19th Century Art

19th Century in Europe and USA

• Paris and New York as Cultural Centers

• Industrial Revolution – new technology and machines

• Urbanization – many people moving to cities

• Science and Progress

• Freedom of Expression

New Technology in Architecture

19th Century Belief in Progress and Advancement of Civilization Through Science and Technology

Brooklyn Bridge

John Augustus Roebling and Washington Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New York), late 19th Century Architecture

Brooklyn Bridge

John Augustus Roebling and Washington Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New York), late 19th Century Architecture

• Used Steel to make the bridge long

• Architect designed twisted wire cable

• Bridge 2000 Meters long (longest bridge built at that time)

• Gothic style arches

Eiffel Tower

Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower (Paris), Late 19th Century Architecture

Eiffel Tower

Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower (Paris), Late 19th Century Architecture

• Tallest structure built at that time (used steel)

• Built for 1889 Universal Exposition

•Classical Round Arch

• Exposed steel structure (not covered by walls)

• Paris is the “center” of the Art World in 19th Century

Photography and Its Affects

• Photography had a profound influence on art in the 19th Century

• Portrait Photography became more popular than portrait painting

• Many artists were influenced by the”realism” in the photos

• Many artists starting using photography for sources

• Some accepted photography as an art form, while others were against photography as art

First photographTaken by Joseph Nicephone Niepce in France in 1826

- Niepce experimented with processes of reproducing still images starting in 1816

- But, the process wasn’t practical – exposure time was 8 hours for one photograph!

The Daquerreotype

• The first practical process of photography was the daquerreotype, introduced in 1839

• Invented by Louis-Jacque-Mande Daquerre, a French painter and printmaker

The first daquerreotype (Still life of Classic Roman Objects)

Eadweard Muybridge

• First motion photography which led into “moving pictures” (movies)

• Muybridge was hired by Leland Stanford (founder of Stanford University in USA) to see if there’s a moment when all horses hooves off the ground at same time

Eadweard Muybridge, Horse Galloping, 1878, Photograph (collotype)

Gertrude Kasebier, Blessed Art Thou

Among Women, 1899, Photography

(Platinum Print on Japanese Paper)

Gertrude Kasebier (American portrait painter who took up photography after raising her family )

• Pictorial Style

• Scene from everyday life with a sense of the spiritual and divine

• Title refers to a phrase from The Old Testament (Bible) by angel who announced to Virgin Mary that she’ll have a baby

Impressionism• Style that began in France in mid-19th Century

(1860’s)

• Term impressionism was given to this style by an art critic who thought the art looked unfinished and too “sketchy”

• Interest in color and light

• Painted outdoors “Plein air”

• French culture

Claude Monet

Claude Monet, Terrace at Sainte-Adresse, Painting (Oil on Canvas), Mid- 19th Century

Claude Monet

Claude Monet, Terrace at Sainte-Adresse, Painting (Oil on Canvas), Mid- 19th Century

Plein air Painting (painted outdoors)

Upper class French culture

Relaxing near the Sea

Pierre Auguste Renoir

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette, Painting (oil on canvas), Late 19th Century

Pierre Auguste Renoir

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette, Painting (oil on canvas), Late 19th Century

• Relaxing on a Sunday afternoon in Paris

• Light coming through the trees (color and light)

Berthe Morisot

Berthe Morisot, Summer’s Day, Painting (Oil on Canvas), Late 19th Century

Berthe Morisot

Berthe Morisot, Summer’s Day, Painting (Oil on Canvas), Late 19th Century

• Loose, “brushy” style

• Women accepted as artists in 19th Century

• Paintings of French Women

Georges Seurat

Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, Painting (oil on canvas), Late 19th Century

Georges Seurat

• Used dots to create the painting (“pointilism” style

• Made many drawings of people on this island near Paris

• Upper Class French enjoying a Sunday afternoonGeorges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on

the Island of La Grande Jatte, Painting (oil on canvas), Late 19th Century

Charcoal drawings (studies)

Realism

• 19th Century Movement in France that tried to show “real” human emotion

• Artists painted indoors

• Style more “realistic” – true colors, more detailed

Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849, Oil on Canvas

Gustave Courbet

Leading Figure of the 19th Century Realist Movement

• Image of workers

• Dreary colors convey the feeling of the labor

• In France in 1848, workers rebelled against the government for better working conditions

Comparison

Edouard Manet

Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, Painting (Oil on Canvas), Late 19th Century

Edouard Manet

Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, Painting (Oil on Canvas), Late 19th Century

• Mirror in background with reflection

• Self-absorbed and slightly depressed (not looking at the customer / bored)

• Contrast of environment (Club) with the mood of the bartender

Manet’s Olympia

Edouard Manet, Olympia, Painting (oil on canvas), Late 19th Century

Manet’s Olympia

Edouard Manet, Olympia, Painting (oil on canvas), Late 19th Century

• Based on a Renaissance Painting by Titian (Venus of Urbino)

• Olympia stares out coldly at the viewer

• Prostitute

Comparison

Japonisme

• Name given to French art inspired by Japanese art during the 19th Century

• Japan began to trade with Western countries in the 19th Century

• Europeans become interested in Japanese culture (collected Japanese objects and art)

Japanese Woodblock

Prints

Utagawa Hiroshige, One Hundred Views of Edo, Graphic Arts, Late 19th Century

Japanese Woodblock Prints

Utagawa Hiroshige, One Hundred Views of Edo, Graphic Arts, Late 19th Century

• Traditional Japanese Medium

• Flat Shapes

• Dull color with a few areas of bright color

• Looking down into the picture

• Diagonal movement

Edgar Degas

Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal on Stage, Painting (Oil on Canvas), late 19th Century

Edgar Degas

Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal on Stage, Painting (Oil on Canvas), late 19th Century

• Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints

• Theme of Ballet Dancers (Movement of Dancers / French Culture)

Comparison

Henri de Toulouse

Lautrec

Henri de Toulouse Lautrec, Jane Avril,

Graphic Arts (Lithograph), late 19th

Century

Henri de Toulouse

Lautrec

Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints

Posters advertising Bars, Dancers, Musicians in Paris

Lithograph – type of printmaking

Henri de Toulouse Lautrec, Jane Avril, Graphic Arts (Lithograph), late 19th Century

Mary Cassatt

Mary Cassatt, Maternal Caress, Graphic Arts, Late 19th Century

Mary Cassatt

Mary Cassatt, Maternal Caress, Graphic Arts, Late 19th Century

• Inspired by Japanese Woodblock Prints (Cassatt collected them)

• Universal Theme of Mother and Child

• Mary Cassatt – American woman who went to Paris to study art

Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? Where Are We Going?1897, Oil on Canvas (4'6” x 12'3”)

Gauguin, French painter, moved to Tahiti, an island in the South Pacific, to paint native people in the tropical landscape (moved away from Western culture)

Gauguin struggled with questions about life (related to philosophy)

Expressive use of color

Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889, Oil on Canvas

• Theme: The vastness of the universe

• Image of church represents his conflicted feeling about religion

• Thick paint (impasto) to create texture, use of line, overall blue color represents his emotions