L17 programme)

C. Post-test

Probationary period Yes

Length of probationary period 2 years

Conditions of probationary period Zero alcohol tolerance (0.1 mg/L)

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Participation in novice driver offender course for certain offences & probationary period extended

Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers Yes = 1 feedback drive with driving instructor, including discussion + 1 day track training and psychological group discussio n. All within the 1st year

after passing the test.

D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process ~1550 EUR

E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process Learners can either follow driving school training or obtain a licence already from the age o f 17 by following the L17 programme of driving school training + 3000 km accompanied driving L17 =~20% of learners). Following the test, which has a very high pass rate, there is a probationary p eriod and obligatory „multi-phase training‟ for novice drivers.

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G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: www.fuerboeck.at

H. Contact person [email protected]

Quality control 09/10/2009

http://www.fuerboeck.at/


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BELGIUM


Minimum age for learning to drive 17 (Formula n.1) or 18 (Formula n. 2)

Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training Yes: either a ‟36 M‟ licence valid for 36 months according to Formula n. 1 below, or an ‟18 M‟ licence for Formula n. 2

Official curriculum No

Options for driver training Under a reform introduced in late 2006, the learner can choose between two „formulas‟: Formula n.1 (36 M, „with accompanying person‟, from the age of 17 years): accompanied driving on a provisional licence valid for 3 years (if the period expires, the learner must re-take the theory test). In addition to the accompanying person, one further passenger can be carried. Driving school training can also be followed. All driving schools must offer a „6-hour package‟, but in practice can naturally offer more depending on the needs of the learner. Formula n.2 (18 M „without accompanying person‟, from 18 years old): after 20 hours of practical training the learner can drive alone for up to 18 months (on a provisional ‟18 M‟ licence) before taking the practical driving test. Restrictions during this pre -test solo driving phase are: the 18 M learner can carry only one passenger who must be at least 24 and a category B licence holder and he/she cannot drive between 10pm and 6am on Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays or during and before national holidays.

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes (Formula n.1 above)

Requirements for accompanying person Must have held a category B driving licence for at least 8 years and must be registered in a Belgian municipality

Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons No

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons No

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Minimum 3 months learning period

Total average number of hours pre-test practice Unknown

Possibility of (legally) driving solo before passing the driving test Yes (according to Formula n. 2- minimum 18 years old). These learners can drive up to 18 months solo before having to take the practical driving test. Learners driving with this 18 M provisional licence who have their licences withdrawn due to traffic offences must wait until this licence elapses to be able to drive again and can afterwards only apply for a Formula n.1 provisional licence (accompanied driving)

B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test and Practical Test

Position of theory test Before or during driving school training (Formula n. 2) and before accompanied driving (Formula n. 1)

Age at which theory test can be taken 17

Pass rate at theory test (overall) 46,62%

Age at which practical test can be taken 18

Pass rate at practical test (overall) 54,35%

Minimum age for solo driving 18

C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period See below

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Persons committing serious offences in this probationary period will be obliged to relinquish their licence and re-take the theory and practical test.

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Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers No

D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process unknown

E. Miscellaneous Candidates twice failing the practical driving test must undergo a minimum of 6 hours driving lessons in a driving school.

F. General summary of licensing process According to training formulas n. 1 and 2 respectively, learners can either follow an accompanied driving route to the licenc e (from 17 years old, with a provisional licence valid for 3 years) or a driving school route (20 hours of practical lessons, then an 18 M provisional licence which allows the learner to drive solo for up to 18 months before taking the practical driving test, provided he/ she is at least 18). After passing the practical test at the age of at least 18, novice drivers enter a 2-year probationary period in which the theory and practical test will have to be re -passed if serious offences are committed.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://www.mobilit.fgov.be/fr/index.htm (permis de conduire) and www.goca.be

H. Contact person Jacques Quoirin at [email protected]

Quality control Jacques Quoirin (10/11/2009)

http://www.mobilit.fgov.be/fr/index.htm

http://www.goca.be/


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BULGARIA


Minimum age for learning to drive 17 years and 10 months


Official curriculum Yes (issued by Ministry of Education and Science)

Options for driver training Driver training involves mandatory theory and practical lessons in a professional driving school. Accompanied driving practic e (e.g. with parents) is not allowed. There are a total of 40 theory lessons (45 minutes each), including 36 for the road traffic safety module and 4 for the module on technical vehicle aspects). Learners must take a minimum of 31 hours practical driving lessons based on a series of 27 sk ill sets.

Accompanied driving allowed? No

Requirements for accompanying person -

Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes (31 hours)

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (40 lessons of 45 min.)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Full training takes at least 22 days

Total average number of hours pre-test practice At least 31 hours


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test and practical test

Position of theory test On completion of theory training

Minimum age at which theory test can be taken 18

Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test 47%

Minimum age at which practical test can be taken 18

Pass rate at first attempt practical test 47%


C. Post-test

Probationary period for novice drivers? No

Length of probationary period -

Conditions of probationary period -

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period -



E. Miscellaneous There is an obligatory „intermediate‟ test built into the practical driving lessons, taken with the learner and the ins tructor about halfway through the course. There are also obligatory mock theory and practical tests at the driving school before being able to take the real th eory and practical tests for the category B licence. Test candidates normally take the theory and practical test in the same day.

F. General summary of licensing process Bulgaria has a driving school only approach to category B driver training, with specific scripts for 40 obligatory theory les sons and at least 31 hours of practical driving lessons. The tests can be taken from 18 years old, after which the novice driver receives a full licence, i.e. he/she can drive solo under the same conditions as more experienced drivers.

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G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: Please contact CIECA secretariat


Quality control Rositsa Dancheva (05/11/07)


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CROATIA




Official curriculum There is a book of regulations with an official curriculum for category B training in Croatia issued by the Ministry of inter nal affairs

Options for driver training All learners are obliged to follow 35 hours of practical driving lessons and 30 hours of theory lessons in a driving school



Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours There is a minimum learning period of 3 months for category B learners. And a minimum number of practical and theory lessons (see above)

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 40-45


B. Driving test

Test includes A theory test, practical test and first aid test

Position of theory test At the end of training

Age at which theory test can be taken 17 years and 6 months


Age at which practical test can be taken 17 years and 6 months



C. Post-test


Length of probationary period Two years

Conditions of probationary period Speed limitations, zero alcohol/ drugs tolerance, engine power limitation to 75kW, and an obligation to be accompanied by a person over 25 years old if driving between 23.00 and 05.00.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period 68,12 EUR fine and 1 penalty point


D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process 713-1050 EUR

E. Miscellaneous The special manoeuvres in the practical test are carried out on a driving ground away from traffic.

F. General summary of licensing process Croatia‟s category B licensing process involves obligatory theory and practical training in a driving school and a theory, practical and first aid test to be able to drive solo from the age of 18. Thereafter follows, unusually for Europe, a strict probationary period resembling some GDL (graduated driver licensing) jurisdictions including night-time, speed and engine power restrictions.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources:

H. Contact person Sinan Alispahic at [email protected]

Quality control Sinan Alispahic (14/11/07)


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CYPRUS


Minimum age for learning to drive 18

Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training Yes

Official curriculum

Options for driver training The system is liberal, and a mixture of accompanied driving and driving school instruction is the norm.

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes

Requirements for accompanying person Driving licence holder for at least 2 years for the category licence that is accompanied



Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours None



B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, eyesight check (with examiner) and practical test

Position of theory test Theory test must be taken to accommodate provisional licence

Age at which theory test can be taken At the age of 17 (for moped category only) and 18 for category B (the same test at this moment)

Pass rate theory test 82%


Pass rate practical test 58%


C. Post-test

Probationary period No

Length of probationary period

Conditions of probationary period

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period

Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers

D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process 500 EUR

E. Miscellaneous Learner drivers are not allowed to practise on motorways (exception if accompanied by driving instructor).

F. General summary of licensing process The licensing process is a test – led system where a mixture of practical driving school instruction and accompanied driving (private practise) is the norm.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: www.mcw.gov.cy/rtd



http://www.mcw.gov.cy/rtd


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CZECH REPUBLIC


Minimum age for learning to drive 16.5


Official curriculum Yes, law # 247 from the year 2000, issued by the Czech Parliament, based on suggestions from the Czech Transport Department

Options for driver training All learners must follow obligatory theory and practical lessons in a driving school at the same time. Accompanied driving is not allowed. Prior to admission to the driving school, the learner must pass a medical test. Practical lessons (=28 lessons of 45 minutes in total) begin with 2 x 45 minute sessions on a driving ground away from public roads and traffic. There are also 2 x 45 minute sessions on practical vehicle maintenance and 4 x 45 minute lessons for first aid training.



Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes (28 x 45 minutes driving + 6 x 45 minutes first aid and basic practical vehicle maintenance)

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (36 x 45 minutes in a group or 11 x 45 minute individually)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Minimum theory and practice in a driving school, as above

Total average number of hours pre-test practice ~28 x 45 minutes = 21 hours


B. Driving test

Test includes A theory test, practical test and vehicle maintenance knowledge test.

Position of theory test At the end of training, generally on the same day as the other two tests.






C. Post-test


Length of probationary period ---

Conditions of probationary period ---

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period ---


D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process 10.000 CZK = 370 €

E. Miscellaneous The examiner must not be a former driver instructor.

F. General summary of licensing process Obligatory practical and theory lessons must be followed, including first aid. Practical training begins on a driving ground away from traffic. After the practical, theory and vehicle knowledge tests, there is no probationary period and the novice driver, who must be at least 18 years old, has the same rights and obligations as more experienced drivers.


H. Contact person Pavel Nahodil: [email protected]


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DENMARK




Official curriculum Yes, the Police issues a curriculum (Undervisningsplan for køreuddannelsen til kategori B)

Options for driver training All learner drivers must follow a highly structured step-by-step driving school-based training composed of 24 practical and 28 theory lessons. Practical training starts on an area away from public roads and becomes progressively more complex. Driving on a motorway and at night are compulsory parts of training. At the end of the practical training, all learners must follow a track-based course for driving on slippery and normal surfaces.



Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes (24 lessons)

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (28 lessons)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours 14 educational days / 18 hours practical and 22 hours theory



B. Driving test


Position of theory test After training is completed

Age at which theory test can be taken Can be taken before 18

Pass rate theory test 82%


Pass rate practical test 60%


C. Post-test




Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period If the novice driver commits one of the following offences, the licence will be suspended: gross disregard of road safety exceeding the speed limit by more than 70 %. driving a vehicle with a total weight limit above 3.5 tons with overweight driving under the influence of alcohol (> 0.8 mg/L ) If the licence is suspended, the novice driver is required to do the following to regain the licence: 1) take new driving lessons (7 lessons in theory and 8 lessons in practical driver training of at least 45 minutes duration) and/or

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2) attend a special course of alcohol and traffic (if the driver was under influence of alcohol), and 3) pass an additional driving test.



E. Miscellaneous A scientific study (Carstensen 2000) showed a 7% reduction in serious traffic accidents in the first year of solo driving, fo llowing the introduction of this measure.

F. General summary of licensing process The Danish licensing system involves a series of mandatory, tightly interwoven theory and practical lessons in professional driving schools, followed by a theory and practical test and a 3-year probationary period for novice drivers. Some severe driving offences during this period will incur a strike on one's licence. This is logged in a central police database, and if one exceeds the maximum number of strike s, the licence is lost, but can ultimately be reacquired. The maximum number of strikes are two for novice drivers in their probationary period and three for ever ybody else.


H. Contact person Mads Mazanti Hansen at [email protected]

Quality control Mads Mazanti Hansen (09/10/2009)


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DUBAI (UAE)




Official curriculum No (currently under development)

Options for driver training Training only through 1 of 5 approved driving schools


Requirements for accompanying person N/A



Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours 20 hours

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 27 hours

Possibility of (legally) driving solo before passing the driving test No ability for solo driving pre-test

B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, eye sight test, practical driving test with examiner

Position of theory test Prior to practical driving test


Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test Unknown


Pass rate at first attempt practical test Under 20%


C. Post-test

Probationary period 1 year licence issued if under 21 years

Length of probationary period Until 21 years

Conditions of probationary period Federal law reduces number of offences allowed before sanction is applied. Reduced number not yet implemented into legislation

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period License suspension 3 months


D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process $1,600 (USD)

E. Miscellaneous Significant changes to driver management processes in the post-license period have been proposed and is being considered for national implementation. The proposals include introduction of a 3-year probationary period for all new drivers that will include licence and driving restrictions, mandatory attendance of post-license lectures over the 3-year probationary period, a post-license hazard management assessment, introduction of a Graduated Licensing System, changes to licence sanctions for poor performing drivers.

F. General summary of licensing process A client contracts with a driving school to be taught to drive. A learner license is issued to the client, they pass a theory and commence driver training. After training the Licensing Agency provides a driving examiner for a practical driving test. If successful either a 1 year, if the person is under 21 years, or a 10 year driving licence, if aged more than 21 years, is issued to the person.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: Dubai Driver's Handbook

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H. Contact person Steve Venning (971 50 1045 283)


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ESTONIA



Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training A limited right to drive motor vehicles in category B (restricted driving licence) may be granted to a person of 16 to 17 years of age.

Official curriculum Yes (54 pages, in Estonian language only)

Options for driver training The driver training system involves mandatory theory and practical training in a driving school (minimum period of 6 we eks). Driving school training includes a first aid course. Slippery track training is obligatory to pass for those who hold provisional driving licence (is sued for 2 years) and would like to exchange his/her provisional driving licence to driving licence that is issued for 10 years. In order to gain driving experience, a person who takes or has taken a training course in driving school for drivers of power -driven vehicles may drive a power-driven vehicle in the presence of another person (accompanied person). Quite a lot of people use this opportunity in order to gain more driving experience because the 40 practical lessons might not be sufficient for everybody. If the learner is 18 or over, once he has completed his driver training, he/she can take the the ory and practical test and then drive solo. If the learner is under 18 and has completed driver training, he/she can also take a theory and practical test, but once it is passed the learner can only dri ve accompanied by his/her parents respectively the legal guardian or a person authorised by the parents/legal guardian. They must then apply for a provisional licence to drive solo at the age of 18 (requiring an additional theory and practical test).

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes, accompanied driving is possible for person who takes or has taken driving courses at the driving school for drivers of power-driven vehicles. Accompanied driving gives an opportunity for people to gain more driving experience before coming to take his/her practical d riving test in the testing centre (at the Regional Bureau of Estonian Road Administration).

Requirements for accompanying person Must have held a licence for at least 5 years, no recent serious traffic offences

Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes, 40 lessons of 25 minutes each, including slippery track training Slippery road driving is obligatory to pass on the II phase training (it is possible to start II phase training as soon as th e provisional licence for two years is issued for novice drivers).

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes, 41 theory lessons of 45 minutes

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours 6 weeks minimum learning period

Total average number of hours pre-test practice Unknown, but at least 16.5 hours (legal minimum in driving school)


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory and practical test

Position of theory test After mandatory training at driving school

Age at which theory test can be taken 17.5 when applying for a provisional licence (for driving solo from 18) (16 or 17 when applying for a restricted licence, for driving accompanied until 18, to be followed by 2

nd theory & practical test for provisional licence)

Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test 74,4% (statistics for the period from 1

st of January to 16

th of October 2009)

Age at which practical test can be taken 17 years and 9 months when applying for a provisional licence (for driving solo from 18) (For 16 and 17-year-olds, see information in brackets above)

Pass rate at first attempt practical test 55,7% (statistics for the period from 1st of January to 16

th of October 2009)


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C. Post-test

Probationary period Not officially, but restrictions do apply under the 2-year „provisional licence‟

Length of probationary period See above

Conditions of probationary period Novice drivers must place a green maple leaf image in the windscreen of his/her car (front & back) and he/she is not allowed to drive faster than 90 km/h. Additional training is also required (see below)

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Extension of provisional licence in case of traffic offences

Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers Yes, within 23 months after passing the practical and theory tests and holding a provisional licence, novice drivers must com plete a theory + on-road course of eco-driving (90 minutes theory and 75 minutes practice) with a driving instructor and a slippery track training (in one day) consisting of 90 minutes theory and 150 minutes practice. The granting of a full licence (valid for 10 years) is dependent on the novice drive r participating in the 2

nd

phase course.


E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process The Estonian licensing system involves mandatory theory and practical lessons in a driving school, including a slippery track course, and a first aid certificate is required to apply for the driving test. Accompanied driving is allowed in addition, but is practised rarely. F or learners under 18 wishing to learn to drive „early‟, they can pass a theory and practical test to obtain a restricted licence which allows them to drive accompanied until they are 18. At this point, they have to re-take a theory and practical test to obtain a provisional licence to drive solo. After the age of 18, and passing a theory and practical test, all novice drivers enter a de facto 2-year solo driving probationary period (under a „provisional licence‟). Within this period,

additional 2nd

phase training (theory, on-road and track) must be completed in order to obtain a full licence.

G. Contact person [email protected]

Quality control Eveliis Nagel (16/10/2009)


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FINLAND




Official curriculum Yes

Options for driver training Driver training in Finland is a 2-phase system. In the first phase of training, learners can either choose a training programme in a driving school or train privately (e.g. with parents). About 90% of learner drivers choose the „driving school‟ option. The first phase driving school training is composed of 20 hours of theory (class-based) training and a minimum of 15 hours of practical (on-road) training. In practice, too, the actual amount of pre-test on-road training is around 15 hours. Night driving must be included or else must be completed before the test or after the test as part of the 2

nd phase programme (see below)

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes (but not in combination with driving school training)

Requirements for accompanying person Minimum age of 21 and 3 years driving experience


Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (20 hours)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours See above

Total average number of hours pre-test practice ~15 hours


B. Driving test


Position of theory test After theory training


Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test 80% (driving school) and 78% (layman instruction)


Pass rate at first attempt practical test 74% driving school) and 61% (layman instruction)


C. Post-test


Length of probationary period 1.5 years

Conditions of probationary period Stricter penalties for offences

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period First minor offence: warning letter. Second minor offence in one year or 3rd

offence in two years: compulsory visit to police officer, with possibility of driving ban. In addition to a driving ban, the police are able to demand re-passing the driving test (both theory and practical). Length of the driving ban: min. 1 month, max. 6 months.

Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers Yes = 1 feedback drive session (~ 1.5 hours) with a driving instructor with discussion and interactive computerised test on social interaction, followed by separate day of track training and group discussion (with emphasis on personal experiences). Altogether 4 theory lessons and 4 hours of practical training (including the feedback drive). Within 24 months after the test and not sooner than 6 months after passing the driving test.

24

D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process ~1500 EUR (including 2nd

phase)

E. Miscellaneous Finland is planning to extend the minimum number of practical driving lessons before the test.

F. General summary of licensing process Finland has a two-phase driver training system separated by the driving test. 90% of learners follow an obligatory course of theory and practic al lessons in a driving school in the initial phase, followed by an intermediate period of solo driving after the driving test and then a 2

nd phase

training, consisting of a feedback drive, self-evaluation, track training and group discussion within 24 months after the test. The probationary licence lasts 18 months after the test, unless the 2

nd phase training is not taken between the 18

th and the 24

th month or traffic offences have been

committed during this period (in which case it is as if the probationary licence still applies).

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://www.ake.fi/AKE_EN/Driving_licences_and_examinations/Driving_licences/


Quality control Marita Koivukoski (19/11/07)

http://www.ake.fi/AKE_EN/Driving_licences_and_examinations/Driving_licences/


25

FRANCE


Minimum age for learning to drive 16 (AAC programme only)

Certificates required to begin driver training All learner drivers of category B vehicles must hold either an ASSR 2 certificate (road safety education in school) or an ASR certificate.


Official curriculum Programme national de formation

Options for driver training Either driving school only (standard) or AAC programme (combination of min. 20 hours driving school training with min. 3 000 kms accompanied driving + 2 x 3 hour feedback meetings during accompanied period with instructor, learner and accompanying pers on)

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes, if part of AAC programme (combined accompanied + driving school training)

Requirements for accompanying person Minimum age: 28

Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes, for both standard and AAC programmes (minimum 20 hours)


Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours The accompanied driving period in the AAC model must last at least 1 year .

Total average number of hours pre-test practice AAC = minimum 3000 km accompanied practice + minimum 20 hours practical driving school lessons


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, eyesight check (with examiner) and practical test

Position of theory test For learners following AAC, the theory test must be taken before the accompanied driving period begins. For learners followin g the standard driving school only approach, the learner will generally take the theory test at the end of training.

Age at which theory test can be taken 16 (AAC) and 17.5 (standard)

Pass rate 1st time at theory test 65%


Pass rate 1st time at practical test 55%


C. Post-test


Length of probationary period 3 years (standard) or 2 years (AAC)

Conditions of probationary period Licence holders, who have had their licence for less than three years, are not allowed to exceed the following sp eed limits: 80 km/h on secondary roads (instead of 90 km/h); 100 km/h on motorways, and roads where the maximum speed limit is 110 km/h; 110 km/h on motorways, where the maximum speed limit is 130 km/h. Novice drivers must display plates marked „A‟ on the back of the car. The licence is revoked after 6 penalty points have been obtained, instead of the usual 12.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Obligatory attendance in novice driver improvement course after 3 penalty points. Licence revoked if 6 penalty points or more have been obtained (instead of the usual 12). Need to re-take driving test to regain licence.


26


E. Miscellaneous The driving test (theory and practice) is free of charge.

F. General summary of licensing process The standard approach to a driving licence, followed by about 72% of learner drivers, is a test -led approach with driving school training only. The remaining 28% of learners follow the AAC programme of driving school + at least 3000 kms accompanied driving. The test is followed by a probationary period of up to 3 years, in which novice drivers risk losing their licence more easily than experienced drivers, and are required to attend improvement courses in the case of offences.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://www.securiteroutiere.equipement.gouv.fr/


Quality control Jean-Pierre Fougère (07/10/09)

http://www.securiteroutiere.equipement.gouv.fr/


27

GERMANY


Minimum age for learning to drive 17.5 (standard driving school approach) and 16.5 (Accompanied Driving at 17 programme)


Official curriculum Curricularer Leitfaden praktische Ausbildung Pkw ( Bundesvereinigung der Fahrlehrerverbände e.V.); Cool fahren – Sprit sparen (Deutscher Verkehrssicherheitsrat e.V. / DVR)

Options for driver training Learner drivers can learn to drive only in professional driving schools. The standard approach is to follow driving school tr aining and take the driving test from the age of 18 years on. From 2004, a new model – Accompanied Driving at 17 – has been progressively introduced in Germany on a state-by-state basis. Learners following this model can take the driving test already at the age of 17, followed by mandatory accompanied driving period (e.g. by a parent) until the age of 18.

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes, but only after the driving test as part of the Accompanied Driving at 17 programme

Requirements for accompanying person Minimum age 30 and 5 years driving experience category B. Max. 3 penalty points. Must be registered by name.


Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (14 X 90 minutes)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Minimum 12 lessons of 45 minutes for „special trips‟ (motorways, rural roads, bends, overtaking, etc)

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 40 x 40 minutes = 27 hours


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, eyesight check (from optician) and practical test

Position of theory test Towards end of driving school training

Age at which theory test can be taken 17 ¾ (or 16 ¾ for Accompanied Driving at 17 programme)


Age at which practical test can be taken 17 years 11 months (or 16 years 11 months for Accompanied Driving at 17 programme)



C. Post-test


Length of probationary period 2 years (participation in the Accompanied Driving at 17 programme or voluntary 2nd

phase programmes reduces the period to 1 year)

Conditions of probationary period Prohibition of alcohol (during probationary period or until 21st birthday)

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Participation in a novice driver offender course (ASF) for certain offences. Extension of probationary period by up to 2 years.


Post-test accompanied driving period Minimum accompanied driving period until 18th

birthday for novice drivers following Accompanied Driving at 17.


E. Miscellaneous Germany has a nationwide voluntary 2nd

phase training programme for novice drivers. Participation in this programme reduces the probationary period by 1 year.

F. General summary of licensing process The category B training system is based in driving schools only and includes mandatory practical and theory lessons. A new model allows the

28

possibility of obtaining a licence at the age of 17 years, instead of 18, provided that the person is accompanied when driving until his/her 18th

birthday. The probationary period is 2 years long, subject to extension for traffic offences, includes prohibition of alcohol (until the driver‟s 21

rd

birthday) and can lead to participation in novice driver offender courses if certain offences are committed.



Quality control Kay Schulte 02/11/2009


29

GREAT BRITAIN


Minimum age for learning to drive The usual minimum age for driving cars is 17, but if you receive a higher rate of the mobility component of Disability Living Allowance you can drive at 16




Requirements for accompanying person Category B licence holder for at least 3 years + over 21 years old




Total average number of hours pre-test practice 40-50 hours


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, Hazard Perception test (PC-based), eyesight check (with examiner) and practical test

Position of theory test Theory test can be taken as soon as provisional licence is received. Must be taken and passed before application for practica l test

Age at which theory test + HPT can be taken 17, but if you receive a higher rate of the mobility component of Disability Living Allowance you can drive at 16

Pass rate 1st time at theory test 62% (not including Hazard Perception Test)

Pass rate 1st time Hazard Perception Test and theory test 85%




C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period Licence revoked after obtaining 6 penalty points, instead of the usual 12.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Licence revoked if 6 penalty points or more have been obtained. Need to re-take driving test to regain licence



E. Miscellaneous Learner drivers are not allowed to practise on motorways, and therefore motorways can first be driven upon only after passing the practical driving test

F. General summary of licensing process The licensing process is a test-led system where a mixture of practical driving school instruction and accompanied driving (private practice) is the norm. Novice drivers who have passed the theory and practical test, from 17 years of age, enter a 2 year probationary period where stricter measures apply than to experienced drivers.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://www.dsa.gov.uk/

H. Contact person Bob Hannigan

http://www.dsa.gov.uk/

30


31

GREECE




Official curriculum Yes (issued by Ministry of Transport and Communications)

Options for driver training Learner drivers can only learn to drive in professional driving schools. The standard approach is to follow driving school training and take the theory test and driving test from 18 years old.



Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes (20 x 45 minutes)

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (20 x 45 minutes)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Yes, as above

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 30 x 45 minutes = 22.5 hours


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, practical test, eye test (from optician) and medical test (from general practitioner)

Position of theory test After training


Pass rate 1st time at theory test ~70%


Pass rate 1st time at practical test ~80%


C. Post-test






D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process ~900EUR

E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process Obligatory theory and practical lessons from 18 years old, followed by a theory test, practical test, eye sight test and medical test. There is no probationary period for novice drivers.


H. Contact person

Quality control Not yet quality controlled by Ministry of Transport & Communications

32

HUNGARY


Minimum age for learning to drive 16.5 (theory training) and 17 (practical training)



Options for driver training Obligatory category B driver training in Hungary consists of 28 hours of theory lessons and 29 hours of practical driving lessons. The theory training consists of road traffic rules, technical vehicle aspects and car driving techniques in theory. The first 9 h ours of practical training are carried out on driving grounds (away from traffic), followed by a minimum of 20 hours on-road driving.



Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes (9 hours on driving ground, 20 hours on-road)

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (28 hours in blocks of 4)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Yes (see above)

Total average number of hours pre-test practice ~35


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, practical tests (safety check & operation + vehicle handling on private ground + driving in traffic) and medical exam. A first aid certificate must be produced to take over the license, not the theory and practical tests.

Position of theory test After theory training and before the start of practical training


Pass rate 1st time at theory test 62% (country average, Budapest is worse)


Pass rate 1st time at practical test 53% (country average, Budapest is worse, below 50%!)


C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period Prohibited towing any kind of trailers + carrying persons on motorbikes + see below

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period If the novice driver commits an offence, the probationary period can be extended twice, each time for one year. In the case of a third offence, the probationary licence will be withdrawn and the holder must follow new training and re -pass all the necessary tests. After two years without offences, the licence automatically turns into a new licence.



E. Miscellaneous Hungary is one of only 5 licensing jurisdictions in the EU to allow solo driving of category B vehicle s from the age of 17 (others are: GB, Northern Ireland, Ireland and Austria‟s L17 programme).

F. General summary of licensing process Learner drivers must complete obligatory theory training and pass the theory test before starting on obligatory practical training which

33

includes 9 hours on a driving ground away from traffic before on-road training begins. The practical test can be passed from 17 years old and solo driving is therefore possible from that age too. Novice drivers enter a 2 year probationary p eriod during which the period can be extended in the event of certain traffic offences, culminating in an obligation to re -take all training and tests if the period is extended 3 times.



Quality control Tamas Hima (09/10/2009)


34

ICELAND




Official curriculum Yes (issued by the Road Traffic Directorate)

Options for driver training Structured obligatory theory and practical training in driving schools, moving from the simple to the complex. The training i s divided into 2 parts. After the first part, 85% of learners start to practise via accompanied driving. The second part of obligatory training must then be completed before taking the theory and practical test.


Requirements for accompanying person 24 years of age, driving licence for at least 5 years. No major offences or licence withdrawal in last 12 months.

Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes (min. 16 lessons, 45 minutes per lesson)

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (24 lessons, 45 minutes per lesson)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours See above, plus minimum 7 weeks from start to finish

Total average number of hours pre-test practice ~18-22 hours with driving instructor, plus unknown amount of accompanied driving.


B. Driving test





Age at which practical test can be taken 16 years and 51 weeks



C. Post-test


Length of probationary period 3 years (or only 1 year if the driver incurs no penalty points and takes part in an on -road driving evaluation of 45 minutes)

Conditions of probationary period 4 penalty points = licence suspended until completion of a 14 hour course and pass new driving test 7 penalty points = licence suspended for 3 months, fine and new driving test

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period See above

Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers No, but on-road driving evaluation of 45 minutes is encouraged (see above)


E. Miscellaneous From 2000-2006 there has been a 15% reduction in traffic accidents amongst 17 and 18 year olds whilst the overall traffic accident rate has increased by 13.5% in Iceland.

F. General summary of licensing process Obligatory theory and practical training in two parts, with the possibility of accompanied driving in between the two parts. Theory and practical test followed by a 3 year probationary period, which can be reduced to one year if the novice has incurred no penalty points and partici pates in an on-road driving evaluation of 45 minutes.

35


H. Contact person Holger Torp at [email protected]

Quality control Holger Torp 10/12/07


36

IRELAND



Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training Yes (Learner Permit)

Options for driver training Accompanied driving, driving school training or a mixture of both. An L plate must be displayed on the car at all times durin g the learning period.


Requirements for accompanying person The „supervisor‟ must have held a category B licence for at least 2 years.



Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours A first time learner permit holder cannot take a driving test for a period of six months after the permit is issued.

Total average number of hours pre-test practice Unknown at present.

Possibility of (legally) driving solo before passing the driving test It is not permitted.

B. Driving test

Test includes Theory (knowledge) test and practical driving test

Position of theory test Before learning to drive starts (one of the criteria to obtain a learner permit)

Age at which theory test can be taken Theory test can be taken before age 17, pass certificate is valid for 2 years.

Pass rate (overall) at theory test 65%

Age at which practical test can be taken 17 years and 6 months


Minimum age for solo driving After passing a driving test at age 17 years and 6 months

C. Post-test

Probationary period None at present – Active consideration is now being given to introduction of post-licence restrictions for novice drivers..





D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process unknown

E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process Theory Test (prior to age 17) -> Learner Permit (minimum age 17) ->Driving Test (minimum age 17.5) -> Full Licence (on passing driving test)

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: Road Safety Authority at http://www.rsa.ie/

H. Contact person Declan Naughton at [email protected]

Quality control Declan Naughton, (13/10/2009)

http://www.nsc.ie/


37

KOSOVO




Official curriculum Yes (a regulation of the ministry of transport & communications)

Options for driver training All learners are obliged to follow 16 hours of practical driving lessons and 16 hours of theory lessons in a driving school.


Requirements for accompanying person No

Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes (16 lessons x 45 minutes)

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (16 lessons x 45 minutes)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours 17 educational days / 16 hours practical and 16 hours theory

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 17 educational days / 16 hours practical and 16 hours theory


B. Driving test

Test includes A theory test, practical test and first aid test

Position of theory test End of training, before the practical test


Pass rate 1st time at theory test 45% (based on sample, 2008)


Pass rate 1st time at practical test 68% (based on sample, 2008)


C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period Speed limitations, zero alcohol/drugs tolerance.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period 65.00 € and 1 penalty point


D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process 220 - 340 €

E. Miscellaneous The special manoeuvres in the practical test are carried out on a driving ground away from traffic.

F. General summary of licensing process Category B licensing process involves obligatory theory and practical training in a driving school and a theory, practical an d first aid test to be able to drive solo from the age of 18. Thereafter follows, unusually for Europe, a strict probationary period resembling some GDL (graduated driver licensing) jurisdictions including speed.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: www.mtpt.org

H. Contact person Nebih Shatri [email protected] [email protected]

Quality control Nebih Shatri (20/12/2009)

http://www.mtpt.org/



38

LATVIA




Official curriculum Yes (part of governmental rules)

Options for driver training Training is carried out by approved driving schools and consists of obligatory theory and practical lessons. Instructors can be theory-only or practical-only. Theory and practical training can be carried out simultaneously. A training certificate is issued at the end of trainin g in order to apply for the test. Accompanied driving can start at any time in this process, even before driving school practical training begins.


Requirements for accompanying person Min. 21 years old and 3 years driving experience (category B)



Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Minimum 5 week period, 55 theory lessons of 45 minutes each and min. 14 practical lessons at 60 minut es each



B. Driving test


Position of theory test At end of training






C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period Lower permitted BAC level 0.2mg/ml, lower level of penalty points = 10 instead of 16 for more experience drivers.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Disqualification and repeated tests (within the penalty point system)



E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process Obligatory theory and practical lessons in a driving school from age 16 onwards in addition to the possibility of pre -test accompanied practice. Upon passing the theory and practical tests, the novice driver enters a 2-year probationary period with lower BAC thresholds and stricter penalty point conditions.




39

Quality control Juris Teteris 02/12/07

40

LITHUANIA




Official curriculum Yes, (Regulation of driver training, issued by Ministry of Transport and Communication)

Options for driver training Learners must follow a minimum of 20 practical driving lessons in a driving school. Accompanied driving was re -introduced in 2007 (following abolition in 2000), but only immediate family members can be the accompanying person provided that the learner has grad uated from the driving school. There is also a minimum of 60 theory lessons (unless the individual has fulfilled minimum secondary education require ments).

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes (since 2007 )

Requirements for accompanying person 5 years driving experience, must be immediate family member, no traffic offences in the past year


Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Not if the individual has a minimum secondary education

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Minimum 20 practical lessons and 60 theory lessons

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 25-30 lessons


B. Driving test


Position of theory test At end of training


Pass rate 1st time at theory test 67.14 % (2008)

Age at which practical test can be taken 18 years

Pass rate 1st time at practical test 39.24 % (2008)

Minimum age for solo driving 18 years

C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period Novice drivers can drive at a maximum of 70 km/h (90 km/h on motorways) during this period. A „maple leaf‟ shall be displayed on the novice driver‟s car. Stricter penalties for offences.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Plans to introduce 2nd

phase training.

Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers Plans to introduce in June 2010 (in practice) but only for traffic offenders

D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process ~1500 LTL (435 EUR)

E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process Obligatory practical and theoretical lessons can, since 2007, also be combined with accompanied driving with an immediate family member. Following the theory and practical test, the novice driver enters a 2 year probationary period where he/she is subject to spe ed restrictions and stricter penalties for offences.


41


Quality control Saulius Ščiuplys, 16/11/2009


42

LUXEMBOURG


Minimum age for learning to drive 17.5 (or 17 for accompanied driving programme)

Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training No licence but official document (Certificat d‟apprentissage = learner permit)

Official curriculum No curriculum, but specified in a “règlement grand-ducal du 17 mai 2004 sur les matières des examens”

Options for driver training All learner drivers not following accompanied driving must complete a minimum of 12 hours theory (6 hours if already holding another driving licence category) and 16 hours practical driving in a driving school. Accompanied driving, practised by about 22% of learne rs, requires the learner to follow 12 hours of theory lessons (6 hours if already holding another driving licence category) and to pass the theory test, followed by 12 hours of practical driving lessons before entering an accompanied driving phase (of an indeterminable length, however not exceeding the date of issue of the learner permit more than 3 years). Before taking the practical test, the learner following the accompanied dri ving programme must return to a driving school for the final obligatory 4 practical driving lessons. The accompanying person has to participate in 2 practical lessons and has to handover a report to the instructor before the candidate goes back to the driving school. To begin driver training, all learners must obtain a certificate of good health from an accredited doctor.

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes (practised by about 22% of learners)

Requirements for accompanying person More than 6 years driving experience category B + mandatory training (2 hours driving with driving instructor from the driving school chosen by the candidate) + no record for traffic violation + no disqualification from driving during the last 5 years


Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (12 hours) (6 hours if already holding another driving licence category)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours 16 hours practical driving school lessons / 12 hours theory lessons (6 hours if already holding another driving licence cat egory)

Total average number of hours pre-test practice More or less 20h


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory and Practical test

Position of theory test After training for driving school-based learners. After training and before accompanied practical training for learners taking accompanied driving.

Age at which theory test can be taken 17.5 (driving school only approach) or 17 (accompanied driving programme)

Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test 48,8% (all categories)


Pass rate at first attempt practical test 54,3% (all categories) / 69,4% (accompanied driving)


C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period The probationary licence is valid for 24 months and depends on completion of the 2nd

phase training (see below).

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Possibility of extension of probationary period for additional 24 months

Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers Yes = one day safe driving course at Centre de Formation pour Conducteurs, involving track -based training and group discussion, between 3rd

and 24

th month after passing the test.

43

D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process Minimum 1040 EUR

E. Miscellaneous A candidate who fails the practical driving test after following the accompanied driving programme must undergo a minimum of 5 practical driving lessons +3 lessons at a driving school before being admitted to a new test. A second failure leads to withdrawal of accompani ed driving status (i.e. the candidate can only continue practising at a driving school). // There used to be speed restriction s applicable to novice drivers during their probationary period after the test but these restrictions were lifted.

F. General summary of licensing process The licensing process includes obligatory theory and practical lessons and allows for the possibilit y of accompanied driving. After passing the test, there is a 2-year probationary period in which a 1-day training course at a central location (CFC) must be followed by all novice drivers (track -based training and group discussion).

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://www.mt.public.lu/formulaires/circulation_routiere/perrmis_conduire/categorie_b/index.html


Quality control Jean-Paul Gillen 01/06/10

http://www.mt.public.lu/formulaires/circulation_routiere/perrmis_conduire/categorie_b/index.html


44

MALTA


What is the minimum age for starting to learn to drive a category B vehicle? 18

Is a provisional licence required for training before the practical test? Yes (learner‟s permit, valid for 6 months, renewable, only for accompanied driving)

Is there an official curriculum for category B training? If so, what is it called and who issues it?

Yes (Schedule B)

Please describe in no more than 5 lines the driver training process (category B) The system is a test-led system where learners can choose to attend a driving school, practise privately or both.

Is „accompanied‟ driving allowed (in other words, practising with a parent or family member)?

Yes

If accompanied driving is allowed, what are the requirements for the accompanying person (e.g. minimum age, driving experience)?

At least 5 years experience in the licence category and he/she is at least 25 years of age.

Are learner drivers obliged to attend practical driving school lessons? No

Are learner drivers obliged to attend theoretical driving school lessons? No

Is there a minimum learning period for category B learners, or a minimum number of practical and/or theory lessons?

No

What is the average number of hours of pre-test driving practice of learner drivers in your country?

unknown

Is it possible to drive a car alone before passing the driving test? No

B. Driving test

Does your test include a theory and practical test? What else? Theory and practical test

When is the theory test taken (e.g. at the beginning of training, at the end of training)?

End of training

What is the minimum age at which the theory test can be taken? 18

What is the pass rate at the 1st attempt of candidates for the category B theory test? 75%

What is the minimum age at which the practical test can be taken? 18

What is the pass rate at the 1st attempt of candidates for the category B practical

test? 50%

What is the minimum age that a person can legally drive a category B car alone in your country?

18

C. Post-test

After passing the practical test, and the novice driver is able to drive solo, is there a „probationary period‟ for these novice drivers?

Yes

How long is the probationary period? 3 years

What are the special conditions of the probationary period? All 'Probationary Licence' holders are subject to the penalty point system.

What are the consequences for the novice driver if offences are committed during this probationary period?

If 12 or more penalty points are recorded at any time during the 3-year period, the licence will be revoked automatically for 3 months and/or suspended.

45

Is there obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers (i.e. after passing the practical test and having begun to drive solo).

No

D. What is the estimated average cost per novice driver for the whole category B licensing process (theory lessons, practical lessons, theory test, practical test,

application(s) for licences)?

~230 EUR

E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process A test led-system where learners can choose to train in a driving school, private practice (with a learner‟s permit) or both.

G. Are there any sources in English, French or German explaining your licensing system?

http://www.maltatransport.com/en/

H. Contact person Peter Paul Ripard, Malta Transport Authority

Quality control [email protected] (07/12/07)

http://www.maltatransport.com/en/


46

MONACO


Minimum age for learning to drive 17 years old and 6 months


Official curriculum /

Options for driver training Driving school only


Requirements for accompanying person /






B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test (PC-based), practical test (with examiner)

Position of theory test Must be taken and passed before application for practical test


Pass rate 1st time at theory and practical test 62 %

Age at which practical test can be taken 18 years old

C. Post-test


Length of probationary period None

Conditions of probationary period

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period /

Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers /


E. Miscellaneous The Driving license has no penalty points. It can be taken away in case of serious offence(s). We do not accept any candidates to the theoretical and practical tests if they are not presented by a dr iving school. Obviously the candidates can prepare their theoretical test working at home, but they will have to attend a minimum of lessons in the driving schools and prove that they have reached the minimum level required if they want to pass successfully the test.

F. General summary of licensing process

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: /

H. Contact person Mr MERLINO Jean-Luc

Quality control

47

NETHERLANDS




Official curriculum -

Options for driver training Either standard training with a driving school or the RIS (Driving Training Stepwise) which is a highly modular stepwise training based on learning scripts and specially qualified instructors (also driving school -based).



Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons No (but de facto yes, because no other training opportunities are available)


Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours No

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 42 hours


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, eyesight check (by examiner) and practical test (independent driving, independent special manoeuvres, question situation awareness and self reflection)

Position of theory test Must be passed before practical test is taken





C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period Withdrawal of driving licence if 3 offences are committed, such as tailgating, exceeding speed limit by more than 30 km/h or causing injury or death while driving + lower BAC level of 0.2 mg/L

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period CBR (testing authority) decides if the licence should be suspended and if a new driving test / fitness to drive test is neede d.



E. Miscellaneous The pass rates of the candidates from each driving school are posted on the website www.rijschoolgegevens.nl. Many people (40%) choose to take an informal practical test (“TTT”) about three-fourths of the way through the training process, in order to get feedback on what requires further improvement.

F. General summary of licensing process Training can take place only in driving schools and consists of either „standard‟ training or the RIS model of driver training stepwise. Foll owing the driving test, there is a 5 year probationary period with stronger consequences for driving offences and a stricter alcoho l tolerance.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://rijbewijs.cbr.nl/

http://www.rijschoolgegevens.nl/

http://rijbewijs.cbr.nl/

48


Quality control Han Rietman (12/11/09)


49

NEW ZEALAND


Minimum age for learning to drive 15 years

Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training Yes (Learner Licence)

Official curriculum See http://www.ltsa.govt.nz/roadcode/index.html

Options for driver training New Zealand‟s graduated driver licensing system imposes a minimum period of 6 months learning to drive with a supervisor, bef ore taking an on-road test in order to enter a „restricted licence‟ phase (of solo driving).

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes, this is required of learner drivers

Requirements for accompanying person Full licence for at least 2 years (equivalent to minimum age of 19)



Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Minimum learning period of 6 months

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 50 hours (self-reported, based on sample of 1000 learners)

Possibility of (legally) driving solo before passing a practical test No

B. Driver testing

Test includes Learner licence test (knowledge), on-road test (to enter restricted licence phase of solo driving) and a further on-road test to enter the full licensing phase.

Position of theory test Before driving practice begins.



Age at which on-road test can be taken (to enter restricted phase) 15.5

Pass rate at first attempt on-road test 77%

Age at which exit on-road test can be taken (to enter full-license phase) 17 (without completion of an approved course)

Pass rate at first attempt exit test 84%

Minimum age for solo driving 15.5

C. Post-test (solo driving phase)

Probationary period Yes (restricted licence phase)

Length of probationary period At least18 months; or at least 12 months on successful completion of an approved course , If 25 years or over at least 6 months; or at least 3 months on successful completion of an approved course.

Conditions of probationary period No passengers (other than dependants) unless accompanied by a supervisor No driving between 10pm and 5am unless accompanied by a supervisor If below 20 years of age, BAC of 30 mg alcohol per 100 m/L blood, or 150 mcg alcohol/L breath – regardless of licence status

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period A fine of $100 and 35 demerit points will apply to breach of a novice driver condition, with the exception o f failing to display L-plates on vehicles which will attract a fine of $100 and 25 demerit points. If summoned to appear in court the fine could be up to $1,000, as well as the respective demerit points. Licences are suspended for three months if 100 or more demerit points are recorded within two years.

Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers No, but obligatory on-road „exit‟ test (full licence test) to move from restricted licence to full licence

http://www.ltsa.govt.nz/roadcode/index.html

50

D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process ~ 150 EUR

E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process New Zealand's graduated driver licensing system has three stages: a learner phase with a 6 month learning period, a restricted phase of solo driving after an on-road test (equivalent to a probationary period in Europe) of 18 months, followed by an additional on -road „exit‟ test to gain a full licence. A full licence can be obtained at the earliest at 16½ years of age, whilst solo driving is possible from 15 ½ y ears of age.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://www.ltsa.govt.nz/factsheets/index.html#licensing


Quality control Phoebe Chu (16/11/2009)

http://www.ltsa.govt.nz/factsheets/index.html#licensing


51

NORTHERN IRELAND






Requirements for accompanying person Category B licence holder for at least 3 years + over 21 years old






B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, Hazard Perception test (PC-based), eyesight check (with examiner) and practical test

Position of theory test Theory test can be taken as soon as provisional licence is received. Must be taken and passed before application for practical test. Theory test certificate is valid for 2 years, practical test must be passed during this period otherwise the theory test would have to be taken again.

Age at which theory test + HPT can be taken 17

Pass rate 1st time at theory test 67% (not including Hazard Perception Test)

Pass rate 1st time Hazard Perception Test 85%




C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period Licence revoked after obtaining 6 penalty points, instead of the usual 12, must display an “R” plate for the fi rst 12 months during which the driver is restricted to a maximum speed limit of 45 mph .

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Licence revoked if 6 penalty points or more are accumulated. Need to re-take driving test to regain licence



E. Miscellaneous Learner drivers are not allowed to practise on motorways, and therefore motorways can first be driven upon only after passing the practical driving test. Learner drivers are restricted to 45 mph. New drivers must display an „R‟ plate for one year after passing their practical test to indicate they are restricted to a speed limit of 45 mph. However, both these speed restriction measures are currently being reviewed.

F. General summary of licensing process The licensing process is a test-led system where a mixture of practical driving school instruction and accompanied driving (private practice) is the norm. Novice drivers who have passed the theory and practical test, from 17 years of age, enter a 2 year probationary period where stricter measures apply than to experienced drivers.

52

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: www.dvani.gov.uk


Quality control ISO 9001:2008 quality manager [email protected] 13/10/2009

http://www.dvani.gov.uk/



53

NORWAY



Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training No (but a formal confirmation that Step 1 (Basic Course) has been completed is required from the Pub lic Roads Administration in order to start step 2 (practical driving practice)

Official curriculum Curriculum Driving licence categories B + BE (Vegvesen 2004), available in English see weblink below

Options for driver training The new Norwegian category B driver training curriculum is a 4 step process containing some obligatory elements and some non -obligatory elements. Accompanied driving is allowed and encouraged, but only from Step 2 in the process. Step 1 (Basic course) lays the foundations for the training in the form of 17 class-based lessons. Step 2, to begin not before the age of 16, is where practical vehicle manoeuvring is learned. You can either visit a driving school or practise with an accompanying person, or both. For quality control purpo ses, progression to Step 3 should take place after the learner has undertaken a practical „guidance and evaluation lesson‟ with a driving instructor. St ep 3 is where traffic interaction is learned, again either with a driving school, accompanied person or both. This step also includes an obligatory track-based course and a further evaluation and guidance lesson to progress to Step 4. Step 4 is the consolidation phase where learners are enco uraged to practise as much as possible. A combination of 8 obligatory practical lessons and 5 class-based lessons are designed to prepare the learners for their solo driving after the test. The curriculum is based on the GDE matrix, encourages self -evaluation and addresses higher order risk. The principle is: if a specific driver competence cannot be assessed properly in the driving test, it should become an obligatory part of training.


Requirements for accompanying person Minimum 25 years old and last 5 years continuous driving experience

Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons Yes (but only in Steps 3 and 4 for mandatory lessons in special courses which cannot be assessed in the practical test)

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons No, in terms of the “traditional” theory lessons; highway code, signs, regulations. The obligatory theoretical lessons take the form of group moderation, mostly in close relationship to the obligatory practical lessons (basic course of 17 lessons in Step 1, 2 theory lessons in Step 3 [track-based course] and 5 lessons in Step 4)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Yes = 10 hours (2 practical lessons in Step 3 [track-based course], 8 lessons in Step 4) + 2 x evaluation & guidance lessons in Steps 2 and 3

Total average number of hours pre-test practice ~35 (including mandatory practical lessons)


B. Driving test


Position of theory test Towards end of training

Age at which theory test can be taken 17.5

Pass rate at theory test (overall) 50%


Pass rate at practical test (overall) 75%


C. Post-test


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Conditions of probationary period Disqualification from driving because of traffic violations in the probation period will result in a new full theoretical and practical licence test with a new two-year probation period.




E. Miscellaneous Norway had compulsory post-licence training for novice drivers between 1972 and 1988.

F. General summary of licensing process The Norwegian driver training curriculum is a stepwise system based on the GDE matrix which encourages learning over a long p eriod of time and considerable accompanied driving practice. The learning objectives for the third of the four steps are at the level of the driving te st. In the fourth step we encourage accompanied driving nearly a year before the driving test. Topics that cannot be tested during the driving test, are subject to mandatory training. There is a 2-year probationary period after the test.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://www.vegvesen.no or contact the contact person


Quality control Jan Edv. Isachsen 14/10/09

http://www.vegvesen.no/cs/Satellite?cid=1164637133457&pagename=engelsk%2FPage%2FSVVsubSideInnholdMal&c=Page


55

POLAND





Options for driver training All learners must attend compulsory theory and practical lessons in a driving school.




Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (30 „lessons of 45 minutes)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours The theory lessons can be completed in 3 days (10 hours max. per days) A maximum of 2 hours practical lessons can be taken per day for the first 10 hours. A maximum of 3 hours per day after the fi rst 10 hours (= minimum period of ~12 days)

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 30 hours (i.e. the minimum number required by law)


B. Driving test


Position of theory test Follows completion of obligatory 30 hours of theory lessons (which are taken in parallel with practical lessons)


Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test ~80%


Pass rate at first attempt practical test ~35%


C. Post-test

Probationary period No (see conditions)

Length of probationary period see conditions

Conditions of probationary period Poland has a kind of weak de facto probationary period in that novice drivers who accumulate 21 penalty points within the first year of solo driving lose their licence (instead of the normal 24 for more experienced drivers).

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Novices who have lost their licence must re-do all the obligatory theory and practical driving school lessons, in addition to the theory and practical tests. More experienced drivers who lose their licence must only re-do the tests



E. Miscellaneous The practical test includes manoeuvring exercises on a driving area away from public roads, followed by a classi c on-road test. The on-road test should last at least 40 minutes. Practical driving test vehicles are equipped with cameras (to counter corruption of driving examiners and for quality control purposes, especially in the case of claims submitted by candidates).

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F. General summary of licensing process Learners drivers must complete a minimum of 30 hours theory and 30 hours practical lessons in a driving school, followed by t he theory and practical test from age 18. Novice drivers have the same rights and obl igations as more experienced drivers.

G. Contact person Tomasz Piętka

Quality control Tomasz Piętka 15/11/07

57

PORTUGAL





Options for driver training Candidates must attend 28 obligatory theory lessons at a driving school, prior to taking the theory test. To be allowed to do the practical test for category B, a student must follow at least 32 hours of practical training and have passed the theory test.




Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (28 hours)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours 32 lessons of 50 min. each

Total average number of hours pre-test practice at least 32 hours


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, practical test and medical examination

Position of theory test Before the practical test


Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test 63.7%




C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period The novice driver loses the driving licence when he/she commits two dangerous traffic violations or one very dangerous violation.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period The driving licence is confiscated and the novice driver has to retake the theory and practical tests to obtain a new driving licence.



E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process The learner can start to learn to drive from the age of 18 and only in accredited driving schools (accompanied driving is not allowed). The learner must complete 28 hours of theory lessons and at least 32 hours (of 50 minutes) practical driving lessons before taking the theory/ practical test. The test includes a medical examination. A probationary period exists for novice drivers, laying down stricter rules which lead more easily to withdrawal of the licence. The whole testing process must be taken again for the novice drivers who have lost their licence.


H. Contact person [email protected] (Fatima Abreu)


58

Quality control Fatima Abreu 24/11/09

59

QUEBEC (CANADA)



Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training Yes. A Learners licence is required and is issued once the person has passed a knowledge test .

Official curriculum No, but a Driver’s Handbook is published by the Societé de l’assurance automobile du Québec.

Options for driver training As in other jurisdictions of North America, Quebec has a Graduated Driver Licence system (GDL). A learner can enter the learner stage at the age of 16 and having passed a knowledge and vision test. This stage must last for a minimum of 12 months (reduced to 8 month s if an accredited driving course is taken with a professional instructor), during which the learner practises with an accompanying person (e.g. parent). On passing a road test, the driver enters an Intermediate Stage of 24 months (or until the age of 25, whichever comes first) in which he/she can drive solo but is subject to certain conditions (like a probationary licence in Europe).

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes, this is the norm.

Requirements for accompanying person Fully licensed for at least 2 years and no more than 0.8 mg/L BAC



Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours Minimum learning period of 12 months (or 8 months if combined with a driving course – see above)

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 2522 kms for drivers with driving school lessons / 3845 kms for those without driving lessons


B. Driving test

Test includes Knowledge test and road test

Position of theory test Knowledge test must be passed to obtain Learner licence


Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test 52% (2003)

Age at which practical test can be taken 16 years 8 months

Pass rate at first attempt practical test 66% (2003)

Minimum age for solo driving 16 years 8 months

C. Post-test

Probationary period Yes („Intermediate Stage‟)

Length of probationary period 24 months (or until the age of 25, whichever comes first)

Conditions of probationary period Zero BAC and lower demerit point threshold

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Licence can be withdrawn for 3 months after accumulation of 4 demerit points (instead of usual 15) and extension of validity of Intermediate Stage by 3 months.



E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process The Quebec licensing system is a basic form of GDL composed of a minimum learning period (8 or 12 months) and a probationary period (or intermediate stage) of 24 months following a road test. Unlike other GDL systems in Canada, it does not impose a minimum amount of driving,

60

night-time driving restrictions or passenger restrictions in the learner and intermediate stage, nor does it require an additional on-road test (to gain a full licence).

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://www.saaq.gouv.qc.ca/en/driver_licence/licence_passenger.html


Quality control Johanne St-Cyr (25/11/09)

http://www.saaq.gouv.qc.ca/en/driver_licence/licence_passenger.html


61

SLOVAKIA




Official curriculum Official curriculum for driver training issued by Ministry of Transport (Act No. 93/2005 Coll. on driving schools): „Driving lessons curriculum‟

Options for driver training The learner must pass a medical test before training can begin. Thereafter follows obligatory driving sch ool training (accompanied driving is not allowed) consisting of 35 hours of theory and 41 hours of practical lessons. Both theory and practice include lessons on vehi cle maintenance.





Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours minimum learning period of theory lessons 35 hours minimum learning period of practical lessons 41 hours

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 28 hours of on-road driving + 9 hours on a training ground (as required by law)


B. Driving test


Position of theory test At the end of training






C. Post-test




Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Commitment of a crime related to driving or two driving offences according to law Act No. 315/1996 Coll. on traffic on land roads leads to withdrawal of the licence.



E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process All learners are required to follow 35 hours of theory lessons and 41 hours of practical lessons in a driving school. 9 hours of the practical lessons is practising away from public roads on a training ground. The practical test has a very high pass rate. From 18 years old, novice drivers enter a 2 yea r

62

probationary period where certain offences/ crimes lead to withdrawal of the licence.



Quality control Štefan Machcinik (VUD)15/11/07


63

SLOVENIA


Minimum age for learning to drive 17.5 or 16.5 for accompanied driving programme


Official curriculum The Ministry of the Interior issues the official curriculum for category training. The curriculum is entitled Rules on the training programme of candidates for drivers of motor vehicles.

Options for driver training There is a mandatory driver training programme consisting of 40 theory lessons and the entire practical curriculum must be co mpleted, although there is no prescribed minimum number of practical lessons unless the learner is part of the accompanied driving programme (minimum 20 practical lessons before accompanied driving can begin). The learner must pass a practical and theory mock test in the driving school before being able to take the actual theory and driving test.

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes (introduced in 2006. Only about 5% of learners have taken this option so far)

Requirements for accompanying person Accompanying person must be the parents or guardians of the learner and must: - be at least 30 years old, - have held a valid category B driving licence for at least 7 years. - should not have more than 5 penalty points. Other family members meeting the above requirements can also act as accompanying person provided they have been given the written consent of a parent or guardian.


Obligatory attendance of theory lessons Yes (at least 32 hours of the prescribed 40 hours of theory lessons)

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours There is only a minimum number of practical lessons prescribed for learners under the accompanied driving programme (minimum 20 lessons). All learners must complete at least 32 hours of prescribed course of 40 hours of theory.

Total average number of hours pre-test practice 45 driving lessons/ hours


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory, practical and first aid tests

Position of theory test Following completion of at least 32 hours of prescribed 40 hours of theory lessons


Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test 73 %


Pass rate at first attempt practical test 60 %


C. Post-test


Length of probationary period All drivers under 21 and the first two years of solo driving

Conditions of probationary period Novice drivers must have zero blood alcohol content when driving. Stricter penalty point system for driving offences

64

Novice drivers are not permitted to drive vehicles for the public carriage of passengers, priority vehicles and escort vehicl es.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Loss of driving licence following the accumulation of 7 demerit points (versus 18 for an experienced driver). If a novice driver´s licence is cancelled, he/she must wait for six months to apply for a new driving licence. Candidate has to attend the whole training programme (theoretical and practical lessons) and pass the driving test before a new driving license is issued.

Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers As from 13 August 2010. Novice driver will have to participate in two feedback-drives in real traffic, a 6 hour safe driving course and a two hour psychological group discussion (within the first year of solo driving).


E. Miscellaneous Slovenia‟s 2nd

phase programme, to be introduced in 2010, mirrors the existing Austrian 2nd

phase programme.

F. General summary of licensing process


H. Contact persons [email protected], [email protected]

Quality control [email protected] (10/11/2009)




65

SPAIN





Options for driver training According to the law, learner drivers can practise how they like, namely in the form of accompanied driving or in a driving s chool. In practice, however, the specifications are so strict that only an estimated 1% of learners practise privately, so practically everyone take le ssons in a driving school. Theory training is also not obligatory but around 90% of learners attend driving schools for theory less ons.

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes (only ~1% of learner drivers, see above)

Requirements for accompanying person Minimum age 23 years old and 5 years category B driving experience + special permit




Total average number of hours pre-test practice unknown


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, practical test and medical examination







C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period Only 8 penalty points on the probationary licence, instead of the usual 12. BAC reduced to 0.15 mg/l for first 2 years. Speed limit of 80 km/h in 1

st year.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period



E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process The Spanish licensing system is test-led, with practically everyone attending driving school for both theory and practice although neither are compulsory according to Spanish law. Novice drivers enter a 3-year probationary period after passing the theory, practical and medical test with a lower demerit point threshold, lower BAC tolerance (2 years) and a speed limit of 80km/h (1 year).


66

H. Contact person Fernando Muñoz Pelaez @ [email protected]

Quality control Fernando Muñoz Pelaez (13/12/07)


67

SWEDEN




Official curriculum Yes (Curriculum Category B, see below the website)

Options for driver training Learners can choose to practise with accompanying persons (e.g. parents) or with a driving instructor, or both, and can start training at the age of 16. In practice, most learners do both (taking an average of 14 driving school lessons)


Requirements for accompanying person Minimum 24 years old, holding a category B licence at the moment and for at least 5 of the last 10 years. The accompanying person and learner must attend a mandatory 3 hour introductory course before starting to practise together.

Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons No*

Obligatory attendance of theory lessons No*

Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours * there is a mandatory risk training course (in 2 parts) including one theory course + one practical course at a traffic training centre and eac h of them last for at least 3 hours. They are normally taken towards the end of the driver training. An increasing number of the training centres are equipped with traffic safety halls.

Total average number of hours pre-test practice Currently 70-80 hours


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory and Practical Test

Position of theory test At the end of driver training. When booking the theory test, also a practical test must be booked to be conducted shortly after the theory test (even if not passing the theory test).


Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test 72% (2009)


Pass rate at first attempt practical test 61% (2009)


C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period If the driver‟s licence is withdrawn during this period, both the theory and the driving test must be passed again. No other measures are included in this period.



D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process ~1400 EUR (15 000 SEK)

E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process The current training regime gives the learners an open choice of accompanied driving and/ or professional driving instruction. The curriculum is

68

based on the GDE matrix. The system encourages practise over a long period (between 16 and 18 years) and there is a 2 year probationary period after the test. A 0.2 mg/l BAC limit applies to all drivers.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: Driving licences - Transportstyrelsen


Quality control Maria Åkerlund (26/11/09)

http://www.transportstyrelsen.se/en/road/Driving-licences


69

SWITZERLAND



Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training Yes (Lernfahrausweis)

Options for driver training Learners must be at least 18 years old and can train either with accompanying persons or driving instructors or both. More than half of learner drivers do both. There are no obligatory practical driving lessons but learners must attend an 8 -hour series of Road Sense classes (Verkehrskunde),

spread over 4 days, and hold a certificate in first aid (course of at least 10 hours).


Requirements for accompanying person Minimum 23 years old and 3 years driving experience


Obligatory attendance of theory lessons No, but obligatory 8 hour series of Road Sense classes


Total average number of hours pre-test practice Average number of practical lessons with an instructor = 25 hours. Accompanied driving mileage unknown.


B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test and optician-accredited eyesight test (before training) and practical test (after 1st phase of training)

Position of theory test Before on-road practise/ training begins


Pass rate theory test (overall) 67%


Pass rate practical test (overall) 65%


C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period If the driving licence is withdrawn during the probationary period, the probationary period is automatical ly extended by one year. If the licence is withdrawn again, the individual loses the licence altogether and must re-apply and complete the full training process (1

st and 2

nd phase) again, with a

provisional licence. This process of re-application can only start 1 year after losing the licence for a second time and a traffic psychologist must be visited beforehand too.


Obligatory post-licence training for novice drivers Yes: 2 training days during the 3 year probationary period, with Day 1 preferably within 6 months of passing the test. Day 1 involves a typic al track-based session, followed by a group discussion on psycho-active substances. In Day 2, the participants fill out a questionnaire on their „driver profile‟. They then assess each other, in groups of 3 + a trainer, in practical driving. Finally, they practise eco -driving techniques, in the same groups, followed by a round-up discussion. 2

nd phase trainers are generally driving instructors with an additional 10 days training.


E. Miscellaneous -

70

F. General summary of licensing process Learners can apply for a learner‟s licence two months before their 18th

birthday. Then a PC-based multiple choice theory test has to be passed BEFORE learners can begin to practise on the road. Learners can then drive accompanied (private practice) and/ or with a driving school. The only obligatory element in initial driver training is an 8-hour series of road sense classes. After the practical driving test, the novice driver enters a 3-year probationary period which involves, in addition to other conditions, an obligatory 2 -day 2

nd phase training programme, to be completed within the

probationary period.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://www.ag.ch/strassenverkehrsamt/de/pub/fuehrerpruefungen/index.php


Quality control Vincent Moreno (31/10/07)

http://www.ag.ch/strassenverkehrsamt/de/pub/fuehrerpruefungen/index.php


71

TUNISIA


Minimum age for learning to drive None


Official curriculum A Ministry of Transport committee is currently preparing a national driver education programme.

Options for driver training In Tunisia, a learner driver can only learn to drive with a driving school. There is no required minimum number of lessons in order to obtain a driving licence (theory or practical).



Obligatory attendance of practical driving school lessons No, but test candidates can only present themselves at the practical test with a specially equipped car which only driving schools normally have.





B. Driving test

Test includes Theory test, practical test, medical exam

Position of theory test Beginning of training






C. Post-test



Conditions of probationary period Speed limitation of 80km/h and novice driver plates (with 80 written in Arabic) displayed on the front and rear windscreens. Drivers under the age of 20 can only drive vehicles with up to 6 seats.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period The same as for other drivers.



E. Miscellaneous

F. General summary of licensing process Learner drivers can only learn in driving schools, although there is no minimum number of hours of training. After passing th e theory and practical test, from 18 years old onwards, there is a 2 year probationary period and restrictions for drivers under 20 years old.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: www.attt.com.tn


Quality control M. Ben Fadhl 29/11/07

http://www.attt.com.tn/


72

VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA



Provisional licence required for pre-test practice/training Yes (Learner Permit, after passing learner permit knowledge test)

Official curriculum See Road to Solo Driving at http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/PublicationsAndForms/HandbooksNewDrivers/

Options for driver training Driving practice can begin from 16 years old, once a knowledge test has been passed and the learner obtains a learner permit. If under 21 years old, the learner must then practise for at least 120 hours, including 10 hours at night, and this practice should be recorded and signed off by the accompanying driver in a special logbook. The minimum learning period for under 21 year olds is 12 months. After the 12 month learning phase, and once the learner is at least 18 years old, he/ she can take the driving test to enter a probationary period of solo driving.

Accompanied driving allowed? Yes, this is a requirement

Requirements for accompanying person Full driving licence



Minimum learning period / number of driving school lessons, hours 12 months minimum learning period and 120 hours of accompanied driving practice (if under 21). Learners under the age of 25 m ust hold the learner permit for at least 6 months and learners 25 or older must hold it for at least 3 months.

Total average number of hours pre-test practice At least 120 hours (including 10 hours of night driving)


B. Driving test

Test includes Knowledge test (learner permit test), computerised Hazard Perception Test, vision test and on -road test

Position of theory test Before learning phase begins


Pass rate at 1st attempt theory test Unknown


Pass rate at first attempt on-road test Unknown

Pass rate at first attempt Hazard Perception Test Unknown


C. Post-test


Length of probationary period Probationary licence issued for 3 years before 1 July 2008. From 1 July 2008 the probationary period is for a minimum of 4 years if the driv er is under 21 and a minimum of 3 years if 21 years of age or more.

Conditions of probationary period NB This data applies to July 2008 onwards: If the driver is under 21, he/she then enters a probationary period of a minimum of 4 years. This period is split into 2 phas es: P1 and P2. P1 applies to the first year of solo driving and the following restrictions apply: must display red P plates, zero BAC, no use of mobile phones, no high-powered vehicles including performance-enhanced engines and no towing. P2 applies to the remaining 3 years of the probationary period and consists of: need to display green P plates, no mobile phone use and zero BAC. A full licence can be received at the earliest at the age of 22.

Consequences of penalties incurred during probationary period Extension of probationary period where licence is suspended or a drug offence is committed.

http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/PublicationsAndForms/HandbooksNewDrivers/

73


D. Estimated average cost per novice driver for licensing process 120 -150 EUR

E. Miscellaneous From 1 July 2008, a new on-road drive test (to enter the probationary period) was introduced.

F. General summary of licensing process Victoria‟s GLS (Graduated Licensing System) imposes a minimum learning period and number of hours of practice followed by a l ong and strict probationary period including zero BAC and no use of mobile phones while driving. The driving test includes a computerised Hazard Perception Test.

G. For more information, please refer to the following sources: http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/Licensing/GettingYourLs/

H. Contact person David Shelton @ [email protected]


http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/Licensing/GettingYourLs/


2010-07-8_Category B Licensing in CIECA Countries

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