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3

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report entitled by -

Mohammed. Sharf Bin Parvez (Roll No. 0713835029)

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND

INSTRUMENTATION of the B.B.S COLLEGE OFENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, Allahabad during the year

2010, is a bonafide record of work carried out under our guidance and

supervision.

The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to

any other University or Institution for the award of any degree or

diploma.

(Deputy Manager) (Department Head)

Mr. Mohd. Wasiq Mr.Vishal Gaurav

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Index :S.no Contents Page no.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

One who is learning to walk can see assurance in the several hands

that are there tohold him/her against faltering and several voices that

can cheer him on.

I have drawn this analogy to script my gratitude towards several

people who have facilitated my steps toward this project.This section is mainly to acknowledge my sincere thanks to those who

have helped me in bringing out this project who have been always

supportive and considerate during the course of the project.

With deep sense of gratitude I would like to take this opportunity to

expressmy special thanks to honorable Mr. Vishal Gaurav

(Manager RF department), Lucknow who allowed access to his

cluster and gave me the freedom to use the facilities available in the

vicinity of the cluster.

I am immensely grateful and indebted to my project guide Mr.

Mohd. Wasiq (Deputy Manager RF Department, Lucknow) who

assigned us the project and was always a sincere advisor, mentor and

an inspiring force behind this report. He has been extremely generous

with his time and rendered us all possible help to see this work

complete.

In addition to them we would also like to thanks other employees ofTata Indicom, friends who were the motivating force behind this

project.

Mohd. Sharf Bin Parvez

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PREFACE

The field of telecom professional study is incomplete without

practicalknowledge. Therefore, summer training program is designed

to provide a glimpse of real work environment of organization.

These real life situations are entirely different from the simulatedexercises in all artificial environments inside the classroom. This fact

consolidates the session of summer training in B.Tech. curriculum.

Training can be described as a planned process to modify attitude,

knowledge or skill behavior through learning experience to achieve

effective performance in an activity or range of activities.

In order to achieve practical positive and concert results, theclassroom had to be effectively wedded to the realities of the

situation existing outside the classroom to develop managerial and

administrative skills.

The project has been written in simple words to explain the

competition in real life situations.

We expect that this work will be helpful for us as well as upcoming

trainees of Tata Teleservices Limited.

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INTRODUCTION TO THEPROJECT

AIM

Understanding of TTSLs CDMA network architecture, working of coreentities, site survey ,equipment handling and resolution activities under RFoptimization .

CHALLENGE

To implement newer and better methods for optimizing network and resolvingissues within given time frame (SLA) for efficient working of sites and happiercustomers.

BENEFITS FOR THE ORGANIZATION FROM THE

STUDY

The project will help organization in following way:

1.Site survey data collected would help in rollout for new towns.

2.Resolution/Rectification of customer complaints through optimizationwould help in CSAT.

3. To study the effectiveness of free flow of information between themanagement and the employees.

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The Tata Communications headquarters at Fort, Mumbai.

VSNL roots back to two telegraph companies, Eastern Telegraph Company

(ETC,founded 1872) and Indian Radio Telegraph Company (IRT, founded

1927).

In 1932 the two merged to form Indian Radio and Cable Communications

Company (IRCC).

In 1986, VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited which translates to OverseasTelecommunication Corporation Limited in English was incorporated as a

wholly owned government entity.

In 2000, Tata Group acquires a controlling stake in VSNL, Tata Indicom, the

umbrella brand for Tata Telecom Services, starts operation.

In 2002, The Indian Government privatized VSNL. The Tata Group holds 46%

stake in VSNL. The Indian government holds 26% stake.

In 2004, VSNL International is launched.

In 2005, VSNL acquires Tyco Global Network, becoming one of the worldslargest providers of submarine cable bandwidth.

In 2006, VSNL acquires Teleglobe, growing its global reach, operational

strengths, and deep carrier relationships.

In 2007, Tata Group acquires a controlling stake in Neotel, the No 2 provider in

South Africa.

In 2008, Tata Communications became the unified global brand for VSNL,

VSNL International, Teleglobe, Tata Indicom Enterprise Business Unit, and

CIPRIS.In November 2009, it has launched GSM called TATA DOCOMO.

TATA TELESERVICES LTD.

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Tata Teleservices is part of the Tata Group. Tata Teleservicesspearheads the Groups presence in the telecom sector. Incorporated

in 1996, Tata Teleservices was the first to launch CDMA mobile

services in India with the Andhra Pradesh circle.

The company acquired Hughes Telecom (India) Limited [now renamed

Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Limited] in December 2002. With a

total Investment of Rs 19,924 Crore, Tata Teleservices has created a

Pan India presence spread across 20 circles that includes Andhra

Pradesh, Chennai, Gujarat, J & K, Karnataka, Delhi, Maharashtra,Mumbai, North East, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Bihar, Rajasthan, Punjab,

Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh (E), Uttar Pradesh (W),

Kerala, Kolkata, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.

Having pioneered the CDMA 3G1x technology platform in India, Tata

Teleservices has established 3G ready telecom infrastructure. It

partnered with Motorola, Ericsson, Lucent and ECI Telecom for the

deployment of its telecom network. Some of the other productslaunched by the company include prepaid wireless desktop phones,

public phone booths, new mobile handsets and new voice & data

services such as BREW games, Voice Portal, picture messaging,

polyphonic ring tones, interactive applications like news, cricket,

astrology, etc.

Tata Indicom "Non Stop Mobile" allows pre-paid cellular customers to

receive free incoming calls.

Tata Teleservices Limited along with Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra)

Limited have a subscriber base of 36 million customers (as of April

2009) in more than 5,000 towns. Tata Teleservices has also acquired

GSM licenses for specific circles in India.

Tata Teleservices is an unlisted entity. Tata Group and group firms own

the majority of the company, NTT docomo holds 26% while investor C.

Sivasankaran holds 8%.

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VISION:-

Trusted service to 100 million happy customers by 2011.

MISSION:-

To empower every Indian to connect with world affordably.

VALUE:-

Leadership with humility.

Fairness through meritocracy.

Trust based on accountability.

Excellence in execution.

Tenacity for results.

Pioneering spirit.

SENIOR MANAGEMENT:-

The Board of Directors for TTSL includes Tata SonsChairman Mr. Ratan N.Tata, while the company is

currently headed by its Managing Director, Mr. Anil

Kumar Sardana.

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PARTNERS OF TTSL:-To ensure superior transmission quality for our customers, we use the best

technology available.

To achieve this, TTSL has entered into partnership with various international

leaders like:

QUALCOMM, Tata Teleservices Limited, India's fastest-growing pan-

India telecom service provider, today announced the launch of a unique

Quick finder A-GPS (Assisted Global Positioning System) service. The first-of-its-kind location-based service will be available exclusively to Tata

Indicom subscribers, and is powered by Qualcomm's Point solution and

pone technology integrated into Qualcomm chipsets.

Motorola, Huawei and ZTE, the worlds leading manufacturer of telecom

Network equipment, to set up the core network Infrastructure.

Alcatel Lucent, for microwave and TATA Communications LTD. for

optical transmission network.

TATA Consultancy Services, to help implement and integrate IT systems.

QUIPPO, Tata Teleservices Limited, the countrys youngest and fastest-

growing pan-India telecom service provider, and Quippo TelecomInfrastructure Limited, promoted by the Kanorias of SREI Infrastructure

Finance Limited, today announced the merger of their passive infrastructure

businesses to create Indias largest Independent Telecom Infrastructure

Company.

DOCOMO, Tata Teleservices, the Indian mobile operator, launched

its GSM services branded under the name Tata DoCoMo, reflecting the nameof its shareholder and partner, Japanese Telco NTT DoCoMo. Tata DoCoMo

initially launched its services in the Southern region of India.

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BRANDING:-

Tata Teleservices operates under five different brands-

Tata Indicom, Tata Teleservices is the pioneer of the CDMA 1xtechnology platform in India. It launched mobile operations in January 2005

under the brand name Tata Indicom and today enjoys a pan-India presence

through existing operations in all of Indias 22 telecom Circles.

Tata DOCOMO , Tata Teleservices has so far launched GSM servicesunder the TATA DOCOMO brand name in 17 telecom Circles, and the

remaining part of the country is also expected to be covered shortly.

Tata Walky, which is the brand for fixed wireless phones.

Tata Photon, The companys brand that provides a variety of options forwireless mobile broadband access.

Virgin Mobile, Tata Teleservices (TTSL),launched Virgin Mobile, a unitof British communications group Virgin Media, in India. Virgin Mobile

branded services are being offered to the Indian consumers by Tata Teleservices

through a brand franchise with Virgin Mobile.

T24, TTSL recently entered into a strategic partnership agreement withIndian retail giant Future Group to offer mobile telephony services under a new

brand name-T24-on the GSM platform. The exciting new brand was unveiled in

February and it has commenced the GSM operations under the brand name T24inAndhra Pradesh and will roll out services in other circles shortly.

MARKETPRESENCE:-Tata Indicom in March 2008 crossed the 24 million subscribers mark in the

wireless category with an overall subscriber base of over 25 million.

It has a current subscriber base of 24.3 million and a 9.33% cumulative market

share. Tata Indicom continues to register the highest CAGR at 113% in the

wireless segment with a net base of 12.8 million against a starting base of 11.8million.

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TELECOM CELLULAR OPERATORS AND THEIR MARKET

SHARE :

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Introduction to CDMA:

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a radically new concept inwireless communications. It has gained widespread international acceptanceby cellular radio system operators as an upgrade that will dramaticallyincrease both their system capacity and the service quality.

Code Division Multiple Access technology emerged as an alternative to theGSM cellular architecture and has shared in the past decades explosive

growth in the wireless market. CDMA,like GSM, has seen incrementalimprovements in capacity throughout this period. Now both types of networksare making a transition to third-generation (3G) systems around the globe,offering yet more capacity and data services.

Network architecture of cdma network :

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WIRELESS NETWORK TECHNOLOGY AND COMP

ONENTS

1X NETWORK OVERVIEW

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The diagram shows a simplified CDMA network. Each network

component is illustrated only once, however, many of the components

will occur several times throughout a network. This provides flexibility

and enables a network provider to utilize system components from

different manufacturers. For example, a Motorola BSS equipment may

be coupled with a Cisco System.

The principle components of a CDMA network are:

THE MOBILEThis consists of the mobile telephone, fax machine, etc. This is the

part of the network that the subscriber will see.

THE RADIO ACCESS NETWORK

This is the part of the network which provides the radio interconnection

from the Mobile to the land-based switching equipment.

THE NETWORK MANAGEMENT CENTER

This enables the network provider to configure and maintain the network

from a central location.

THE SWITCH

This consists of the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). This is the part

which provides for interconnection between the CDMA network and the

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

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PACKET DATA NETWORK

This supports evolution towards an IP-based, peer-to-peer

network, providing circuit and packet data components.

VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)

The VLR database contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed

by the mobile services switching center (MSC) in order to service visiting subscribers.

When a mobile station roams into a new mobile services switching center (MSC) area,

the visitor location register (VLR) connected to that MSC will request data about the

mobile station from the HLR, reducing the need for interrogation of the home location

register (HLR).

AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AC)

The AC provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the user's

identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The authentication center (AUC)

also protects network operators from fraud.

OPERATION AND ADMINISTRATION (OAM)The OAM is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and

controls the system. The purpose of operation and support system is to offer support

for centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that are

required for a CDMA network

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MOBILE STATIONThe CDMA mobile station (or mobile phone) communicates with other parts of

the system through the base-station system.

BASE STATION (BS)The base station (BS) handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The base

station is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas).

BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)The BSC provides the control functions and physical links between the MSC and

BTS. It provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data and control of

RF power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by a

MSC.

MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC)The MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It also

performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel

signaling, and others.

HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)The HLR database is used for storage and management of subscriptions.

The home location register stores permanent data about subscribers,including a subscriber's service profile, location information, and activity

status.

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CODE CHANNELS USED IN CDMA:-A code channel is a stream of data designated for a specific user or person. This

channel may be voice or data or overhead control data. There are two basic links

from BTS to mobile unit and from mobile to BTS i.e. forward link and reverse link

respectively. These links use different types of channels.

1) FORWARD LINK CHANNELS

The forward link uses four types of channels to transmit voice and control data tothe mobile. The types of forward link channels are:

PILOT CHANNEL

The BTS constantly transmits the pilot channel. The mobile uses the pilot signal to

acquire the system. It then uses the pilot signal to monitor and adjust the power

needed in order to transmit back to the BTS.

SYNC CHANNELThe BTS constantly transmits over the sync channel so the mobile can synchronize

with the BTS. It provides the mobile with the system time and the identification

number of the cell site. The mobile ignores the sync channel after it is synchronized

.

PAGING CHANNEL

CDMA uses up to seven paging channels. The paging channel transmits overheadinformation such as commands and pages to the mobile. The paging channel also

sends commands and traffic channel assignment during call setup. The mobile

ignores the paging channel after a traffic channel is established.

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TFORWARD LINK TRAFFIC CHANNELS

CDMA uses between 55 and 61 forward traffic channels to send both voice and

overhead control data during a call. Once the call is completed, the mobile tunes

back in to the paging channel for commands and pages.

2) REVERSE LINK CHANNELS

The reverse link uses two types of channels to transmit voice and control data to

the BTS.

The types of reverse link channels are:

ACCESS CHANNEL

The mobile uses the access channel when not assigned to a traffic channel. The

mobile uses the access channel to:

Originate the calls

Respond to pages and commands from the base station

Transmit overhead messages to the base station.

REVERSE LINK TRAFFIC CHANNELThe reverse traffic channel is only used when there is a call. The reverse traffic

channel transmits voice data to the BTS. It also transmits the overhead control

information during the call.

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Call processing :The cdma technology handles call differently than tama technique. Thetheoretical aspects of using spread spectrum in a strong interference environment

have been known for over forty years. It is only recently that practicalimplementations became feasible when coma came into procession. In thebeginning, the spread spectrum technology was developed and used for militarypurposes and their implementations were too expensive for the commercialapplications. New technological advancements such as VLSI, and advancedsignal processing techniques made it possible to develop less expensive spreadspectrum equipment for civilian use.

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CALLPROCESSING STAGESThere are four stages or modes in CDMA call processing:

INITIALIZATION MODEDuring initialization, the mobile:

- Acquires the system via the Pilot Code Channel

- Synchronizes with the system via the Sync Code Channel.

IDLE MODEThe mobile is not involved in a call during idle mode, but it must stay in

communication

with the base station

- The mobile and the base station communicate over the access and paging

code channels.

-The mobile obtains overhead information via the paging code channel.

ACCESS MODEThe mobile accesses the network via the Access code channel during call

origination. The Access channel and Paging channel carry the required call

setup communication between the mobile phone and the BTS until a traffic

channel is established.

TRAFFIC MODE During a Land To Mobile (LTM) call:

a. The mobile receives a page on the paging channel

b. The mobile responds on the access channel.

c. The traffic channel is established and maintained throughout the call.

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A successful call set-up scenario is illustrated in Figure .This standard message sequence chartoutlines a series of steps, summarized in items 1-12 to follow. Note that this explanationbypasses the radio reception/transmission activities of the BTS, concentrating instead on theprotocol functions that begin with the Origination dialogue between the mobile and the BSC.

1. To register for packet data services, the mobile sends an Origination Message over theAccess Channel to the BSS

2. The BS acknowledges the receipt of the Origination Message, returning a Base StationAsk Order to the mobile.

3. The BS constructs a CM Service Request message and sends the message to the MSC.4. The MSC sends an Assignment Request message to the BSS requesting assignment of

radio resources. No terrestrial circuit between the MSC and the BS is assigned to thepacket data call.

5. The BS and the mobile perform radio resource set-up procedures.The PCF recognizes that no A10 connection associated with this mobile is available andselects a PDSN for this data call.

6. The PCF sends an A11-Registration Request message to the selected PDSN.7. The A11-Registration Request is validated and the PDSN accepts the connection byreturning an A11-Registration Reply message.Both the PDSN and the PCF create a binding record for the A10 connection.

8. After the radio link and A10 connection are set-up, the BS sends an AssignmentComplete message to the MSC

9. The mobile and the PDSN establish the link layer (PPP) connection and then perform theMIP registration procedures over the link layer (PPP) connection.

10. After completion of MIP registration, the mobile can send/receive data via GRE framingover the A10 connection.

11. The PCF periodically sends an A11-Registration Request message for refreshingregistration for the A10 connection.

12. For a validated A11-Registration Request, the PDSN returns an A11-Registration Replymessage.

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HANDOFF IN CDMAHandoff is the process of transferring a call

from one cell to another. This is necessary

to continue the call as the phone travels.

CDMA is unique in how it handles handoff.

CDMAhas two primary types of handoff:

1) CDMASoft handoff

2) CDMAHard handoff

CDMA SOFT HANDOFF

A soft handoff establishes a connection with the new BTS prior to breaking

the connection with the old one. This is possible because CDMAcells use the

same frequency and because the mobile uses a rake receiver. The CDMA

mobile assists the network in the handoff. The mobile detects a new pilot as

it travels to the next coverage area. The new base station then establishes a

connection with the mobile. This new communication link is established

while the mobile maintains the link with the old BTS.

Soft handoffs are also called "make-before-break."

CDMA HARD HANDOFF

A hard handoff requires the mobile to break the connection with the old BTS

prior to making the connection with the new one. CDMA phones use a hard

handoff when moving from a CDMA system to an analog system because

soft handoffs are not possible in analog systems. A Pilot Beacon Unit (PBU)

at the analog cell site alerts the phone that it is reaching the edge of CDMA

coverage. The phone switches from digital to analog mode as during the hard

handoff. Hard handoffs are also called "break-before-make."

The CDMA hard handoff may be used when moving from a CDMA networkto an analog one. Analog to CDMA handoff is not available due to the

limitations of analog technology.

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BTS integration and call testing:

This consists following steps:

Power Up Procedure

At first, when the power is given to the BTS before starting actually it goes through variousstages. In the beginning BTS searches its BSC and BSC searches for the BTS to which ithas to send the information. Thos searching is done on the microwave link( can also bedone on the optical fiber link or which ever is present ). When the searching is successfullycompleted the link gets established then the BSC gives command to BTS through GLI toestablish synchronization with GPS and generate a clock fully synchronized with GPSwhich is used in the entire CDMA network after this the second stage of BTS boot up isinitiated.

Software Download

With the synchronization being completed and the CSM card being active the turn on of

other cards in order to get their active stage, starts by downloading the respective softwarewhich are nothing but the instructions there functionality. This process is relatively quickerthan the GSM synchronization. In this stage, the various RF parameters such as town ID,site ID, lat / long PN nos and PN offsets, are downloaded by BTS from BSC.

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BTS Boot Up MonitoringThis is a very important stage in the commissioning of BTS. As the BTS

cannot start until all its cards are in service so it waits for the time till all itscomponents become active to avoid any malfunctioning and un desirable site downevents.

Starting of the BTS

When all he cards and all the relative things have gained there active tenure thenthe operation of the BTS ins started by switching the LPAS on. This turns on theBTS. In this step , all the downloaded RF parameters are cross checked and BTSgets ready to provide the RF link between the antenna and mobile station.

Checking the BTS and RFParameters

Before starting the actual call processing various parameters are to be verified. Atfirst, the various BTS components are checked to ensure there proper functionality

when every thing is found in order it comes to checking of various alarms At theBTS site various deliberate faults are generated to trigger all the alarms so that themonitoring of all the problems that can occur with BTS in the course of itsoperation can be insured . After this various RF parameter are checked. The call ismade from different antenna sectors to OMC- R to verify PN allotted to differentantenna in a site. Similarly other RF parameters are also checked.

EnablingCallProcessing

When all the verification are completed and BTS is found ready for all itsfunctionality then call processing is started. The traffic channel is allotted to theusers as per their requirements and call processing is initiated.

RF Drive Analysis

After installation and starting up the site the RF drives are conducted at certain

periods to ensure the connectivity coverage and single \quality in there highstandards. If any problem is identified it is rectified by the BSS department toensure uninterrupted call processes.

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ADVANTAGES OF CDMA:

1) COVERAGE:CDMA's features result in coverage that is between 1.7 and 3 times that of TDMA:

Power control helps the network dynamically expand the coverage area. Coding and

interleaving provide the ability to cover a larger area for the same amount of

available power used in other systems.

2) CAPACITY:CDMA capacity is ten to twenty times that of analog systems, and it's up to fourtimes that of TDMA. Reasons for this include:

CDMA's universalfrequency reuse

CDMAusers are separated by codes,not frequencies

Powercontrol minimizes interference, resulting in maximized capacity.

CDMA's soft handoff also helps increase capacity. This is because a soft handoff

requires less power.

3) CLARITY:Often CDMA systems can achieve "wire line" clarity because of CDMA's strongdigital processing.Specifically:

The rake receiver reduces errors

The variable rate vocoder reduces the amount of data transmitted per person,

reducing interference.

The soft handoff also reduces power requirements and interference.

Power control reduces errors by keeping power at an optimal level.

CDMA's wide band signal reduces fading.

Encodingand interleavingreduce errors that result from fading

4) COST:CDMA's better coverage and capacity result in cost benefits:

Increased coverage per BTS means fewer are needed to cover a given area. This

reduces infrastructure costs for the providers.

Increasedcapacity increases the service provider's revenue potential.

CDMA costs per subscriber have steadily declined since 1995 for both cellular and

PCS applications.

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5) COMPATIBILITY:CDMA phones are usually dual mode. This means they can work in both CDMA systems

and analog cellular systems. Some CDMAphones are dual band as well as dual mode. They

can work in CDMA mode in the PCS band, CDMA mode in the cellular band, or analog

mode in an analog cellular network.

6) CUSTOMER SATISFACTION:CDMA results in greater customer satisfactionbecause CDMA providesbetter:

Voice quality

Longer battery life due to reduced power requirementsNo cross-talk because of CDMA's unique coding

Privacy--again, because of coding.

CDMA infrastructure is widespread and sure to form the basis for broadpenetration of CDMA networks. cdma2000 and other 3G technologies bring

telecommunications into the packet switched domain, adding a host of newservices and network complexities in the process.Troubleshooting activities now require an understanding of both traditionaltelecom concepts related to the circuit-switched domain and newdatacom concepts related to the packet switched-domain. Networkoperation and maintenance personnel must refine their processes to meetcomplex new troubleshooting challenges. These range frommisconfiguration problems to duplicated IP addresses and more. Protocol

analysis tools can play a bigger role than ever in keeping a network runningefficiently. Features such as multi-interface call tracing and protocol filteringwill become critical to the job of maintenance.

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SITE STRUCTUREThe basic structure of the network is shown in the figure. The components are described

below:1) Microwave Antenna

2) ODU (Out Door Unit)

3) IDU (In Door Unit)

4) MUX

5) DDF (Digital DistributionFrame)

6) BTS (Base station TransceiverSubsystem)

7) Sector antenna

8) GPS antenna

1)MICROWAVE ANTENNA:MW antenna is used to transmit MW signal in air. This antenna is a directional antenna

(DA). It means it will transmit in one direction only. This is used to connect E1 link

between two sites. Two MW antennas are there in each site to establish a ring network. It

sends traffic to BSC (Base Station Controller). The transmitting frequency is in terms of

GHz. Parabolic types of antenna are used in TTSL.

2) ODU (OUT DOOR UNIT):ODU is attached to the MW antenna. Its function is to modulate the incoming signal from

IDU with higher carrier frequency signal. Means frequency up conversion is performedhere.

3) IDU (IN DOOR UNIT):IDU converts between RF (Radio Frequency) signal and optical signal. To establish ring

network more then one IDU can be required.

4)BTS :BTS stands for Base Station Transceiver Subsystem. BTS is connected with GPS antenna

via RF cable. The CDMA signal is processed by BTS. BTS include filters, amplifier and

other control module. BTS receive and transmit signal via sectorantenna.

Following Functions areperformed by BTS:

Radio/Antenna Interconnect,RF Modem

Power control

Handoff (soft/softer)

5)GPS SYSTEM:A GPS stands for Global Positioning System. A GPS receiver is located in the BTS and is

connected to antenna via RF cable. This provides synchronization signal and timing signal

to CDMA network for channel coding. This antenna communicates with satellite

continuously.

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FIELD OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURES

There are a number of problems that CDMA systems encounter over and overduring the optimization process. The following section brakes down these issues

into two parts: general optimization problems and unique scenarios.

COMMON PROBLEMS WITH GENERAL OPTIMIZATION

NO DOMINANTPILOT:

The overwhelming cause of dropped calls and setup failures in CDMA systems is

the lack of a dominant pilot in the area of the mobile. A lack of dominance is

revealed in low Ec/Io levels, numerous pilots with similar values of Ec/Io, and four

or more pilots above the TAdd threshold.

Optimization Techniques The best options for creating a dominant pilot in an area

are antenna adjustments and modification of the sifpilotpwr. In most cases, antenna

down tilt will be the best fix for eliminating overshoot from a second-tier cell.

Down tilt, along with antenna azimuth changes are a good ways to focus the energyof the sector into or out of a problem area.

If these solutions are not an option or do not work, the power of the sector can be

modified by changing the sifpilotpwr.

The tendency seems to be to increase pilot powers all around the area until a

solution or until all the cells are up to their max sift-pilot power level. Its better to

try to pull back SHO boundaries by reducing the power. This has the benefit of

keeping forward link power at a minimum, thus reducing overall interference and

saving room for the LPA.One method to see which pilot would best cover a region is to pick the hoped for

best server and turn back the other cells. This will check to see if the cell can cover

the region if the others cells are out of the way. If this step is successful, the other

cells can be turned up slowly to see which set of pilots works best in the local area.

Systems that have the fast pilot shuffling feature (release 2.5.2 and later) will rarely

require optimization of handoff parameters on a sector by sector basis. Its a

common mistake to try to speed up handoffs in areas with a lack of dominance.

This technique does not usually help the dropped call rate and only causes

additional handoffs, exacerbating issues of MM capacity.

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UNIQUE OPTIMIZATION CASES

ORIGINATION AND HANDOFF TO FAR (>4 MILES) AWAY SITES

BACKGROUND

There are several search windows that may need to be increased

for sites that have a greater radius than four or five miles.

OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

The access channel range is determined by the cell radius. Calls which

are attempted beyond this range will fail and will not show up in the call

stats from the CBSCs perspective. Also, the tchacqwinsz needs to be set

at least as large as this radius to get the mobile onto the traffic channel.Additionally, the mobile search windows for the active,

neighbor, and remaining set pilots need to be large enough such that the

mobile will search far enough in time to see rays from far away sights.

Otherwise, the mobile will never scan these rays and hence, could not

enter into soft handoff with these sectors.

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The various activities that I have been a part of in Tatateleservices were mainly :

a) The interference issue .

b) The site survey .c) The site breakdown resolution.d) Drive test .e) Hand off issue .f) Repeater installation .g) HSIA speed test .h) 1 x speed test .i) Site optimization .

j) Resetting of CSM(clock sync module).

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PRACTICAL WORK

Activity 1: Interference Issue

Objective:Resolution of complaints arising from interference issue

Task performed :

On, 25th June 2010 we got a complaint from the HyperSpencer which was in Fun Republic Mall, Lucknow.R.F. team explores the problem of no network coverage

on the location and in surrounding area.Various troubleshooting activities for interference fromexternal source was done and later issue resolved.

Equipment Required :

Testing handsetsLaptopDrive Test Analysis SoftwareTesting kit comprises of antenna, connecting cablesand UPS

Receiver and Spectrum Analyzer

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Resolution Procedure :On Friday 25 June 2010 visited problematic location and found issueof no network coverage, all the nearby covering BTS has been checkedfor alarms and call stats were found working properly.Also all the nearest sites that were present of the different operatoridentified and respective site owners called on for checking theirsite/sectors i.e. if there sectors is malfunctioning or not workingproperly.Drive test was carried out to know the actual affected region.In the evening we met with the RF team of Reliance Infocom (whichis also on CDMA platform) and requested to check out their site atMagnum Plaza.They assured that their site is working properly and concern issue isnot from their site. Still we have a doubt, as our testing handsets wasacquiring three S.I.D. (Service ID) as well as three N.I.D. (NetworkID), when it was in searching mode.After doing the primary activity the day ended up with less findings.On Saturday 26 June 2010, we visited the problematic location againwith the Drive Test Kit for call testing and log analysis.The post processing results the exact area of no coverage and mobilehandsets going into searching mode.The affected area is of 200m section comprising of the Front Area-Fun Mall and the Magnum Plaza producing call issues to ourcorporate customers TATA Motors and Hyper Spencer.The day ended up with the conclusion that there is no issue from ourown network and the external source of interference need to beidentified by switching off our serving sectors and carrying out thespectrum test in the off hours. The testing done after switching off the nearby sites and found thatthe affect of external interference still exist in the larger region, sopossibility of malfunctioning of External repeater or cable operatorsamplifier device installed in that area has to be found.

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The nearby buildings checked thoroughly for all kind of external

devices such as repeater or IBS for other operators and the functioningof devices examined.

We called on the cable operators to check whether their device ismalfunctioning or not. But after checking it by switching the cablenetwork operations for 15 minutes we got no improvement and left withno solution.The activity on Monday 28 June 2010 started once again by the use of

directional Yagi antenna and the Spectrum Analyzer (the equipmentwhich is used to check where RSSI of the signal is increasing w.r.t thefrequency and the exact place for external source whose is interferingwith our frequency).The testing carried out at all floors of both the suspected buildingfrom where the interfering signals are originating with the help of YagiAntenna.The results found while testing in Fun Mall shows that the interfering

signal is out of the Building and in the front area only as calls arematuring in the back area of the Mall, suggesting once again of no issueof our own network.So we moved on to the Magnum Plaza from where the suspectedsignals are interfering. Then we took our equipment and checked outthe whole building of the Magnum Plaza.And at last, we move on to the top of the building and raising thedirectional antenna towards B-sector of the reliance communications

the peak was found as the highest among all readings, the suspectedsector was checked and the TRX was found malfunctioning. We contacted the regarding authorities of the reliance telecomservices and explained the related issue which was further resolvedwhen they optimized their sector.

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Interference refers to situations where waves froma small number of sources (e.g. two slits) traveldifferent paths and arrive at an observer withdifferent phases.

Interference

Types of Interference:

Constructive Interference.Destructive Interference.

Partial Interference.Natural Interference.Manmade Interference

Interference comes from a path-length-differencebetween interacting waves.

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Constructive Interference

X-axis : voltage.Y-axis : current.

First and second wave are insame phase with each other .

Hence, we get the amplifiedresultant .

Destructive Interference

Y-axis : current .X-axis : voltage .

The second wave is 180 out ofphase with the first wave i.e. oncombination the give theresultant wave .

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SCREEN SHOTS from SPECTRUMANALYZER:-

Low interference

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MEDIUM INTERFERENCE:

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HIGH INTERFERENCE

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ACTIVITY2:

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OBJECTIVE :RF survey to be completed for new town rollout

The site survey procedure was explained to us by our guide to capture

the details for the visiting town which will be shared further for

coverage planning, transmission planning and checking out the

feasibility with other IPs for installation and commissioning process.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Laptop (Installed with Map Info Professional)

GPS (Global Positioning System)

Magnetic Compass (For direction identification on available IPs)

TEST METHOD AND PROCEDURE:

There are three towns to be visited Fursatganj, Bhojpur and Parsadepur

from the Raibareily region.

As we reached town, first the four direction corners of the clutter area

needs to be identified.

The site location of the town to be decided from where whole of the

town can be covered as per found clutter area.

The service area details like NID,AMSL,AGL,PIN Code,SDCA,LDCAand clutter classifications was captured.

All the available IPs in service have to be found near the desired

location and the Latitude/Longitude with feasibility details need to be

captured.

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Other options as new acquisition details for

installation also collected if sharing could not be metwith the available IPs.Now, after getting the complete information about thefirst site we moved to the next site and the process ofsite survey repeated in same manner.

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SURVEY SHEET :

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ACTIVITY :3

Site breakdown issue--katra (Allahabad)

OBJECTIVE To optimize the required sites for betterperformance and call connectivity.

TASKPERFORMED:

Got complaint from the business and sales unit from Tata

teleservices ,Allahabad.

R.F. team from network department of TATA TELESERVICES,

from Lucknow visited the complaint area in Allahabad.

Then after reaching there on Saturday at around 3 pm in the

afternoon ,we surveyed all the affected area.

All the affected area are identified and the site optimization areplanned till 9 pm , in a meeting with the Allahabad staff.

Work started at early morning with the drive test of the affected area.

Drive test equipments :-

a)Laptop

b)GPS

c)Two testing handsets

d)PCMIA card

e)Power and connecting cords

f)Software used:-Agilent

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e)SBI branch (Kutchery road):-This was the same issue as that was Katra and the LD college, but after

site optimization whole issue was resolved.

f)Multiple issue of handoffnear:-1)St. Mary's Convent School.

2)Vatsal hospital.

3)Kamla Nehru road.

Were also resolved after site optimization of Katra

These were the main issues present there which were handled by our

radio frequency team effectively and resolved.

Further, the requirement of newer sites at the densely cluttered areas

were also pointed out and given the whole data to sales and business

unit interface.

Katra site down:Test methods and steps taken:

On Sunday then optimization started of the site, the csm-1 was reset to

improve the performance of the site but negative occurred i.e. the sitewent down and started working on the HS0.

Alarm occurred and the R.F. team was called on which on reaching the

site told that GPS was also not working properly.

Then, on next day(Monday) the newer CSM hardware and GPS were

installed in the Motorola BTS of the Katra site and the issue wasresolved successfully.

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DRIVE TEST

What is Drive Test?Drive test involves setting up a call to best carrier and driving along the roads.While driving, the radio parameters and air interference signal data are collectedas a log file.

Drive Test Setup

Drive Test system comprises of a test mobile phone, software to control and logdata from the phone and a Global Positioning System(GPS) receiver forposition information

External Antenna for Test mobile phone & GPS can also be used for drive test.

Objective of Drive testa) To verify whether the network meets the given requirements, on the basis ofwhich network was designed.b) To verify whether the parameters and configurations are defined correctly or

not.c) To investigate network problems related to poor quality, signal level,interference etc

Steps of Drive testFollowing steps are taken to fulfill the objective of using a drive test tool.

a) Collection of Data and extraction of relevant information from it.b) Analysis of the extracted data.c) Suggesting changes in the network configurations based on the analysis.

a) Collection of DataDuring drive test, the radio parameters and air interference signal data arecollected as a log file.

Following parameters are checked during the drive test for different clutterscategories likeA1) dense urban,A2) sub-urban,A3) open, rural etc.

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Drive tests applications

Drive test activity can be utilized for the following applications-

a)CW testb)RF coverage verificationc)Optimizationd)Troubleshooting

e)Competitive analysisf)Interference Monitoringg)Planning Tool Model Tuning

Screen shots from drive test:

Searching mode:

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g

L hi i h h k

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Latching with other network

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thank you ..!!

project by :

Mohammed.Sharf Bin Parvez

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