Amino Acids: Disposal of Nitrogen UNIT IV: Nitrogen Metabolism Part 2.
2 Nitrogen S-1
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MK.NUTAN S1 1
Nitrogen
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Introduction
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limitingnutrients for crop production in the orld.
N is the nutrient element !pplied in the l!rgest"u!ntity for most !nnu!l crops (#u$er !ndThompson% &'').
Systems of !griculture th!t rely he!ily on soilresere to meet the N re"uirements of pl!ntsc!nnot long $e effectie in producing highyields of crops (Steenson% 1*+&).
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Cycle in SoilPlant Systems
The cycle of ! nutrient in the soil,pl!nt system c!n $edefined !s !ddition% tr!nsform!tion% !nd upt!e $ypl!nts% loss from the soil,pl!nt system% !nd
immo$ili!tion. The nitrogen cycle in the soil,pl!nt system is ery
dyn!mic !nd comple/ due to inolement of clim!tic%soil% !nd pl!nt f!ctors.
Knoledge of the nutrient cycle in the soil,pl!nt system
is !n import!nt !spect of underst!nding the !!il!$ilityof N to pl!nts !nd !dopting m!n!gement pr!ctices tom!/imie its upt!e !nd use efficiency (0!geri! !nd!lig!r% &''2!)
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The m!in inputsources of N to thesoil,pl!nt system!re chemic!lfertiliers% org!nicm!nures% !nd
$iologic!l N&fi/!tion.
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Role of Low-Molecular-Weight
Organic Nitrogen Comounds
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MK.NUTAN S1 3
#u$ung!n e$utuh!n unsur N deng!n
pertum$uh!n d!n omposisiny! d!l!mt!n!m!n 4 K!ndung!n N d!l!m t!n!m!n untu
pertum$uh!n optimum & , 25 $er!t ering
il! ur!ng d!ri is!r!n terse$ut 4
,6ertum$uh!n terh!m$!t d!n senescen n!mp!
le$ih !!l
,il! le$ih d!ri is!r!n terse$ut 4 ter7!diperu$!h!n morphologi d!n mengh!m$!t
senescen
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MK.NUTAN S1
6eng!ruh Nitrogen p!d! 6erem$!ng!n
Tum$uh!n 8fe menguntung!n
, 9i!nt!r! N%6%K.% nitrogen mempuny!i efe p!ling
cep!t d!n menon7ol., Mul!-mul! mening!t!n pertum$uh!n di !t!s t!n!h
d!n mem$eri!n !rn! hi7!u p!d! d!un
, Merup!!n peng!tur penting penggun!!n !lium%
fosfor dll., T!n!m!n y!ng meng!l!mi eur!ng!n !!n tum$uh
erdil d!n memilii sistem per!!r!n ter$!t!s
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+
6em$eri!n erle$ih!n, 9i!nt!r! N%6%K.% Nitrogenl!h s!tu-s!tuny! unsur y!ng
meng!i$!t!n erus!!n p!d! t!n!m!n tertentu 7i!di$eri!n $erle$ih!n
, 9!un $er!rn! hi7!u tu!% lun!% $!ny! $er!ir
,Nitrogen d!p!t mengh!m$!t !tu m!s!% !ren!pening!t!n pertum$uh!n eget!tif y!ng $erle$ih!n
, 9!p!t melem!h!n $!t!ng d!n mening!t!n eh!mp!!n
, Menurun!n u!li!ts $u!h, 9!p!t mengur!ngi et!h!n!n terh!d!p peny!it
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MK.NUTAN S1 *
Nitrogen $erfungsi se$!g!i unsur penyusun moleulprotein d!n hlorofil% sehingg! penyedi!!n N y!ngcuup !!n dit!nd!i deng!n pertum$uh!n eget!tify!ng le$!t deng!n !rn! hi7!u gel!p
6enyedi!!n N y!ng $erle$ih d!p!t memperp!n7!ngm!s! eget!tif d!n menund! pem!s!!n t!n!m!n.
Unsur N d!l!m t!n!m!n s!ng!t mo$il y!ng $er!rti Nd!ri s!tu $!gi!n t!n!m!n d!p!t pind!h e $!gi!n l!in
(retr!nslo!si) demii!n 7ug! protein
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:nfluence of N !pplic!tion
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Assimil!tion
#:;#8< 6=ANTS synthesie their org!nicmolecul!r components out of inorg!nic nutrientso$t!ined from their surroundings.
This incorpor!tion of miner!l nutrients into org!nicsu$st!nces such !s pigments% enyme cof!ctors%lipids% nucleic !cids% !nd !mino !cids is termednutrient assimilation
Assimil!tion of some nutrients>p!rticul!rlynitrogen !nd sulfur> re"uires ! comple/ series of$iochemic!l re!ctions th!t !re !mong the mostenergy-re"uiring re!ctions in liing org!nisms
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Assimil!tion of Nitrogen
Nitrate and ammonium are the ma!or sources ofinorg!nic nitrogen t!en up $y the roots of higher pl!nts.
Most of the ammonium h!s to $e incorpor!ted into
organic comounds in the roots% here!s nitrateisre!dily mo"ile in the #ylem and can also "e stored inthe $acuoles of roots% shoots% and storage organs
Nitr!te !ccumul!tion in !cuoles c!n $e of consider!$leimport!nce for c!tion-!nion $!l!nce% for osmoregul!tion%
p!rticul!rly in so-c!lled ?nitrophilic@ species such !sChenopodium album and Urtica dioica, !nd for the"u!lity of eget!$le !nd for!ge pl!nts
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MK.NUTAN S1 1
Model of !mmonium !ssimil!tion in
roots
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The !ssimil!tion of !mmonium
The princip!l steps in the !ssimil!tion of !mmonium ionssupplied to the roots !re upt!e into the root cells !ndincorpor!tion into !mino !cids !nd !mides ith !simult!neous rele!se of protons for ch!rge compens!tion
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The synthesis of
!mide
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MK.NUTAN S1 13
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MK.NUTAN S1
enh &''
1
Model of !mmonium !ssimil!tion in
shoots
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MK.NUTAN S1 &'
Asmil!si d!n redusi Nitr!t
B!lur redusi NC-p!d! t!n!m!ntinggiDrend!h
6!d! $e$er!p! $!terisec!r! !n!ero$%
mem!nf!!t!n nitr!t se$!g!i penerim!eletron sehingg! mengh!sil!n N& d!nNo/ (denitrifi!si)
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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' &1
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MK.NUTAN S1 &&
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MK.NUTAN S1 &
Sif!t-sif!t 4
8nim omples
M &''.'''
Terd!p!t elompo prosteti 0A9% sitorom%moli$denum
Terd!p!t p!d! sitopl!sm!
Memerlu!n NA9# d!n NA9p# se$!g!i donor
eletron #!lf life h!ny! $e$er!p! 7!m
Buml!h le$ih ecil d!l!m t!n!m!n
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MK.NUTAN S1 &E
6roses peny!tu!n NC-d!n N#EFdeng!n
seny!! org!ni mel!lui $e$er!p! 4
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Schem!tic represent!tion of the se"uence
of nitr!te !ssimil!tion in le!f cells
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Model of !mmoni! !ssimil!tion p!th!ys (1%&)
;lut!mine synthet!se-glut!m!te synth!se p!th!y% ith
lo N# supply (1) !nd ith high N# supply (&). ()
;lut!m!te dehydrogen!se p!th!y. ;C;AT%
;lut!mine-o/oglut!r!te !minotr!nsfer!se
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MK.NUTAN S1
enh &''
&*
Model of !mmoni! !ssimil!tion p!th!ys (1%&) glut!mine synthesie
glut!m!te synthesis p!th!y% ith long N# supply (1) !nd ith #:8N
N# supply (&) () glut!m!te dehydrogen!se p!th!y. ;og!t (glut!mine-
o/oglut!m!te !minotr!nsfer!se
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MK.NUTAN S1 1
=o molecul!r eight org!nic nitrogen
compounds hich !re import!nt stor!ge !nd
long dist!nce tr!nsport formsHompounds 6l!nt f!mily
;lut!mine% !sp!r!gine ;r!mine!e
;lut!mine
Asp!r!gine 0!g!ce!e
Arginine% glut!mine
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MK.NUTAN S1 &
All!ntoin (ureide) d!n $et!ine
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MK.NUTAN S1
8ffect of !mmonium !nd pot!ssium supply
!nd root groth !nd root putrescine content in
pe! pl!nts
&reatment 'ry weight ofthe roots (g)
Putrescine
(mol*g dw)Nitrogen suly
(NO+-*N,.)
Potassium
suly
/00 1 0 . 2. /+ 0%3
-2. //+ /0%+
40 1 40 .2. 56 674-2. 80 4074
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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 2
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MK.NUTAN S1 3
Time course of nitr!te content in spin!ch le!es
during the light period from *.'' to 1+.''
Time of d!y Honcentr!tion of nitr!te N (mgDgfresh t)
=e!f $l!de 6etiole+ 4 ' &&+%& +'.&
* 4 ' 133.3 &2.1
14' 1''.+ 2E3.'14' *1.' 2'E.'
1+4' 1'3.E 2+.&
light
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Nitrogen Supply, Plant Growth, and
Plant Composition
Schem!tic represent!tion of the effect of incre!sing
leels of nitrogen supply to the roots during e!rly
groth st!ges on the root !nd shoot groth of cere!l
pl!nts.
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Interaction with Other Nutrients
!l!nced supply of essenti!l nutrients is one of themost import!nt f!ctors in incre!sing yields of !nnu!lcrops
Nitrogen h!s positie inter!ctions ith 6 !nd K in croppl!nts.
The incre!sing N r!te incre!ses upt!e of 6% K% H!% !ndMg in ! "u!dr!tic f!shion in dry $e!n pl!nts
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MK.NUTAN S1 E2
9!un y!ng tu! !!n meng!l!mi hlorosis
pert!m! !ren! N d!ri d!un ini ditr!nslo!si
e titi tum$uh untu pem$entu!n $!gi!nt!n!m!n y!ng $!ru
Khlorosis dimul!i d!ri u7ung d!un d!n
$erem$!ng p!d! tul!ng d!un e !r!h$!t!ng. Sed!ng tepi d!un tet!p hi7!u sel!m!
!tu tertentu
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MK.NUTAN S1 E
;e7!l! umum p!d! se$!gi!n
$es!r t!n!m!n =!7u pertum$uh!n menurun
T!n!m!n men7!di erdil
!t!ng urus% perc!$!ng!n terh!m$!t 6ertum$uh!n !!r terpeng!ruh r!sio
rootDshoot mening!t
Klorosis terse$!r h!mpir mer!t! diseluruhd!un
Nerosis men7!di !g! terl!m$!t
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MK.NUTAN S1 E*
Untu t!n!m!n sere!li! 4
,Tillering y!ng 7ele
,Buml!h rongolDlu!s menurun
,Buml!h $i7iDtongol menurun
,i7i le$ih ecil!ndung!n protein
mening!t !ren! menurunny! impor
!r$ohidr!t e d!l!m $i7i sel!m! t!h!ppengisi!n $i7i
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Liming 9cid Soils
Actiities of most of the $enefici!l
microorg!nisms th!t !re inoled in the
process of miner!li!tion of N !nd$iologic!l nitrogen fi/!tion !re inhi$ited
under !cidic conditions
=iming improes !ctiities of such$enefici!l microorg!nisms !nd improes N
use efficiency in crop pl!nts
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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 2
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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 2E
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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 22
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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 2
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MK.NUTAN S1 enh &'' 2*
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MK.NUTAN S1
An!lisis d!un menun7u!n nutrisi p!d!
is!r!n y!ng tep!t tet!pi tid! d!p!t
menun7u!n se$u!h eseim$!ng!n Kis!r!n pem$eri!n nutrisi y!ng tid!
seim$!ng% p!d! 7enis nutrisi y!ng le$ih
rend!h semestiny! diting!t!n
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MK.NUTAN S1 3
!rn! $u!h 4 p!d! t!n!m!n y!ng sud!h$er$u!h% perem$!ng!n !rn! !!n
tertund! s!!t ting!t N tert!lu tinggi Bi! f!tor l!in tid! $erm!s!l!h% present!se
!rn! mer!h $erur!ng seit!r 25 seti!ppening!t!n leel N d!un '%15
6enguning!n p!d! !pel ;olden deliciousmenun7u!n h!l y!ng s!m!
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MK.NUTAN S1
Uur!n u!h d!n ting!t eer!s!n 4Uur!n sec!r! umum mening!t deng!nmening!tny! N% (!s!l!n tid! $erle$ih!n)tet!pi h!l ini $er!i$!t p!d! ur!ng er!sny!$u!h
L!riet!s soft y!ng dim!sud!n untu $u!hseg!r memilii N ur!ng optimum
di$!nding!n 7i! $u!h er!s y!ngdiperuntu!n se$!g!i $u!h $!h!n $!uol!h!n
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MK.NUTAN S1 +&
:ndi!tor untu menet!p!n st!tus N
No Inde=s N rendah N Normal N tinggi1 6ertum$uh!n tun!s termin!l
T!n!m!n$er$u!h
T!n!m!n tid!$er$u!h
& Uur!n d!un Kecil% tipis Sed!ng es!r% te$!l d!n$i!s!ny! mengerutp!d! pucu
!rn! d!un #i7!u mud! !t!uhi7!u euning!ny!ng mer!t!
#i7!u norm!l #i7!u s!ng!t gel!p
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No Inde=s N rendah N Normal N tinggi
Uur!n $u!h
+ !rn! $u!h
$!gi!n !t!s
er!rn!
cer!hDt!7!m
Norm!l er!rn! us!m
* !rn! $u!h$!gi!n !t!s
er!rn!uning le$ihcep!t
Norm!l #i7!u e uningehi7!u!n
1' Kem!t!ng!n
$u!h
Hep!tDle$ih !!l Norm!l Terl!m$!t 2 , 1'
h!ri