1.f Know usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts & is stored

through the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide (CO2).

Vocabulary

1. Photosynthesis2. Pigment3. Chlorophyll4. Adenosine triphosphate

(ATP)5. Thylakoid6. Photosystem7. Stroma8. Light-dependent reactions9. ATP synthase10. Calvin Cycle

1. Calorie2. Glycolysis3. Cellular respiration4. NAD+5. NADP+

6. Fermentation7. Anaerobic8. Aerobic9. Krebs Cycle10. Electron transport chain

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Chloroplast

• Chloroplasts – Plants and some other

organisms contain chloroplasts.

– Chloroplasts capture __________ from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called __________________.

Chloroplasts 

• Chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes.

• Chloroplasts contain the green pigment _______________________.

8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview

8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview• The key cellular process identified with

energy production is ________________.• Photosynthesis is the process in which

green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates and ________.– What is the overall equation for

photosynthesis?• The equation for photosynthesis is:

• ______________ ________________

• carbon dioxide + water sugars + oxygen

The Photosynthesis Equation

– Photosynthesis uses the __________ of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen.

The Photosynthesis Equation

O2

CO2

+H20

Sugar

ADPNADP+

Light-Dependent Light-Dependent Reactions Reactions

(thylakoids)(thylakoids)

H2O

ATPNADPH

Calvin Cycle (stroma)

Light energy

Photosynthesis is a series of reactions that uses light energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

______________ ___________

Energy

Light and Pigments

• What is the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis?– Light and Pigments

– How do plants capture the energy of sunlight? In addition to water and carbon dioxide,

photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll. • Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing

molecules called _____________________.• The main pigment in plants is ____________________.• There are two main types of chlorophyll:

– chlorophyll a – chlorophyll b

Light and Pigments• Chlorophyll absorbs light well in the blue-violet and

red regions of the visible spectrum.E

stim

ated

Ab

sorp

tio

n (

%) 100

80

60

40

20

0400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

Wavelength (nm)

Light and Pigments• Chlorophyll does not absorb light in the

_____________region of the spectrum. Green light is reflected by leaves, which is why plants look green.

Est

imat

ed A

bso

rpti

on

(%

) 100

80

60

40

20

0400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll a

Wavelength (nm)

Photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll. In the graph above, notice how chlorophyll a absorbs light mostly in the blue-violet and red regions of the

visible spectrum, whereas chlorophyll b absorbs light in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum.

Light and Pigments

– _______________ is a form of energy, so any compound that absorbs light also absorbs energy from that light.

– When chlorophyll absorbs light, much of the energy is transferred directly to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule, raising the energy levels of these electrons.

– These high-energy __________________ are what make photosynthesis work.

8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis

Where are you Mr. Chloroplast?

Inside a Chloroplast• Inside a Chloroplast

• In plants, __________________ takes place inside _________________.

Plant

Plant cells

Chloroplast

Inside a Chloroplast

• Chloroplasts contain _________________—saclike photosynthetic membranes.

Chloroplast

Singlethylakoid

Inside a Chloroplast

• Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as ___________. A singular stack is called a _______.

Granum

Chloroplast

Inside a Chloroplast

• Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters called ________________________, which are the light-collecting units of the chloroplast.

Chloroplast

Photosystems

Inside a Chloroplast

• The reactions of photosystems include: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, or ____________________.

• The light-dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes.

• The Calvin cycle takes place in the ________________, which is the region outside the thylakoid membranes.

Inside a Chloroplast

Chloroplast

Light

H2O

O2

CO2

Sugars

NADP+

ADP + P

Calvin Cycle

Light- dependent reactions

Calvin cycle

The process of photosynthesis includes the light-dependent reactions as well as the Calvin cycle.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

____________________

What does the cell do when it has the energy it needs to

function?

1g. Know the role the mitochondria in making stored

chemical-bond energy available to cells by

completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.

Where are you Ms. Mitochondria?

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Mitochondrion

• Mitochondria – Nearly all eukaryotic cells

contain mitochondria.– Mitochondria

_______________ the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

Mitochondria  

• Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes—an outer membrane and an inner membrane.

• The inner membrane is folded up inside the organelle.

9-1 Chemical Pathways• ______________ serves as a source of raw

materials for the cells in the body and as a source of energy.

Animal

Plant

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Mitochondrion

• Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of ________________ in the mitochondria.

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Outer membrane Intermembrane space

Inner membrane

Matrix

Chemical Energy and Food

• Chemical Energy and Food• One gram of the sugar glucose (______________), when

burned in the presence of oxygen, releases 3811 calories of heat energy.

• A _________________ is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

• Cells don't “burn” glucose. Instead, they gradually release the energy from glucose and other food compounds.

• This process begins with a pathway called __________________.

• Glycolysis releases a small amount of energy.

Overview of Cellular Respiration

• Overview of Cellular Respiration• If oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by the

Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.• Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron

transport chain make up a process called ______________________________.

Overview of Cellular Respiration

Cytoplasm

Pyruvicacid

Mitochondrion

Electrons carried in NADH

Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2

Glucose Glycolysis

What is cellular respiration?• Cellular respiration is the process that

releases energy by breaking down _______________ and other __________ molecules in the presence of oxygen.– The equation for cellular respiration is:– 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy– oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + Energy

• Each of the three stages of cellular respiration captures some of the chemical energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce _________.

Overview of Cellular Respiration

• Glycolysis takes place in the ________________. The Krebs cycle and electron transport take place in the mitochondria.

CytoplasmMitochondrion

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

• What happens during the process of glycolysis?– Glycolysis

• Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a ___-carbon compound.

– The Advantages of Glycolysis• The process of glycolysis is so fast that cells can

produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds.

• Glycolysis does not require _____________.

Fermentation

• Fermentation• When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a

different pathway. The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called fermentation.

• _____________________ releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.

• During fermentation, cells convert NADH to NAD+ by passing high-energy electrons back to pyruvic acid.

• This action converts NADH back into NAD+, and allows glycolysis to continue producing a steady supply of ATP.

• Fermentation does not require oxygen—it is an _________________ process.

Fermentation

• What are the two main types of fermentation?– The two main types of fermentation are lactic

acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Fermentation

– __________________ Fermentation• Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic

fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes.

• The equation for alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis is:

• pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

– __________________ Fermentation• In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of

glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.• This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. It

regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.

Cellular Respiration

________________________

ATP in a Molecule

• _____________ is essential to _______.

• All living organisms must:– Produce energy from environment– Store energy for future use.– Use energy in a controlled manner– Examples: _______ transport, cell

______________, movement

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• Name of energy molecule

• Composed of an adenosine molecule w/ 3 phosphate groups attached

• Energy is stored in the chemical bonds– Break a bond = _______________ energy– Form a bond = ______________ energy

Energy • Compare energy to building blocks• The more phosphate groups, the more

stored up energy1. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)2. Adenosine diphosphate (______)3. Adenosine triphosphate (_____)

• The third phosphate group wants to break away so bad, when it does a great deal of energy is _________________.

• Some cell functions don’t need ATP to run off of, they can run off of ADP energy instead.

What is energy used for?

• To maintain ________________

• Making new molecules

• Mobility

• Movement of molecules through out the system

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

_______________

____________________

The Totals

• The Totals• Glycolysis produces just __ ATP molecules per

molecule of glucose.• The complete breakdown of glucose through

cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in the production of ________ molecules of ATP.

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions.