2009 Workshop Mix Design Procedures for Lime Stabilized Soil
Transcript of 2009 Workshop Mix Design Procedures for Lime Stabilized Soil
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Mixture Design Procedures
for
Lime Stabilized SoilODOT GCW 5/13/09
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Dolomitic Lime
High Calcium Lime
Hydrator
Terminals
CL&S Lime Plants and Terminals
PLANTS
1.....Blind River, Ontario
2.....Dundas, Ontario
3.....Beachville, Ontario
4.....River Rouge, MI
5.....Manitowoc, WI
6.....South Chicago, IL
7.....Gary, IN
8.....Millersville, OH
9.....Maple Grove, OH
10...Grand River, OH
11...Annville, PA
12...Winchester, VA
13...Strasburg, VA
14...Black River, KY
15...Maysville, KY
16...Longview, AL
17...Macon, GA
TERMINALS
A.....Baton Rouge, LA Terminal
B....Tampa Terminal, Tampa, FL
C.....Fort Lauderdale Terminal, FL
D.....Sanford Terminal, FL
E.....Jacksonville Terminal, FL
F.....Brunswick Terminal, GA
G....Raleigh Terminal, NC
H.....Richmond Terminal, VA
I......Hagerstown Terminal, MD
J.....Detroit Terminal, MI
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CaCO3 + MgCO3 CaO + MgO + CO2
CaO + MgO ---Quicklime
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Lime Products for Treating Soil at the
Construction Site
Quicklime:
Total Oxides 90%CaO/MgO
Meets ASTM C977
EnviroLime (Lime Kiln Dust)Total Oxides 18% - 30%
Alumina & Silica Oxide 7% - 15%
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Lime Treatment Options
Drying up wet soil: Plasticity and swell reduction
Modification:
Plasticity and swell reduction Improved stability and compaction
Solid working platform
Stabilization:
Permanent strength increase Long-term strength gains
Less moisture absorption
Freeze-thaw durability
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Pozzolanic Reactions Using Lime
(Clay Soil)
On-going reaction with
available silica and
alumina in the soil forms
complex cementitious
materials (the
POZZOLANIC effect.)
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Lime-Soil Pozzolanic Action
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STATE OF OHIO
DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATIONSUPPLEMENT 1120
Mixture Design for Chemically
Stabilized Soils
July 20, 2007
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Procedures developed by Dr. Dallas Little, Texas A&M University
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1. Right Combination of Materials
Requirements for Lime Stabilization
3. Adequate Strength to Resist Freeze-Thaw
2. Adequate Lime to Keep Pozzolanic Action Going
4. Adequate Compaction and Moisture
Clay contains silica and alumina
Silt and sand
Lime
LKD
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Lime Based Mix Designs for
Different Soil Types
AASHTOGroupClassification
SoilType
UnifiedGroup Symbol
RecommendedAdditives
GW GP GM GC SW SP SM SC ML CL OL MH CH OH PT
A-1-a A-1-a A-1-b A-1-b A-1-bA-1-b
orA-3
A-2-4or
A-2-5
A-2-6or
A-2-7A-4 A-6 A-4 A-5 A-7-6 A-7-5 A-8
Poorlygra
de
dgrave
lsan
dgrave
l
san
dm
ixtures,
littleorno
fines
LIM (Stabilization & Modification)
LIME PLUS TYPE F Coal Fly sh (Stabilization)
We
llgra
de
dgrave
lsand
grave
lsan
d
mixtures,
littleorno
fines
Siltygrave
ls,
grave
l-san
d-s
iltm
ixtures
Clayeygrave
ls,
grave
l-san
d-c
laym
ixtures
We
ll-gra
de
dsan
dsandgrave
llysan
ds,
littleorno
fines
Poorlygra
de
dsan
dsand
grave
lly
san
ds,
littleorno
fines
Siltysan
ds,
san
d-s
iltmix
tures
Clayey,
san
ds,
san
d-c
laym
ixtures
Inorgan
ics
ilts,
very
finesan
ds,
roc
k
flour,s
iltyorc
layey
finesan
ds
Inorgan
icc
layso
flow
to
me
dium
plas
tic
ity,
grave
llyc
lays,
san
dyc
lays,
siltyc
lays,
leanc
lays
Organ
ics
iltsan
dorganic
siltyc
layso
f
lowp
las
tic
ity
Inorgan
ics
ilts,
micaceou
sor
diatomaceous
finesands
ors
ilts,
elas
tics
ilts
Inorgan
icc
layso
fhighplas
tic
ity,
fatc
lays
Organ
icc
layso
fme
dium
tohighp
las
tic
ity
Pea
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k,
an
do
therh
ighlyorgan
icso
ils
Lime stabilization should be considered when:
- Soil PI > 10 and
- % passing #200 > 25%
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Requirements for Lime Stabilization
Adequate Strength to Resist Freeze-Thaw
Adequate Lime to Keep Pozzolanic Action Going
Adequate Compaction and Moisture
Right Combination of Materials
Clay contains silica and alumina Lime
Silt and sand LKD
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Time
Strengt
h
Autogenous Healing
Strength Changes with Time and Temp
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Laboratory Evaluations for Lime Stabilization
1. pH Determination for Minimum Lime Content:
ASTM D 6276 (Eads Grim Test)
Min amount of lime to raise soil pH level to 12.4
2. Optimum Moisture ContentASTM D 698 (Standard Proctor Density)
Generally increases with lime or LFA
3. Unconfined Compressive StrengthASTM D 5102
Minimum of 100 psi
Freeze-thaw durability
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In place moisture content Particle size analysis
Liquid limits, plastic limit, PI
Soil classification
Optimum moisture content
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Laboratory Evaluations for Lime Stabilization
1. pH Determination for Minimum Lime Content:- ASTM D 6276 (Eads Grim Test)
Min amount of lime to raise soil pH level to 12.4
2. Optimum Moisture ContentASTM D 698 (Standard Proctor Density)
Generally increases with lime or LKD
3. Unconfined Compressive StrengthASTM D 5102
Minimum of 100 psi
Freeze-thaw durability
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Mix Design for Lime Stabilization
pH Determination for Minimum Lime Content:
ASTM D 6276 (Eads Grim Test)
Min amount of lime to raise soil pH level to 12.4
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ASTM D 6276 - Significance & Use
The soil-lime pH test is performed as a test to indicate thesoil-lime proportion needed to maintain the elevated pH
necessary for sustaining the reactions necessary to stabilizesoils (i.e., the min. % of lime required to raise thesoils pH to 12.4).
What the test does:
The test provides no reliable information relative to thepotential reactivity of a particular soil, nor will it provideinformation on the magnitude of increased strength realizedupon treatment of this soil with the indicated percentage oflime.
What the test does not do:
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Specifications: Memory function stores up to 50 sets of customizable pH, mV, or
relative mV with the temperature at the time of the reading
For more accurate results, pH calibration can be done using one,
two or three-point, auto-buffer recognition or by choosing USA or
NIST* buffer sets
pH mode: 0.00 to 14.00pH; with a resolution of 0.01pH with
accuracy of 0.01pH
Temperature: 0.0 to 100.0C with a resolution of 0.1C and an
accuracy of 0.3C
Caution (pH meter):
Not all pH meters are created equal!!! 1120.03 Sec A
To ensure the best test results, look for the followingspecifications when selecting a pH meter to use for this test:
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0 2 4 6 8
pH = 12.4
% Lime 5% Lime
Measured
pH
ASTM D 6276 (Eads Grim Test)
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Laboratory Evaluations for Lime Stabilization
1. pH Determination for Minimum Lime Content:- ASTM D 6276 (Eads Grim Test)
Min amount of lime to raise soil pH level to 12.4
2. Optimum Moisture ContentASTM D 698 (Standard Proctor Density)
Generally increases with lime or LKD
3. Unconfined Compressive StrengthASTM D 5102
Minimum of 100 psi
Freeze-thaw durability
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10 15 20 25 30
No Lime
5% Lime
OMC = 17%
DryDensity(PCF)
Lime Changes Optimum Moisture Content
OMC = 21%
Moisture (%)
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Laboratory Evaluations for Lime Stabilization
1. pH Determination for Minimum Lime Content:- ASTM D 6276 (Eads Grim Test)
Min amount of Lime to raise soil pH level to 12.4
2. Optimum Moisture ContentASTM D 698 (Standard Proctor Density)
Generally increases with lime or LKD
3. Unconfined Compressive StrengthASTM D 5102
Minimum of 100 psi
Freeze-thaw durability
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Mix soil, lime and water at OMC for UCCS specimens
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Compacted at OMC for UCCS specimens
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Expansion Testing (ODOT 1120.06)
Measure the height and circumference of the UCSspecimens after curing (dry) and then measure
again after 24 hour Capillary Soak Test.
Report in percentage if the change of initial (dry)and soaked exceeds 1.5%
This is NOT a NLA required test and typicallyshows NO real value to the mix design
procedure.
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Cure the UCCS Specimensfor 7 days @ 40 C
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Strength Required for Durability (ODOT)
Unconfined CompressiveStrength after 7 day cure at40 C and 24 hour CapillarySoak:
50 psi greater thanUCS with no Lime
Minimum 100 psi
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Laboratory Evaluations for Lime Stabilization
1. pH Determination for Minimum Lime Content:
ASTM D 6276 (Eads Grim Test)
Min amount of Lime to raise soil pH level to 12.4
2. Optimum Moisture ContentASTM D 698 (Standard Proctor Density)
Generally increases with lime or LFA
3. Unconfined Compressive StrengthASTM D 5102
Minimum of 100 psi before freezing
Freeze-thaw durability
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Differences When Testing LKD
No 24 hour mellowing period Why? Increased strength requirements 150 psi vs. 100
psi Why?
Curing procedures remain the same.
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Typical laboratory mistakes
Compaction of OMC/MDD and UCS specimensprior to a 24 hour mellow period. Inadequatehydration of Lime can lead to poor OMC/MDDresults and poor UCS.
pH meter not equipped to reach a reading higherthan 12.4. pH buffer solutions not up to 12.45 and may be
expired.
Mixing Lime, soil, and water by hand and not usinga mixer. Inadequate dispersion of Lime throughoutthe mix.
Old Lime. Lime is a perishable and needs to befresh for mix design. 60 days typical.
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Outside Comments
Eads-Grim pH test is designated for Quicklime andHydrated Lime. Sometimes it is very difficult toachieve a pH of 12.4 when using LKD. Why?
When bidding the testing, it seems to be difficult to
get a grasp on how many actual test need to beperformed because we dont know how many soiltypes are on a given project. Bidding this item as aunit price would be much easier and competetive(Price per soil type).
Time seems to be a very limiting factor to thespecification.
We have never seen any results from the swelltest.
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1. Right Combination of Materials
For Lime, PI > 10 and % passing #200 > 25%
Requirements for Lime Stabilization
4. Adequate Strength to Resist Freeze-Thaw
UCS > 100 psi (after 7 days @ 40 curing, 24-hr cap. soak)
2. Adequate Lime to Keep Pozzolanic Action Going pH = 12.4 (per ASTM D 6276)
3. Adequate Compaction and Moisture
With Lime, the OMC increases, MDD decreases
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Lime Treatment Options
Drying up wet soil: Plasticity and swell reduction
Modification: Plasticity and swell reduction
Improved stability and compaction
Solid working platform
Stabilization:
Permanent strength increase Long-term strength gains
Less moisture absorption
Freeze-thaw durability
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Any Questions?