2006 6th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology Copyright © 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright and Reprint Permission

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About the cover image Darren Glavic, University of Cincinnati, has morphed the Cincinnati skyine with an AFM scan of a self-assembled array of Lanthanum Sulfide nanowires—each of which produces a field emission of 0.2 nA on the average.

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NANO 2006 Contents

Volume 1

Keynote and Plenary Speakers 01p01 Electrospray Wings for Nanoscale Elephants................................................................................................................1

J. Fenn 01p02 Nanostructured Optics and Optoelectronics for Dense Interconnects ...........................................................................2

D. A. B. Miller 01p03 QDs and Nanowires: What About Surface Fermi Level Pinning? ................................................................................4

J. M. Woodall 01p04 The Key Role of Flexible, Low-Cost, Maskless Lithography in Nanoscale Science and Engineering .........................5

H. I. Smith 01p05 Nanowires for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.........................................................................................................6

C. M. Lieber 01p06 Mega-Challenges for Nano-Silicon Technology ...........................................................................................................7

T. Chen

Modeling and Simulation 02p01 Modeling and Simulation of Nanoscale Self-Assembly Structures...............................................................................8

R. M. Pidaparti, D. Primeaux, B. Saunders 02p02 A Coupled Simulation and Optimization Approach to Nanodevice Fabrication with Minimization of Electrical Characteristics Fluctuation......................................................................................................................12

Y. Li, S.-M. Yu, C.-K. Chen 02p03 A Study of the Performance of Ballistic Nanoscale MOSFETS Using Classical and Quantum Ballistic Transport Models...........................................................................................................................16

A. A. Ahmadain, K. P. Roenker, K. A. Tomko 02p04 Electronic Properties of Silicon Nanowires: Confined Phonons and Surface Roughness ...........................................20

E. B. Ramayya, I. Knezevic, D. Vasileska, S. M. Goodnick 02p05 An Efficient and Symbolic Model for Charge Densities in Ballistic Carbon Nanotube FETs ....................................23

H. Hashempour, F. Lombardi 02p06 Information Acquisition at the Nanoscale: Fundamental Considerations....................................................................27

N. G. Anderson 02p07 Bayesian Macromodeling for Circuit Level QCA Design...........................................................................................31

S. Srivastava, S. Bhanja 02p08 A Novel Design and Simulation of Resonant Cavity Enhanced (RCE) Corrugated Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (C-QWIP) Using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method.............................................35

J. P. Kim, A. M. Sarangan

xii

02p09 Energy Analysis of QCA Circuits for Reversible Computing .....................................................................................39

J. Huang, X. Ma, F. Lombardi 02p10 Multigrid Simulation Method for Quantum Transport in Molecular Electronic Devices............................................43

G. Feng, N. Wijesekera, T. L. Beck 02p11 Probabilistic Error Model for Unreliable Nano-logic Gates ........................................................................................47

T. Rejimon, S. Bhanja 02p12 The Role and Application of Controlled Brownian Dynamics in Neurons and Synthetic Molecular Devices ............51

M. A. Lyshevski 02p13 The RTM/NEGF Method for ab initio Calculations of Electron Transport through Nano-structures .........................55

K. Hirose, N. Kobayashi

Molecular Electronics, Inorganic Nanowires, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots 03p01 Three-Dimensional Metal Patterning over Nanostructures by Reversal Imprint.........................................................59

C. Peng, S. W. Pang 03p02 Molecular Electronics—From Structure to Circuit Dynamics.....................................................................................62

Y. Lu, M. Liu, C. Lent 03p03 Electrical Behavior of Nano-scale Junctions with Well Engineered Double Stranded DNA Molecules ....................66

A. K. Mahapatro, D. B. Janes, K. J. Jeong, G. U. Lee 03p04 Fabrication of Stable Molecular Electrode Using Patterned Edge of a Metal/Insulator/Metal Junction .....................70

P. Tyagi, D. Li, S. M. Holmes, B. J. Hinds 03p05 Conductivity Measurements of Paddlewheel Dimetal Complexes with Metal-Metal Multiple Bonds .......................74

S. Rajagopal, N. Smith, J. M. Yarrison-Rice, C. Urig, T. Scott, S. Zou, H. Zhou 03p06 Decoherence and Dephasing in Molecular Electronic Devices ...................................................................................78

K. Walczak, S. E. Lyshevski 03p07 Trapping Effects in Organic Thin Film Transistors.....................................................................................................82

C. Erlen, F. Brunetti, P. Lugli, M. Fiebig, S. Schiefer, B. Nickel 03p08 Large-Area Nanophotonics Fabricated by Interferometric Lithography .....................................................................86

S. R. J. Brueck 03p09 Dielectric Response of a Planar Periodic Array of Polarizable Wires Parallel to an Interface with a Nonlocal Dynamic Plasma-like Medium..........................................................................................................90

N. J. M. Horing, L. Y. Chen, H. L. Cui 03p10 Engineering Tunnel Barriers in Hybrid Silicon/Molecular Memory Devices .............................................................93

S. Gowda, G. Mathur, V. Misra 03p11 Second Order Nonlinear Dielectric Response of a Dynamic, Nonlocal Plasma Subject to Terahertz Radiation ........97

N. J. M. Horing, S. Y. Liu, H. L. Cui

xiii

03p12 Structural and Optical Characterization of InAs/GaSb Nanoscale Superlattices for Mid-Infrared Detection ...........100

J. B. Rodriguez, E. Plis, S. J. Lee, L. R. Dawson, S. Krishna 03p13 Substrate and Dipole Effects in Metal-Molecule-Semiconductor Heterostructures ..................................................104

P. Carpenter, A. Scott, S. Lodha, D. Janes, C. Risko, M. Ratner 03p14 Quantum Dot-based Integrated Optoelectronic Devices ...........................................................................................108

S. Mokkapati, L. Fu, H. H. Tan, C. Jagadish 03p15 Exciton Binding Energy in Semiconductor Nanowires in the Presence of Dielectric De-confinement ....................110

S. Ramanthan, S. Bandyopadhyay, J. D. Edwards, J. Nelson, J. Anderson 03p16 Molecular Beam Epitaxy of GaAs Nanowires on Si Substrates ................................................................................113

S.-G. Ihn, J.-I. Song, Y.-H. Kim, J. Y. Lee 03p17 Imaging and Optical Properties of Single Core-shell GaAs–AlGaAs Nanowires .....................................................116

T. B. Hoang, L. V. Titova, H. E. Jackson, L. M. Smith, J. M. Yarrison-Rice, Y. Kim, H. J. Joyce, C. Jagadish 03p18 Optical Properties of Stranski–Krastanow and Strain-free GaSb Quantum Dots on GaAs Substrates— Towards Sb-based Type-II Quantum Dot Emitters ...................................................................................................119

J. Tatebayashi, G. Balakrishnan, S. H. Huang, A. Khoshakhlagh, M. Mehta, L. R. Dawson, D. L. Huffaker 03p19 Low-Temperature Optical Characterization of Single CdS Nanowires ....................................................................123

L. V. Titova, T. B. Hoang, H. E. Jackson, L. M. Smith, J. M. Yarrison-Rice, J. L. Lensch, L. J. Lauhon 03p20 Engineering Exchange Interaction in Coupled Elongated Quantum Dots.................................................................126

L.-X. Zhang, D. V. Melnikov, J.-P. Leburton 03p21 Are Short Molecules Quantum Dot Arrays?..............................................................................................................130

B. Muralidharan, A. W. Ghosh, S. K. Pati, S. Datta 03p22 Quantizing Parallel Magnetic Field Role in Statistical Thermodynamics of a Narrow Quantum Well ....................134

N. J. M. Horing, B. Dong, H. L. Cui 03p23 Raman Spectroscopy as a Probe of Single Semiconductor Nanowires .....................................................................137

A. Abdi, L. V. Titova, L. M. Smith, H.E. Jackson, J. M. Yarrison-Rice, J. L. Lensch, L. J. Lauhon

Nanobiofusion, Nanobiology, Nano-Biomedical Science 04p01 Integrating Manmade Nanostructures with Biological Structures .............................................................................140

M. A. Stroscio, M. Dutta 04p02 Engineering and Fabricating a Hybrid Biotic/Abiotic Biological Computer ............................................................141

C. D. Montemagno 04p03 Superparamagnetic Resonance of de novo Biomagnetic Nanoparticles ....................................................................142

L. Radu, D. Caruntu, M. White, C. J. O’Connor, J. Wiley, P. Hanson 04p04 Dynamic Modeling and Control of a Micro-needle Integrated Piezoelectric Micro-pump for Diabetes Care ..........146

R. Yang, M. Zhang T.-J. Tarn

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04p05 Reconstruction of Cellular Processes in Nanoscale Artificial Organelles: Solvent-free Incorporation of Proteins into Block Copolymers............................................................................................................................150

H.-J. Choi, C. D. Montemagno 04p06 Modeling of Binding Sites and Electrostatics in the Ion-Motive Sodium Pump .......................................................154

J. Fonseca, S. Kaya, R. Rakowski 04p07 Nanodevices for Biomolecular Manipulation and Analysis ......................................................................................158

H. G. Craighead 04p08 Challenges and Opportunities for Biophotonic Devices in the Liquid State and the Solid State ..............................159

A. J. Steckl, J. A. Hagen, Z. Yu, R. A. Jones, W. Li, D. Han, D. Y. Kim, H. Spaeth, J. G. Grote, F. K. Hopkins 04p09 Integrated Microfluidic System for DNA Analysis ...................................................................................................162

V. R. Dukkipati, S. W. Pang 04p10 Electrophoretic Mobility of Nano-sized Actin Filaments in Biomolecular Device...................................................166

H. Takatsuki, R. Chilakamarri, P. Famouri, K. Kazuhiro 04p11 Molecular Fluidic Electronics ...................................................................................................................................170

M. A. Lyshevski 04p12 Characterization of Molecular Photovoltaic and Photosystem I Reconstituted Proteoliposomes .............................173

I. Lee, E. Greenbaum, T. Kuritz, M. Rodriguez 04p13 Mechanical Testing of Hydrated Collagen Nanofibrils Using MEMS Technology .................................................177

Z. Liu, B. N. Smith, H. Kahn, R. Ballarini, S. J. Eppell 04p14 An AFM Method for in situ Probing Membrane Proteins under Physiological Condition........................................181

G. Li, N. Xi, H.-Y. Chan, D. H. Wang 04p15 Effects of Rare Earth Nano Material on the Immune Function of Cavies .................................................................185

J. Ma, F. Zhou, Y. Dong, S. Chen 04p16 Molecular Cognitive Information Processing and Computing Platforms..................................................................189

S. E. Lyshevski 04p17 Registration of Tapping and Contact Mode Atomic Force Microscopy Images ......................................................193

Y. Fan, Q. Chen, S. A. Kumar, A. D. Baczewski, N. V. Tram, V. M. Ayres, L. Udpa, A. F. Rice 04p18 Effect of Packing on Cluster Solvation of Nanotubes ...............................................................................................197

F. Torrens, G. Castellano 04p19 Electromagnetic Analysis of Radio-Frequency Signal Propagation Along SWCN Bundles.....................................201

M. S. Sarto, A. Tamburrano 04p20 Industrial Production of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes .........................................................................................205

M. Schmid, V. Michele, R. Weber, A. Wolf, L. Mleczko

xv

Nanocarbon, Nanodiamond, and Carbon Nanotube Based Technology 05p01 The Potential of Nanostructured Carbons as High Efficiency, High Temperature Thermoelectric Materials for Power Generation.................................................................................................................................206

D. M. Gruen 05p02 Electrowetting on Arrayed Carbon Nanofibers .........................................................................................................207

M. S. Dhindsa, N. R. Smith, J. Heikenfeld, P. D. Rack, J. D. Fowlkes, M. J. Doktycz, A. V. Melechko, M. L. Simpson

05p03 Growth of Horizontally-aligned, One-Dimensional Carbon Nanotubes Array on a Si Substrate..............................211

H. Zhang, Z. Chen, T. Li, F. Wang, K. Saito 05p04 Substrate and Process Interplay during Synthesis of Millimeter-long, Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube Arrays ..........215

V. N. Shanov, Y. H. Yun, Y. Tu, M. J. Schulz 05p05 Disorder Induced Bands in First Order Raman Spectra of Carbon Nanowalls..........................................................219

H. Wang, Y. Wu, C. K. S. Choong, J. Zhang, K. L. Teo, Z. Ni, Z. Shen 05p06 Temperature Driven Transport of Gold Nanoparticles Physisorbed inside Carbon Nanotubes ................................223

P. A. E. Schoen, D. Poulikakos, J. H. Walther, P. Koumoutsakos 05p07 Structural and Optical Investigation of Copper Nanoparticle and Microfiber Produced by Using Carbon Nanotube as Templates .................................................................................................................................227

Z. C. Feng, B. Xue, P. Chen, J. Lin, W. Lu 05p08 Temperature Limited Transport Performances of Metallic Single walled Nanotubes...............................................231

M. A. Kuroda, J.-P. Leburton 05p09 Effects of Electrode Contact on Transport Properties of Carbon Nanotubes ............................................................235

N. Kobayashi, T. Ozaki, K. Hirose 05p10 Schottky-Barrier Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor Modeling......................................................................238

A. Hazeghi, T. Krishnamohan, H.-S. P. Wong 05p11 Sensitivity Analysis of Wave Propagation on a Single-walled Carbon Nanotube.....................................................242

M. D’Amore, M. S. Sarto, A. Tamburrano 05p12 Realization of a Carbon Nanotube-based Triode.......................................................................................................246

F. Brunetti, P. Lugli, A. Fiori, S. Orlanducci, V. Sessa, E. Tamburri, F. Toschi, M. L. Terranova, R. Riccitelli, E. Petrolati, L. Von Neumann, C. Paoloni, A. Reale, A. Di Carlo, A. Ciorba, M. Cirillo, V. Merlo

05p13 Nanoassembly and Packaging of Single-carbon, Nanotube-based Transistors .........................................................250

H.-Y. Chan, N. Xi, J. Zhang, G. Li 05p14 Scalable Modeling of Magnetic Inductance in Carbon Nanotube Bundles for VLSI Interconnect ...........................254

Y. Massoud, A. Nieuwoudt 05p15 A Novel Dual-walled CNT Bus Architecture with Reduced Cross-coupling Features .............................................258

D. Rossi, J. M. Cazeaux, C. Metra, F. Lombardi

xvi

05p16 Integration and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Array for Interconnect Applications ..............................262

Y.-M. Choi, S. Lee, H. S. Yoon, M.-S. Lee, H. Kim, I. Han, Y. Son, I.-S. Yeo, U-I. Chung, J.-T. Moon 05p17 Measurability Issues in the Radio-Frequency Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes..............................................266

G. F. Close, H.-S. P. Wong 05p18 Mechanical Properties of Double Coiled-carbon Nanotubes.....................................................................................270

N.-K. Chang, S.-H. Chang 05p19 Carbon Nanotube Soldering with Gold Nanoink by the Fountain-Pen Technique....................................................274

C. P. R. Dockendorf, M. Steinlin, T.-Y. Choi, D. Poulikakos 05p20 Temperature-dependent Characteristics of Carbon Nanofiber Arrays.......................................................................276

Q. Ngo, Y. Ominami, A. M. Cassell, J. Li, M. Meyyappan, C. Y. Yang 05p21 Fabrication and Characterization of a Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Needle Biosensor .............................................280

Y. H. Yun, A. Bange, V. N. Shanov, W. R. Heineman, H. B. Halsall, Z. Dong, A. Jazieh, Y. Tu, D. Wong, S. Pixley, M. Behbehani, M. J. Schulz

05p22 Assessment of Influence of Finely Dispersed Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries ....264

K.-P. Lee, A. I. Gopalan, K. M. P. Manian, P. Santhosh, K. K. Soo 05p23 Accurate Resistance Modeling for Carbon Nanotube Bundles in VLSI Interconnect...............................................288

Y. Massoud, A. Nieuwoudt 05p24 Tunnel Gap Modulation Spectroscopy: A Scanning Probe High Frequency Nanoscale Oscillator ..........................292

L. Biedermann, C. Lan, R. Reifenberger, J. Therrien 05p25 Single-walled Carbon Nanotube Junctions for Nano-Electronics and Sensors .........................................................295

S. Lastella, G. Mallick, S. P. Karna, Y. Joon, C. Ryu, P. Ajayan

Nanocircuits and Architectures: Manufacturing Issues and Reliability 06p01 A Nanoscale Memory Interface Scheme Based on Hierarchical Memory Mapping .................................................298

G. Venkatasubramanian, R. J. Figueiredo 06p02 Dual-Phase Line-Based QCA Memory Design .........................................................................................................302

B. Taskin, B. Hong 06p03 Nanoelectronic Circuits for Stochastic Computing ...................................................................................................306

N. Yamamoto, H. Fujisaka, K. Haeiwa, T. Kamio 06p04 On Practical Multiplexing Issues...............................................................................................................................310

V. Beiu, M. H. Sulieman 06p05 Novel Architecture Based on Floating Gate CNT-NEMS Switches and Its Application to 3D On-chip Bus beyond CMOS Architecture ................................................................................................................314

S. Fujita, K. Nomura, K. Abe, T. H. Lee 06p06 New Velocity-tuned Filter Using Nanoelectronic Architecture.................................................................................318

W. H. Lee, P. Mazumder

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06p07 Using Super Cut-off Carbon Nanotube Sleep Transistors in Silicon-based Low Power Digital Circuits .................322

A. Raychowdhury, K. Roy 06p08 A Nano-Scale Crossbar with Spin Waves .................................................................................................................326

M. M. Eshaghian-Wilner, A. Khitun, S. Navab, K. L. Wang 06p09 Designing Circuits with Carbon Nanotubes: Open Questions and Some Possible Directions ..................................330

J. Deng, N. Patil, S. Mitra, H.-S. P. Wong 06p10 Towards Defect-Tolerant Nanoscale Architectures...................................................................................................331

C. A. Moritz, T. Wang 06p11 Applications of Quantum Dots in Nanoelectronics and Plasmonics ........................................................................335

P. Mazumder 06p12 Nanocomputing with Probabilistic Logic .................................................................................................................338

J. A. B. Fortes 06p13 Characteristic Comparison of SRAM Cells with 20 nm Planar MOSFET, Omega FinFET and Nanowire FinFET ...............................................................................................................................................339

Y. Li, C.-S. Lu 06p14 Clocking and Cell Placement for QCA......................................................................................................................343

V. Vankamamidi, M. Ottavi, F. Lombardi 06p15 Cost-Driven Repair of a Nanowire Crossbar Architecture ........................................................................................347

Y. Yellambalase, S. Zhang, M. Choi, N. Park, F. Lombardi 06p16 Information-Theoretic Analysis of Three-Dimensional Molecular Integrated Circuits ............................................351

S. E. Lyshevski 06p17 Low-Power Tunable Analog Circuit Blocks Based on Nanoscale Dual-gate MOSFETs..........................................355

S. Kaya, H. F. A. Hamed, J. Starzyk 06p18 Methods and Tools for Reliability Driven Defect- and Fault-tolerant Design of Nanosystems ................................359

D. Bhaduri, S. K. Shukla, P. Graham, M. Gokhale 06p19 Modular Design of Conditional Sum Adders Using Quantum-dot Cellular Automata .............................................363

H. Cho, E. E. Swartzlander Jr. 06p20 Neural Network for Nanoscale Architecture .............................................................................................................367

M. Hé, J.-O. Klein, E. Belhaire, M. Joly, A. Pinna, P. Garda 06p21 Parameter Selection for Single-electron Threshold Logic with Reliability Analysis ................................................371

C. Chen, J. Mi 06p22 Power Dissipation Bounds and Models for Quantum-dot Cellular Automata Circuits .............................................375

S. Srivastava, S. Sarkar, S. Bhanja 06p23 Small-World Power-Law Interconnects for Nanoscale Computing Architectures ....................................................379

C. Teuscher

xviii

06p24 Switching Error Modes of QCA Circuits ..................................................................................................................383

S. Bhanja, S. Sarkar 06p25 Testing for Threshold Logic Circuits Based on Resonant Tunneling Diodes............................................................387

W. Kuang, E. Banatoski 06p26 Timing Verification of QCA Memory Architectures ................................................................................................391

M. Ottavi, L. Schiano, S. Pontarelli, V. Vankamamidi, F. Lombardi 06p27 Towards Accurate and Efficient Reliability Modeling of Nanoelectronic Circuits ...................................................395

E. Taylor, J. Han, J. Fortes

Nanoeducation 07p01 Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Nano-Science, Engineering and Technology Course ...........................................399

S. E. Lyshevski, J. D. Andersen, S. Boedo, L. Fuller, R. Raffaelle, A. Savakis, G. R. Skuse 07p02 Integration of Nanoscale Science and Technology into Undergraduate Curricula ....................................................403

J. Bickle, S. Iyer, T. Mantei, I. Papautsky, M. Schulz, V. Shanov, L. Smith, A. Steckl 07p03 An Introductory Course in Nanoelectronics at the Senior/Graduate Level ...............................................................406

K. P. Roenker 07p04 First Experiences Teaching Experimental Nanoscale Science and Technology to Undergraduates .........................410

. Shanov, Y. Yeo-Heung, L. Smith, S. S. Iyer, S. Jadhav, T. B. Hoang, A. Gorton, M. Schulz, T. Mantei, J. Abel, C. Barbour II, N. D'Souza, C. Direnzi, D. Dlesk Jr., Z. Kier, N. Negassi, R. Schaub, K. Seger, R. Wagner, E. Witt, J. Bickle, I. Paputsky, F. Gerner

Author Index

xix

Volume 2

Nanoelectronics and Nanodevices 08p01 Semiconductor Device Scaling: Physics, Transport, and the Role of Nanowires .....................................................415

D. K. Ferry, R. Akis, A. Cummings, M. J. Gilbert, S. M. Ramey 08p02 Towards a Theory of Single Molecule Conduction...................................................................................................419

A. W. Ghosh, B. Muralidharan, G-C. Liang, S. Datta 08p03 InAs Nanowire Transistors Using Solution-grown Nanowires with Acceptor Doping.............................................422

Q. Hang, D. B. Janes, F. Wang, W. E. Buhro 08p04 Influence of Dopant Concentration on the Electrical Transport at Low Temperature in Silicon Nanowires ............425

I. Ionica, L. Montès, J. Zimmermann, I. Ionica, L. Saminadayar, V. Bouchiat 08p05 Determination of Surface Depletion Thickness of p-Doped Silicon Nanowires Synthesized Using Metal Catalyzed CVD Process........................................................................................................................429

I. Kimukin, L. Do, M. S. Islam, A. F. M. Anwar 08p06 Power Delivery for Nanoscale Processors with Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Interconnects .................................433

M. Budnik, A. Raychowdhury, K. Roy 08p07 Efficient Simulation of Subwavelength Plasmonic Waveguides Using Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi ......................437

A. Hosseini, A. Nieuwoudt, Y. Massoud 08p08 NEMO 3-D and NanoHUB: Bridging Research and Education................................................................................441

G. Klimeck, M. McLennan, M. Mannino, M. Korkusinski, C. Heitzinger, R. Kennell, S. Clark 08p09 ZnO Nanowire Field-effect Transistors: Ozone-induced Threshold Voltage Shift and Multiple Nanowire Effect...445

S. Ju, K. Lee, D. B. Janes 08p10 Single-crystalline ZnO Nanowires Grown on Silicon Wafers...................................................................................449

R. Könenkamp, R. Word, M. Dosmailov 08p11 Ultraviolet Photoresponse of ZnO Tetrapod Nanocrystal Schottky Diodes ..............................................................453

M. C. Newton, P. A. Warburton, S. Firth 08p12 A New Approach for Establishing Electrical Contacts to a Nanowire Array as Applied to Gas Sensing .................457

P. M. Parthangal, M. R. Zachariah, R. E. Cavicchi 08p13 Chemically-functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Ultra-Low-Power Alcohol Vapor Detection...........................................................................................................................................461

M. L. Y. Sin, G. C. T. Chow, W. J. Li, P. Leong, M. K. Wong, K. W. Wong, T. Lee 08p14 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for a Strain-based Magnetometer ........................................................................465

S. A. Getty, G. Kletetschka 08p15 A Novel Hole-based Memory Device Fabricated from Nano ITO Embedded High-k Thin Films ...........................469

Y. Kuo, J. Lu, J. Yan, C.-H. Lin 08p16 A Novel Hybrid PLL Frequency Synthesizer Using Single Electron and MOS Transistors.....................................473

W. Zhang, N.-J. Wu

xx

08p17 Alcohol Sensing using Individual Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes ........................................................................477

S. Desai, B. Nagabhirava, B. Alphenaar, G. Sumanasekera 08p18 Chromium Nanodot-array Deposition Using Atomic Force Microscopy..................................................................480

Hui She, J. Lee, J. E. Morris 08p19 Computing Division in the Electron Counting Paradigm using Single Electron Tunneling Technology..................484

C. Meenderinck, S. Cotofana 08p20 Design of Three-Dimensional Molecular Integrated Circuits and Molecular Architectronics ..................................488

S. E. Lyshevski 08p21 Electron Transport Investigation of Thiophene Oligomers -based Molecular Wires ................................................492

P. Bai, E. Li, E. A. Ong, P. A. Collier, K.-P. Loh, W.-S. Chin 08p22 Electronic Transport Characteristics of Gallium Nitride Nanowire-based Nanocircuits...........................................496

. M. Jacobs, B. W. Jacobs, Q. Chen, L. Udpa, Y. Fan, N. Tram, A. Baczewski, S. Kumar, M. Crimp, J. Halpern, M. He, M. A. Tupta, R. Stallcup, A. Hartman

08p23 Fabrication of a New Cold Cathode Based on Pulsed Laser Deposition of Lanthanum Monosulfide Thin Films ............................................................................................................................................500

M. Samiee, K. Garre, M. Cahay, P. B. Kosel, S. Fairchild, J. W. Frazer, D. J. Lockwood 08p24 Grain Boundary Effect in Sub-100 nm Surrounding-gate Polysilicon Thin Film Transistors ..................................504

Y. Li, B.-S. Lee 08p25 Molecular Origin of Conductivity Threshold in the Solid Electrolyte (Ag2S)x(As2S3)1-x Glasses.............................508

C. Holbrook, P. Chen, D. I. Novita, P. Boolchand 08p26 Multi-Junction Fault Tolerance Architecture for Nanoscale Crossbar Memories ....................................................512

A. Coker, V. Taylor, D. Bhaduri, S. Shukla, A. Raychowdhury, K. Roy 08p27 Operation Limits for MOBILE Followers .................................................................................................................516

J. Núñez, J. M. Quintana, M. J. Avedillo 08p28 Optimizing the Performance of Carbon Nanotube Transistors..................................................................................520

M. Pourfath, H. Kosina, S. Selberherr 08p29 Opto-electronic Properties of InGaAs Quantum Ring Infrared Photodetectors ........................................................524

J.-H. Dai, Y.-L. Lin, S.-C. Lee 08p30 Silicon Nanotips Antireflection Surface for Micro Sun Sensor ................................................................................527

S. Y. Bae, C. Lee, S. Mobasser, H. Manohara

Nanofabrication, Nanolitography, Nanomanipulation, and Nanoimaging 09p01 Single Molecule Substrates for Lithography .............................................................................................................531

M. Norton, D. Neff, S. Day, Z. Grambos, M. Shremshock, H. Butts, H. Cao 09p02 Polymer Coatings on Nano-structured Semiconductor Surfaces ...............................................................................534

R. C. Word, R. Könenkamp

xxi

09p03 DNA-Templated Free-Standing Nanowires with Controllable Dimensions for In-situ TEM Analysis ....................537

S. Mani, J. Han, T. Saif, G. Richter, E. Arzt 09p04 Nanofabrication of Carbon Nanotubes Assisted with Oxygen Gas ...........................................................................540

P. Liu, F. Arai, T. Fukuda 09p05 A CMOS Sensor for Nano-imaging...........................................................................................................................544

S. Li, S. Kleinfelder, L. Jin, N. H. Xuong 09p06 Experimental and Numerical Results for an Aberrationcorrected Photoemission Electron Microscope...................548

R. Könenkamp, T. Jones, J. Elstner, R. Word, G. Rempfer, T. Dixon, L. Almarez, M. Nisenfeld, W. Skoczylas

09p07 Multifunctional Probe Array and Local Vapor Inking Chip for Scanning Probe Nanolithography ..........................551

S. Li, C. Liu, X. Wang 09p08 Controlling Formation of Nanodots and Nanocavities Using Scanning Tunneling Microscope...............................555

. Iancu, A. Deshpande, S.-W. Hla 09p09 Mechanical Manipulation of Hexagonal Phase Boron Nitride Nanowires on the Silicon Substrate Utilizing Atomic Force Microscope ..........................................................................................................558

J.-H. Hsu, S.-H. Chang 09p10 Atomistic Constructions by using Scanning Tunneling Microscope Tip ..................................................................562

A. Deshpande, K. Clark, D. Acharya, J. Vaughn, K.-F. Braun, S.-W. Hla 09p11 Nanotube Suspension Bridges Directly Fabricated from Nanotube-polymer Suspensions by Manual Brushing ..................................................................................................................................................565

S. Pabba, S. M. Berry, M. M. Yazdapanah, R. S. Keynton, R. W. Cohn 09p12 Simulation of Nanoscale Round-Top-Gate Bulk FinFETs with Optimal Geometry Aspect Ratio ..........................569

Y. Li, W.-H. Chen 09p13 High-Throughput Fabrication of Nanoelectrodes on Polymer using Nanoinjection and Trench-Filling Techniques..................................................................................................................................573

M. J. Rust, J. Do, S. H. Lee, C. H. Ahn 09p14 Pattern Generation by Using Multi-step Room-temperature Nanoimprint Lithography ...........................................576

S. Harrer, J. K. W. Yang, K. K. Berggren 09p15 Fabrication of Periodic Nanostructure in Nanoimprint Process ................................................................................580

F.-Y. Chang, H.-Y. Lin, C.-H. Hsueh, S.-H. Chang, T.-C. Wu 09p16 Fabricating Nanoscale Device Features Using the Two-Step NERIME Nanolithography Process...........................584

S. F. Gilmartin, D. Collins, K. Arshak, O. Korostynska, A. Arshak 09p17 Fabrication of OTFT Array on Plastic Substrate by using Nanocontact Printing and Low Temperature Process ....588

J. Jo 09p18 A Study of Self-assembled Mono-layer Deposition Process for the Anti-adhesion of Nano-imprint Stamps...........592

K.-W. Chen, H.-Y. Lin, F.-Y. Chang, S.-H. Chan, T.-C. Wu, J.-F. Lin

xxii

09p19 Electrical Discharges at Small Gap Lengths Stimulated by Femtosecond Laser Pulses ...........................................595

J. Chen, H. Choi, D. F. Farson, S. I. Rokhlin 09p20 Inner Trench Type Tungsten Nano Dot Arrays Patterned by Using Diblock Copolymer Templates and Selective Ion Etching ..........................................................................................................................................599

G. Kang, S.-I. Kim, Y. H. Kim, M. C. Park, Y. T. Kim, C. W. Lee 09p21 Nanofabrication with Ultrasonic Nanoimprint Lithography......................................................................................603

C.-H. Lin, R. Chen 09p22 Design and Construction of an UHV-LT-STM System for Atom Manipulation on MBE Grown Semi-conductor Surfaces ...............................................................................................................................607

D. P. Acharya, K. Clark, J. Vaughn, S. W. Hla 09p23 Automated Atomicscale Construction .......................................................................................................................610

T. Skeini, J. F. Steiner, S. W. Hla

Nanomaterials and Nanostructures: Synthesis and Characterization 10p01 SnO2 Nanorods Prepared by Inductively Coupled Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition ..........................613

Y. C. Lee, O. K. Tan, H. Huang, M. S. Tse, H. W. Lau 10p02 Ge Nanowire Synthesis for Chip-specific Application..............................................................................................616

X. H. Sun, B. Yu, G. A. Calebotta, M. Meyyappan 10p03 Unusual Growth of InP Nanowires Grown on Silicon .............................................................................................620

I. Kimukin, C. D. Johns, C. W. Edgar, M. S. Islam, S. Yi 10p04 Catalyst-free Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on Nonplanar, Polycrystalline Silicon Carbide Substrates for Electrochemical and Photochemical Applications ...............................................................................................624

J. Boeckl, B. L. Riehl, M. Check, E. Blubaugh 10p05 TEM Observation of the Giant Carbon Nanotube Construction Using Langmuir-Blodgett Films............................628

Y. Imaizumi, M. Kushida, Y. Arakawa, F. Arai, T. Fukuda 10p06 Controlled Lateral Growth of ZnO Nanowires Using a Growth Barrier ...................................................................632

J. B. K. Law, J. T. L. Thong 10p07 Characterization of Carbonaceous Impurity Level in As-produced Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes by Using Solution-phase Spectrophotometry ............................................................................................................636

X. Han 10p08 Characterize the Thermal Properties of the Vertical Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Array Used for IC Cooling with Photothermal Method ...............................................................................................................640

Y. Zhang, Y. Xu, X. Wang 10p09 ZnSe Nanorings and Its Cathodoluminescence .........................................................................................................644

Y. P. Leung, W. C. H. Choy, I. Markov, H. C. Ong, G. K. H. Pang 10p10 Synthesis, Characterization and Oxidation Effects of Solid-State Reaction Silicon Nanocrystals............................648

H. W. Lau, O. K. Tan, Y. Liu, T. P. Chen

xxiii

10p11 Low-Temperature Growth of SnO2 Nanoblades and Their Photoluminescence Properties ......................................651

Y.-C. Her, J.-Y. Wu, Y.-R. Lin, S.-Y. Tsai 10p12 Growth Mode of Coherent Si1-xGex Islands on Si(100) .............................................................................................655

D. J. Lockwood, X. Wu, J.-M. Baribeau 10p13 Understanding the Growth Mechanisms of Electron Beam Induced Deposition via a Monte Carlo-based, 3D Growth Simulation ...........................................................................................................659

D. A. Smith, P. D. Rack, J. D. Fowlkes, T. Liang 10p14 Thermal, Electrical Transport, and Structural Characterization of (AgI)X(AgPO3)1-X Glasses.................................662

D. I. Novita, P. Boolchand 10p15 Electrochemical Characteristics of Self Assembled Monolayers of Oligothiophenes...............................................666

T. C. Deivaraj, P. A. Collier, W. T. Kerk, W. S. Chin, K. P. Loh 10p16 Fabrication and Characterization of Self-Organized Alq3 Chiral Thin Film Nanostructures ....................................671

G. D. Dice, P. C. P. Hrudey, B. Szeto, M. J. Brett 10p17 Characterization of Self-assembly and Evolution in Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Field Emitter .............................673

N. Sinha, D. R. Mahapatra, J. T. W. Yeow, R. V. N. Melnik, D. A. Jaffray 10p18 Enhancement of Conductivity for PET Matrix Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes.................................................677

S. H. Shiau, C. Y. Kuo, C. Gau, C. W. Liu, C. H. Lin 10p19 Experimental Research of Influence of Power Ultrasonic on Fine Particles Embedded into the Porous Textile Materials...............................................................................................................................681

J. Ma, A. Yu, C. Liu, W. Xu 10p20 High Thermal Conductivity Nanofluid Fabrication by Continuously-controlled Submerged Arc Nano Synthesis System (CC-SANSS)................................................................................................................686

C.-H. Lo, T.-T. Tsung 10p21 On the Formation of Monodisperse Charged Nanoparticles and Its Applications.....................................................690

W. Song, U. Shumlak, H. X. Wang 10p22 Removal of Catalytic Metal Impurities from SWNTs by In situ Chelation/SFE in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide...694

J. S. Wang, C. M. Wai, J. J. Boeckl, G. Brown, B. Maruyama 10p23 The Columbi Eggs of Nanotechnology .....................................................................................................................698

M. J. Schulz, Y. H. Yun, V. N. Shanov, S. Neralla, S. Yarmolenko, J. Sankar, Y. Tu, A. Gorton, G. Choi, G. Seth, A. Bange, H. B. Halsall, W. Heineman

Nano-optics, Nanophotonics and Nano-optoelectronics 11p01 High-Speed Quantum Dot Lasers and Amplifiers for Optical Data Communication................................................702

M. Kuntz, G. Fiol, C. Szewc, M. Lämmlin, C. Meuer, D. Bimberg, A. Kovsh N. Ledentsov, S. Ferber, C. Schubert, A. Jacob, A. Steffan, A. Umbach

11p02 Selective-area Growth of the Hexagonal Nano-pillars with Single InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Well and Their Temperature-dependence Photoluminescence ..........................................................................................706

L. Yang, J. Motohisa, J. Takeda, K. Tomioka, T. Fukui

xxiv

11p03 Structural and Optical Properties of Axial and Radial Heterostructure III-V Nanowires Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapour Deposition .........................................................................................................710

H. J. Joyce, Y. Kim, Q. Gao, H. H. Tan, C. Jagadish 11p04 Resolving Excitonic and Free Carriers Transitions in Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes Using Field-enhanced Photocurrent Spectroscopy...............................................................................................................712

A. D. Mohite, B. Nagabhirava, T. Bansal, H. Shah, P. Gopinath, G. U. Sumanasekera, B. W. Alphenaar 11p05 Analysis of Photoelectronic Response in Semiconductor Nanowires ......................................................................716

L. Wang, P. Asbeck 11p06 Electroluminescence from Annealed ZnO Nanowires...............................................................................................720

R. Könenkamp, R. Word, M. Godinez, A. Nadarajah 11p07 Accuracy of Single Quantum Dot Registration using Cryogenic Laser Photolithography........................................723

K. H. Lee, A. M. Green, R. A. Taylor, F. C. Waldermann, A. Sena, D. N. Sharp, A. J. Turberfield, F. S. F. Brossard, D. A. Williams

11p08 Photonic Crystal Devices...........................................................................................................................................727

J. O’Brien, M.-H. Shih, T. Yang, M. Bagheri, W. K. Marshall, P. D. Dapkus, D. G. Deppe 11p09 Design and Simulation of an Agile, Fast and Broad-angle Electronically Tunable Beam Steerer Based on Cascaded Photonic Crystals .......................................................................................................................731

H. Tan, D. Klotzkin 11p10 Modeling and Fabrication of a Photonic Crystal-based Wavelength Demultiplexer.................................................735

M. Y. Tekeste, J. M. Yarrison-Rice 11p11 Optimization of Grating Coupler Efficiency for Nanophotonic Device Integration..................................................739

S. A. Masturzo, J. M. Yarrison-Rice, H. E. Jackson, J. T. Boyd 11p12 A Novel Avalanche-free Single Photon Detector ......................................................................................................742

O. G. Memis, S. C. Kong, A. Katsnelson, M. P. Tomamichel, H. Mohseni 11p13 Two Color Squared-lattice Plasmonic Thermal Emitter............................................................................................746

M.-W. Tsai, T.-H. Chuang, Y.-T. Chang, S.-C. Lee 11p14 Ultra High Speed Submonolayer Quantum-Dot Vertical-cavity Surface-emitting Lasers ........................................749

F. Hopfer, A. Mutig, G. Fiol, M. Kuntz, D. Bimberg 11p15 Coupling Length of Metal/Si Surface Plasmons in a Metal/Insulator/Si Structure Perforated with Periodic Square Hole Arrays .............................................................................................................................752

T.-H. Chuang, M.-W. Tsai, Y.-T. Chang, S.-C. Lee 11p16 Electroluminescence in Nano-porous Titania Films..................................................................................................755

R. Könenkamp, R. Word, M. Godinez 11p17 Extraordinary Transmission through Al Metal with Periodic Micro-cell Holes Arranged in the Random Structure ............................................................................................................................................758

Y.-T. Chang, T.-H. Chuang, M.-W. Tsai, C.-Y. Yang, S.-C. Lee 11p18 Nanophotonic Traceable Memory Based on Energy-localization and Hierarchy of Optical Near-fields..................760

M. Naruse, T. Yatsui, T. Kawazoe, Y. Akao, M. Ohtsu

xxv

11p19 Organic Photovoltaic Devices with Nanometer Scale Thickness by Molecular Beam Deposition ...........................764

R. A. Jones, W. Li, J. Hagen, A. J. Steckl

Nanosensors and Nanomembranes 12p01 Carbon Nanotube Array Immunosensor Development..............................................................................................766

A. Bange, H. B. Halsall, W. R. Heineman, Y. H. Yun, M. J. Schulz, V. Shanov 12p02 Three-Dimensional Nano Temperature Sensors: Fabricated Using Focused Ion Beam Chemical Vapour Deposition ....................................................................................................................................770

H. M. M. El-Shimy, F. Arai, T. Fukuda 12p03 iscous Damping of Nanoscale Resonators for Gas Composition Analysis................................................................773

Y. Xu, J-T. Lin, B. W. Alphenaar, R. S. Keynton 12p04 Nanoporous Pd Film Sensors for Detection of High Concentration Hydrogen.........................................................777

D. Ding, Z. Chen 12p05 A New Air Sampler Based on Electrically Charged Liquid Nanodroplets................................................................781

G. Tepper, J. Fenn 12p06 Fabrication of Functional Nanofibrous Ammonia Sensor .........................................................................................783

A. I. Gopalan, K.-P. Lee, K. M. P. Manian, P. Santhosh, K.-D. Song, D.-D. Lee 12p07 Sensing of Bacillus Subtilis Spores with Peptide Functionalized Microcantilevers ..................................................787

B. Dhayal, R. Reifenberger, W. A. Henne, D. D. Doorneweerd, P. S. Low 12p08 Single Carbon, Nanotube-based Ion Sensor for Gas Detection .................................................................................790

J. Zhang, N. Xi, H. Chan, G. Li 12p09 Design and Testing of a Wireless Portable Carbon Nanotube-based Chemical Sensor System................................794

J. Calusdian, X. Yun, J. Li, Y. Lu, M. Meyyappan 12p10 Development of CNT-based Sensor Array on a MUMPs Chip.................................................................................798

K. W. C. Lai, N. Xi, W. J. Li, C. P. Kwong 12p11 Parylene-C Embedded CNT-based MEMS Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors Using DEP Nanoassembly .................802

M. Q. H. Zhang, C. K. M. Fung, G. C. T. Chow, W. J. Li, P. Leong 12p12 Evaluation of Fluid Flow Through Micromachined Nanoporous Membranes using a Custom-built Automated Testing and Data Acquisition System .....................................................................................................806

R. A. Smith, C. A. Zorman, A. J. Fleischman, S. Roy 12p13 Synthesis and Characterization of Cu/CoFe2O4 Magnetic Nanocomposite for RFIC Application............................810

T. Y. Chao, Y. T. Cheng 12p14 Current-block Nanoelectrode Array for Label-free Detection of Proteins and Short DNA Strands..........................814

J. Dong, R. G. Egbert, B. A. Parviz 12p15 Electroactive Polymer Actuation at the Nanoscale....................................................................................................818

A. S. Lee, J. V. Ly, S. F. Peteu, M. E. Thompson, C. Zhou, A. A. G. Requicha

xxvi

Spintronics, Nanomagnetics, Quantum Computing 13p01 Fabrication of Short-channel Individual Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes Devices for Spin Transport Measurements .............................................................................................................................822

T. Bansal, B. Nagabhirava, A. D. Mohite, P. Gopinath, G. U. Sumanasekera, B. W. Alphenaar 13p02 Influence of Impurity Scattering on Spin Injection Efficiency at a Ferromagnet/Semiconductor Interface..............826

J. Wan, M. Cahay, S. Bandyopadhyay 13p03 Spin-polarized Electron Transport via a C60 Molecule ..............................................................................................830

H. He, R. Pandey, S. P. Karna 13p04 An All Electrical Spin Detector .................................................................................................................................834

S. Salahuddin, S. Datta 13p05 Spin Polarization Control in Two-Dimensional Electron Systems: Enhanced Zeeman Splitting and Spin–Orbit Interaction Effects ............................................................................................................................838

A. T. Ngo, J. M. Villas-Bôas, S. E. Ulloa 13p06 Decoherence of Dynamically-manipulated Qubits ....................................................................................................842

V. Privman, D. Solenov 13p07 Transverse Spin Relaxation Times in an Ensemble of Electrochemically Self-assembled CdS Quantum Dots .......846

S. Pramanik, B. Kanchibotla, S. Bandyopadhyay 13p08 Magnetic Resonance Coupled with Electric and Spin Currents in NiFe Nanostructures ..........................................850

E. Saitoh 13p09 High Frequency, Domain-wall Motion and Magnetization Rotation of Patterned Permalloy Films under External Magnetic Field Excitation ................................................................................................................853

S. Azeemuddin, A. Hoffmann, R. Divan, M. J. Donahue, S. H. Chung, P. Wang 13p10 The Advantages of Magnetic Field Control of Charge within Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Superlattices .......857

H. L. Grubin 13p11 Enhancing Dependability through Quantum Entanglement in a Real-Time Distributed System ..............................859

Y.-H. Chou, I-M. Tsai, S.-Y. Kuo 13p12 Quantum Authentication and Secure Communication Protocols ..............................................................................863

T.-S. Lin, I-M. Tsai, H.-W. Wang, S.-Y. Kuo, T.-S. Lin 13p13 First Principles Investigation of Electronic Structure, Magnetic Properties and Spin Polarized Conductance of Self-assembled Molecular Monolayers (SAMs) on Ni(111) Substrate ...................867

R. Pati, S. K. Nayak 13p14 Charging Characteristics of a Few Electron Triple Lateral Quantum Dot System in GaAs/AlGaAs........................871

S. Studenikin, L. Gaudreau, A. Sachrajda, P. Zawadzki, A. Kam, J. Lapointe, M. Korkusinski, P. Hawrylak

13p15 Implementation of Three Qubit Quantum Logic Gates in Ballistic Nanowires.........................................................875

A. Sarkar, A. Patwardhan, T. K. Bhattacharyya

xxvii

13p16 Quantum Entanglement and Its Applications on Secure Computation......................................................................878

Y.-H. Chou, I-M. Tsai, S.-Y. Kuo 13p17 A Pedagogical Approach to Quantum Computing using Spin-1/2 Particles .............................................................882

Prashant, N. Chaudhary 13p18 Circuit Models for Small Signal Performance of Spin 1/2 Quantum Systems ..........................................................886

P. P. Civalleri, M. Gilli, M. Bonnin

System Integration (Nano/Micro/Macro), NEMS, and Actuators 14p01 Synthetic Molecular Machines...................................................................................................................................890

M. A. Lyshevski 14p02 Growth and Hydrogen Sensing Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Using an MEMS Approach .................................894

W. Wei, M. Bachman, G. P. Li 14p03 Fabrication of an Insulated Probe on a Self-assembled Metallic Nanowire for Electrochemical Probing in Cells.........................................................................................................................898

A. Safir, M. M. Yazdanpanah, S. Pabba, S. D. Cambron, F. P. Zamborini, R. S. Keynton, R. W. Cohn 14p04 Shell Engineering of Carbon Nanotube Arrays by Current Driven Breakdown........................................................901

A. Subramanian, L. Dong, D. Frutiger, B. J. Nelson 14p05 A Suspended Au Nanowire Bridge with Functionalized Self-assembled Monolayers (SAMs) ................................905

Z. Zou, J. Kai, C. H. Ahn 14p06 Design of a 6DOF, Stewart-type Nanoscale Platform ..............................................................................................909

Y. Ting, H.-C. Jar, C.-C. Li 14p07 The Implementation of a Novel Magnified Cascade Configuration Using a Vertical Electrostatic Actuator ..........913

J. C. Chiou, C. F. Kuo, Y. J. Lin 14p08 A Potentiometric Sensor System with Integrated Circuitry for in situ Environmental Monitoring...........................917

A. Das, P. Bhadri, F. R. Beyette Jr., A. Jang, P. Bishop, W. Timmons 14p09 An Integrated Amperiometric Sensor for in situ Environmental Monitoring............................................................921

A. Das, P. Bhadri, F. R. Beyette Jr., A. Jang, P. Bishop, W. Timmons 14p10 Nanofixation with Low Melting Metal Based on Nanorobotic Manipulation ...........................................................925

M. Nakajima, F. Arai, T. Fukuda 14p11 Out-of-Plane CMOS-MEMS Resonator with Electrostatic Driving and Piezoresistive Sensing ..............................929

J. C. Chiou, Y. J. Lin, L. J. Shieh

Author Index ............................................................................................................................................................933