19973704 Biodiesel Secrets

8/8/2019 19973704 Biodiesel Secrets

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Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Biodiesel


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Table Of Contents

Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................ 6

The Cost of Using Biodiesel ......................................................................................... 6Cost Comparison of Biodiesel vs. Petroleum Diesel ................................................. 6Commercial Biodiesel ............................................................................................ 6Making Your Own .................................................................................................. 7The Cheapest Biodiesel Source Material .................................................................. 7The Cheapest Way to Make Biodiesel ...................................................................... 8

Production Plant Setup Costs ................................................................................... 9The Future of Biodiesel ........................................................................................... 10Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................................... 12Biodiesel Use and You ............................................................................................... 12Test Your Biodiesel Before Use! ............................................................................. 12The Wash Test .................................................................................................... 12Does Your Engine Need Modifications to Run Biodiesel? ..........................

............ 13Concerns and Criteria.......................................................................................... 13A-Blending We Go! ................................................................................................. 14Side Effects of Biodiesel Use .................................................................................. 15Engine-Related Questions ...................................................................................... 16Engine Performance ............................................................................................ 16Pollution and Environmental Concerns ................................................................... 17Emissions Pollution ............................................................................................. 17Long-Term Impact of Biodiesel on the Environment ............................................... 17A Bright Spot ....................................................................................................... 18


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Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................... 19Production Methods Defined ...................................................................................... 19The Simplest Method of Biodiesel Production ........................................................ 19

Safe, Effective and Practical Biodiesel Production ................................................. 20Step 1 Choose your Location ........................................................................... 20Step 2 Choose Your Safety Equipment ............................................................ 21Step 3 Choosing Your Processor ..................................................................... 22Step 4 Chemicals Necessary for Production .................................................... 24Step 5 Your Heat Source .................................................................................. 24

Step 6Making Methoxide ................................................................................. 25

Step 7 Agitation and Settling ............................................................................ 26Step 8 Washing Your Biodiesel ........................................................................ 26Step 9 Drying Your Fuel ................................................................................... 27Step 10 Storing Your Fuel ................................................................................ 28Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................................... 29Large Scale and Commercial Production ..........................................

......................... 29The History of Large Scale Biodiesel Production .................................................... 30Biodiesel Resources, Equipment Manufacturers and More .................................... 30US Biodiesel Kits and Supplies ........................................................................... 30Biodiesel Retailers (and Oil Resellers) ................................................................ 31Large-Scale Production Equipment ..................................................................... 31Chapter 5 ...................................................................................................................... 33Usable Plants, Recipes and More .............................................................................. 33Usable Plants.......................................................................................................... 33


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A Note on Algae Production ................................................................................ 34Recipes ................................................................................................................... 35Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 46


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Introduction

As the energy crisis heats up, more and more consumers are seeking viablealternatives to traditional gasoline and diesel. In addition, the environmentalimpact ofgasoline and other fossil fuels has made it vital that a viable alternative is f

ound.Finding an affordable alternative to fossil fuels, as well as one that offers environmentalbenefits is incredibly important. However, the impact on the wallet is, perhaps,the mostimportant consideration when speaking of fuel alternatives.While ethanol may be loudly proclaimed as the best option for consumers, thesubstance has numerous problems, such as increased cost and reduced energyproduction. In short, this means that ethanol is more expensive and provides less fuelmileage than standard gasoline.Ethanol aside, many consumers have turned their attention to biodiesel. The larg

e bodyof myth surrounding biodiesel makes it difficult to understand the benefits anddrawbacks of this fuel. Biodiesel has been proclaimed the best alternative to ordinarypetroleum diesel, as well as an affordable way for consumers to fuel their carsandtrucks for everyday driving.Is biodiesel the answer? For many consumers, the facts surrounding biodiesel aremore than a little murky. What is the substance, actually? How is it manufactured? Is ittruly the cure-all that many proponents claim? To answer these questions, and many

others, we'll need to delve deep into the topic.In this eBook, you will learn how biodiesel is produced, what it actually offers, what isneeded to produce it and much more. You'll learn whether biodiesel is an adequatealternative for your use.


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Chapter 1

The Cost of Using Biodiesel

Biodiesel is often touted as being a more affordable option than petroleum diese

l.However, is this reality? What about other costs involved, such as vehicle modification,production equipment and duty tax? What will the future hold for the cost involved withbiodiesel production? Below, you'll find out all you need to know about the costsinvolved with producing biodiesel, its impact on your wallet and what the futuremayhold.

Cost Comparison of Biodiesel vs. Petroleum Diesel

The never-ending search for alternative, affordable fuel options for our vehicles has ledto some surprising developments. One of those is biodiesel (which is not actually a newproduct). While biodiesel promises fuel from vegetable oils, what are the costsassociated with it?There are two ways in which you can attain biodiesel to operate your vehicle purchaseit commercially, or make is yourself. Both methods offer benefits, though they havedramatically different costs.

Commercial Biodiesel

Biodiesel is available commercially in every state in the US but Alaska, througha widevariety of retailers. Even entertainers like Willie Nelson have gotten behind the productby supplying their own brands of fuel.

However, for consumers seeking a low-cost alternative to petroleum diesel, thismay notbe the best option. In fact, on average, commercial biodiesel is only a few cents


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cheaper than conventional diesel, much of which contains at least 2% biodiesel byvolume anyway.Biodiesel/petroleum diesel blends cost as much as traditional diesel at the pump, aswell.

Making Your Own

Making your own biodiesel is a much better option than paying the high prices atthepump. Most of the costs associated with biodiesel come in the form of state andfederaltaxes, as well as in importation tariffs. By making your own fuel at home, you candramatically reduce the cost.In fact, making your own biodiesel can cost as little as $1.25 per gallon, once

you haveall the equipment setup. The savings you realize over the course of a year willmorethan pay for the equipment needed, as well as any other supplies that you mustpurchase. This is an excellent example of tremendous return on investment potential.

The Cheapest Biodiesel Source Material

Now that you know biodiesel is a more affordable solution to your energy needs,youmust find a cheap source of oil. Oil is, of course, at the heart of the equation

. Biodieselis produced from vegetable oil, animal fat and several other sources.In fact, soybean oil, palm oil and even waste vegetable oil can be used to producebiodiesel. The most affordable option, in terms of dollars spent, is waste vegetable oil.In many cases, you can actually get this free of charge, if you take it off thehands ofrestaurants in your local area. However, this will require "harvesting" time, aswell aseffort. This increases your expenditure and investment.


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Pure vegetable oil or (SVO) can also be used. However, this means that you willhaveto purchase the oil in the first place. Soybeans are the source of the majorityof thebiodiesel sold in the US and are relatively affordable, as well.The question of "affordability" is simply a matter of how one looks at the equat

ion. Ifyou count time and effort as "cost," then many sources are quite similarly priced.However if you do not count the time and effort required to get waste vegetableoil, thenthis is the best option for your needs.As a note, algae holds the promise of being the most affordable source of biodiesel,though the technology is not necessarily advanced enough for home-produced algaetobe a reality. However, in coming years algae may well hold the future for almostall

energy needs.It is also important to understand what biodiesel is not. Here are a few of thethings thatmany consumers mistakenly believe that biodiesel is:

Pure vegetable oil Waste vegetable oil Palm oil Vegetable oil with special additives

The Cheapest Way to Make Biodiesel

If you are interested only in bottom-dollar costs and finding the cheapest way to makebiodiesel, a homebrew setup is the best option for you. Of course, the actual price ofthe rig will vary depending on the quantity that you want to make, as well as the cost oflye and methanol in your area. The costs of production ingredients vary wildly betweendifferent geographic areas.


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You will need to purchase quite a few things to produce biodiesel at home. Hereis arough price guide to help you understand the conundrum.

Lye roughly $3 per lb Methanol roughly $3-4 per gallon

Processor You can make your own processor from plastic jugs and steel drums(make sure you have the correct size for the batch of biodiesel you wish tomake), but you can also purchase stainless steel varieties. The prices forcommercial options can be exorbitant, but they are safer than plastic. Pricesaverage $3,000 to more than $15,000 for home kits.o Other options for homemade kits involve using water heaters withattached pumps and plumbing.

You will also need a settling/holding tank of at least the same size as theprocessing unit. Oil Of course, you'll need oil for use as a production source. The cost of your

source material will obviously play a role in how much it costs you to produceyour own biodiesel.

Production Plant Setup Costs

Of course, determining a final cost for your setup is vital. However, that costcannot bedetermined until you have answered the following questions:

How much biodiesel do I want to produce?

How much biodiesel do I want to keep on hand at all times? What source materials will I use?o Waste vegetable oil


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o Pure vegetable oilo Palm oil (currently one of the cheapest)o Soybean oil (currently one of the cheapest)o Other sources (animal fats, such as lard or tallow)

What production materials do I have available? Do I want to purchase commercially produced production materials or use "do-it-yourself" options? Do I have a safe place to produce biodiesel?o As a note, while making it in your kitchen is possible, it is strongly advisedagainst.

The Future of Biodiesel

Wouldnt it be nice if you could predict the future and hop aboard the biodiesel expresstoday? While that may not be possible, it is possible to take a look at worldwide trendsand get an idea of what the future of biodiesel may be. Here are a few of the currenttrends.

Will biodiesel continue to be cheap to produce at home?

While it is likely to remain affordable, the costs associated with home-productionare already beginning to mount. Many retailers now charge for waste vegetableoil (a growing trend), while the materials to make biodiesel (processors, etc)continue to become more expensive, as well.

Will biodiesel replace regular diesel in the world market?

While that is wonderful thought, it is not likely. The sheer amount of arable landconversion necessary to grow and harvest oil-producing plants is staggering.


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For instance, for the US to produce enough biodiesel to sustain our energyneeds, every square inch of arable land would need to be dedicated to biodieselproduction. This cuts out food products and everything else for which that landwould be used.However, new research into algae oil production may hold the key. As thatresearch is still in its infancy, the results remain to be seen.


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Chapter 2

Biodiesel Use and You

Of course, consumers have numerous questions about the use of biodiesel. Will it

harmyour engine? Does your vehicle need to be converted to run biodiesel? How muchdoes biodiesel pollute the environment? These and many other questions can reartheirheads, causing confusion over the topic. It's time to shed some light on the subject.

Test Your Biodiesel Before Use!

Of course, you don't want to pour untested biodiesel into your car. That road leads to

headaches and very expensive repairs. However, there are a few simple steps thatyoucan follow to ensure you put quality fuel in your vehicle.

The Wash Test

Washing is, of course, part of the production process. However, you can performawash test on your biodiesel during production to ensure that you have the correctformulation. To perform the test, simply follow these steps:

Get a liter bottle Add 150 ml of water Add 150 ml biodiesel Screw the cap on tightly Shake vigorously for 30 seconds Wait for the water and fuel to separate


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o If separation takes less than 30 minutes, your fuel is viable and you cancontinue productiono If separation takes more than 30 minutes or does not complete, your batchis unusable (you have an emulsion, not fuel)

Does Your Engine Need Modifications to Run Biodiesel?

Ensuring the safety of your vehicle is vital. All the biodiesel production is for naught ifyour car simply dies while running the fuel. However, unlike using straight wastevegetable oil or even straight virgin vegetable oil, your engine needs no modifications to

run biodiesel. On the other hand, there may be other concerns and modificationsrequired. Here's a list of what you'll need to know.

Concerns and Criteria

Of course, you're worried that biodiesel will kill your car or truck. However, the followinglist of criteria will help you ensure that your vehicle runs better than ever and for lessmoney!Engine Modifications As long as you have a diesel engine, you will not need tomodify any parts on the engine.

Fuel Filters Fuel filters can and will wreak havoc on your driving. Biodiesel isapowerful solvent, as well as a fuel. It will begin to dissolve the wax and dirtdeposits leftbehind by conventional diesel fuel. These deposits will clog your fuel filter and reducepower, even starving the engine of fuel completely.

Do not change your fuel filter before running biodiesel! This is a quick way towastetime and money. Let the biodiesel do its job and dissolve those deposits. Replace thefilter when the engine begins making sputtering sounds. Make sure that you knowwhere the filter is located, and what tools you need for replacement.


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Additionally, keep a few spare filters on hand. The dissolving process can takeseveralweeks. During this time, it is important that you change the filter any time youfind yourengine starving for fuel. Finally, change the filter once more when the dissolving

process is done to ensure proper operation.In-Tank Filters Quite a few vehicles have an in-line fuel filter and an in-tankfilter.The filter in your fuel tank can become clogged, as well. If you feel comfortableremoving this filter, you can change it yourself. In many vehicles, you will have toremove the rear seat to get at the filter (and pump).Hoses, Seals and Gaskets As mentioned, biodiesel is a powerful solvent. It alsohasa destructive effect on rubber hoses, gaskets and seals. However, don't panic just yet.

If your vehicle is newer than model year 1993-94, you have resistant hoses and seals.If your vehicle is older than this, you will need to begin replacing those hoses, seals andgaskets.Once again, do not panic. If you keep an eye on your components, you'll be abletoreplace them as needed. When replacing these items, use replacement parts madewith Viton.

A-Blending We Go!

Of course, blended diesel and biodiesel is available at the pump. Can you blendyourown mixture from your home production with petroleum diesel to make fuel stretchalittle further? What additives do you need to put into the mix when blending fuel types?Here are the answers to your blending-related questions.

Can I mix my biodiesel with regular diesel?

Of course, you can. Diesel blends are widely available and are a viablealternative to using straight petroleum diesel.

Do I need any additives to blend my fuel?


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No, you do not need to put any additives into the mixture.

What is the best blend ratio for mixing petroleum diesel and biodiesel?

Any blend of the two fuels is possible. However, mixing a text batch is advisabl

e.Often, differing components in the two fuels, especially with inferior biodiesel,results in stratification in the end product, reducing its effectiveness when placedin your tank. If you mix diesel and biodiesel and end up with a stratified mixture,reformulate your biodiesel mix.

Is it better to blend your diesel with biodiesel?

Blending can help you stretch your dollar a little further. However, to avoid thestratification problem mentioned above, use straight biodiesel without the mix.

Side Effects of Biodiesel Use

Many consumers wonder if there are any side effects from using biodiesel in thelong-term. What can they expect from the use of this fuel? Does it damage the vehicle'sengine or fuel system over time?Simply put, there are almost no side effects of biodiesel use for your vehicle.

Once youhave replaced the fuel filter and any hoses or gaskets made of nonresistant rubber, youshould have no further issues.One pleasant side effect of using this fuel is the change to your vehicle's exhaust.Diesel exhaust is notoriously noxious-smelling. Using biodiesel to fuel your vehiclechanges that smell completely, transforming it into something much more pleasant.


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Engine-Related Questions

One of the most common questions about biodiesel is "Will it run in my engine?"Whileit has been mentioned in previous sections, this subject deserves a bit more detail. Will

biodiesel run in your engine? The short answer is, "Yes."What engines will biodiesel run in without problems? Here's the list:

Higher performance engines (TDI, etc.) Common rail engines New model diesel engines Old model diesel engines Direct injection diesel engines

Yes, in short, biodiesel can be run successfully in any diesel engine, providedthat the

fuel is of top quality.

Engine Performance

Will the use of biodiesel affect how your engine performs? Will it degrade powerandperformance, either immediately or through long-term use?Happily, biodiesel may actually increase the performance of your engine. Becauseit isoil-based, biodiesel acts as a lubricant, as well as a solvent. Thus, it can clean harmfuldeposits from your engine, as well as lubricating the moving parts.

Long-term use does not appear to affect engine performance either. Engines run oncorrectly formulated biodiesel show substantial improvements in engine smoothness,and other areas, as well. This means that you can use biodiesel for as long as you like,without the worry of harmful effects.


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Pollution and Environmental Concerns

While the benefits to your wallet should now be apparent, what benefits does biodieseloffer the environment? Does it cause pollution? How do the emissions of biodiesel

measure up against those of petroleum diesel?

Emissions Pollution

First, biodiesel is the first and only alternative fuel to be certified throughthe Clean AirAct. The emissions reduction is considerable. Here's the rundown (all comparisons areagainst standard petroleum diesel fuel):

Sulfur emissions Almost 100% eliminatedCarbon monoxide

48% reduction Unburned hydrocarbons 67% reduction

Cancer causing compounds 70-80% reduction Benzene - 90% reduction Smog forming particulates (Nox) Increase of 10%

As you can see, biodiesel offers a dramatic benefit to the environment over theuse oftraditional petroleum diesel.

Long-Term Impact of Biodiesel on the Environment

Unfortunately, the rosy glow of the immediate environmental benefits is offset by theeffects of long-term use and mass-production of biodiesel on the environment. Whilebiodiesel production and use does not adversely affect the environment, human avariceand greed does.


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What could humanity possibly do to ruin the benefits of biodiesel? Unfortunately, it is aquestion of supply and demand. Because biodiesel relies on plant and animal oils,large tracts of oil-bearing plants are being cultivated. The most common sourcesof oil,

today, are soybeans (in the US) and oil palms (much of the rest of the world).Neither of these species is the perfect choice for biodiesel production, but they arecheap, easily cultivated and already in use. In fact, enormous sections of old-growthforests have been felled in countries like Malaysia in order to plant more oil palms.In addition, the UK has already taken steps to limit the importation of oil fromcountriesthat do not cultivate and harvest using a sustainable method. This is only a singleexample of the potential effects of long-term biodiesel use.

A Bright Spot

Not all is bleak in the development of biodiesel. New research and tests on algae showincredible promise. While oil harvesting from algae is not quite ready for homeuse, itdoes have potential to change the landscape dramatically. Why is this? Algae canbefarmed in areas where other species will not grow, including deserts and even intheocean. This means that less arable land will have to be converted from food prod

uctionto oil production and reduces the impact of long-term biodiesel use.


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Chapter 3

Production Methods Defined

Now that your questions about the benefits and uses of biodiesel have been answe

red,it's time to move on to the next subject.How do you make biodiesel? How do you make it safely? What are the differencesbetween home production and commercial production? How much can you produce forhome use before you must become a commercial producer? These and many otherquestions will be answered in the following sections.

The Simplest Method of Biodiesel Production

Can biodiesel be produced simply? What are the drawbacks to simple, easyproduction? Are there safety concerns? Here's a bit of information for those see

kingthe quickest, easiest solution to producing biodiesel.The fastest method of production is to simply dump your source material directlyinto aprocessor, heat the mixture and siphon off the top layer. This is then allowed to settle ina third container, siphoned off and then placed directly into a fuel receptacle(gas can).Sounds simple, doesn't it? It certainly is. It is also dangerous, creates poor qualitybiodiesel that does not meet federal requirements and can fill your home with harmfulvapors. This is a poor choice for anyone seeking a viable alternative fuel sourc

e.Unfortunately, when dealing with biodiesel, simple is not always the best answer.However, doing it correctly can be relatively simple, once you have mastered a fewsteps. Below, you will find the required steps to produce biodiesel safely andeffectively. This process will give you the highest quality product, with minimum hassleand trouble.


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If a garage is not available, or yours is currently filled with the accumulateddebris ofpassing years, a storage building is a good option. These can be found quite affordablyand offer plenty of space. Some come prewired for electricity, and have windowsfor

ventilation, though these can also be added to other models.Regardless of where you decide to put your production equipment, ensure that there isplenty of room for the processor and other assorted necessities. Because processorfootprints vary drastically with type, manufacturer and materials used, have anidea inmind of how much space you will need.

Step 2 Choose Your Safety Equipment

While the processor and other included equipment (hoses, pumps, heaters, etc) arealso part of your safety equipment, you will need some specific items on hand tohelpprotect yourself from the corrosive, dangerous agents used to produce biodiesel.Youshould have:Safety Goggles These handy little devices will keep biodiesel, lye and methanoloutof your eyes during production. Lye is especially caustic and can cause blindness ifcare is not exercised during use.Chemical Resistant Apron Yes, you'll need to wear an apron while concocting your

fuel. By eliminating contact between skin/clothing and your chemicals, you can helpensure your safety. The apron chosen should be of vinyl (rubber can work, but expectto replace it) and long enough to come just above your knees.Protective Gloves Never, never handle biodiesel or additives without the aid ofheavy-duty protective gloves. In addition, rubber gloves are not a viable choicedue tothe corrosive effects of biodiesel on rubber. Nitrile PVC gloves are a good choice.These are disposable and should not degrade due to contact with biodiesel.

Heavy Clothing Finally, make sure you are wearing heavy clothing during production.This does not mean bundling up in a parka. Wear jeans, a long-sleeved shirt and


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appropriate footwear (work boots are a good choice). Heavier clothing helps eliminateinadvertent contact with biodiesel and associated chemicals.Face Mask Wearing a facemask can help reduce the amount of vapors you inhale. Inaddition, never work with biodiesel without proper ventilation. Ensure that ther

e areseveral open windows in your work area to allow vapors to be dissipated. A SCUBAapparatus is the best choice, as organic canisters do not filter out methanol fumes.Pumps Using pumps and hoses is more than a handy tool to increase the ease ofproduction. The use of pumps for creating the methoxide mixture, transferring thatmixture to the processing tank and other needs is a vital part of safety. By ensuring thatmethanol and methoxide are not exposed to the air, you can immediately reduce the

amount of harmful vapors to which you are exposed.Fire Extinguishers - While it is hoped that you will never need one, biodiesel andmethanol are flammable. Keeping at least one fire extinguisher handy at all times isvital to your safety and wellbeing, as well as that of your family. Choose a fireextinguisher rated for fuel and oil fires.

Step 3 Choosing Your Processor

The processor that you choose is vital to your production. As mentioned previous

ly inthis book, you have the choice of purchasing a premade processor, or building yourown. If you choose to build your own, you will need plans to help with the process.Thankfully, the Internet is full of plans, most of which are reliable.If you choose to purchase a premade system, opt for steel, rather than plastic.Plasticprocessors can catch fire, often seal poorly, and can even affect the quality ofyourbiodiesel.

What should a good processor include? What shape, size, construction and materialsshould be used? Unfortunately, these criteria are difficult to answer. Size andshape


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are largely personal preference, based on your needs and usage. However, there aresome vital elements that you must ensure are present (or absent).

Copper Never use copper processors or processors with copper elements.Copper can ruin your oil by catalyzing it.

Plastic Try to avoid plastic. While some plastic models are effective, most area waste of time. Steel Steel is the best option for your processor. It need not be stainless steel,though stainless options exist and can provide exterior corrosion resistance (theinterior will not corrode). Size and Shape The size and shape of your processor will be determined bythe type of stirring/agitation system that you use. For instance, squat processorsrequire much more forceful agitation to be effective, while tall, thin ones require

less effort. Insulation Insulated tanks offer some benefits. However, they will not haveheaters, forcing you to use an alternative means of heating your mixture. Thermostat A thermostat is not required, though it can be a darn handy tool. Ifyour processor is equipped with a thermostat, you can leave the machineoperating until the process has finished. Without the thermostat, you will havetomanually check the temperature to ensure that overheating does not occur. Footprint The footprint taken up by your processor and equipment must easilyfit within your workspace, with room to spare. Measure your workspace andchoose an option compatible. A processor that is too large will have obviousdrawbacks. Agitation Method You must choose an agitation method that fits your processor

tank. The two popular methods of agitation are stirring using blades andagitation using a pump.


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Step 4 Chemicals Necessary for Production

You cannot make biodiesel without heat and without chemicals. Thankfully, thechemicals needed are few and easily obtained. However, they do pose risks and mu

stbe handled carefully. Ensure that you have the safety equipment listed previously inthis book.

Lye Lye is used during the creation of methoxide. Ensure that you use KOH(potassium hydroxide). While this is more expensive than sodium hydroxide, itdissolves much more easily in the methanol. Lye of 85% purity and above canbe used, though the higher the purity level, the better your process will work.NaOH can be used with waste vegetable oil. Methanol Methanol is readily available in many different forms. It oftenmasquerades as fondue fuel and even gas line antifreeze. Make sure that you

get methanol and not ethanol; ethanol will not work for this process. In addition,check the manufacturer's label to ensure that it is methanol and not "white gas."

You should be able to find both chemicals through local stores. However, if youcannotlocate them in your local area, the Internet is a handy source. Just ensure thatyouknow the purity and contents of what you are purchasing. A reputable source is vital foryour production.

Step 5 Your Heat Source

Your fuel source must be heated while being stirred or agitated. Ensuring that you havethe correct type of heat source is vital. Never, never use direct heating, suchas anopen flame. Use only indirect heat or a heat exchange system.

These can be found online or through specialty stores in the physical world. Inaddition,as mentioned previously, you should have a thermostat with your heat source to ensure


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that you are able to maintain proper temperature at all times. Overheating producesexcess fumes, as well as other problems.

Step 6 Making Methoxide

You will use the lye and methanol to create methoxide, which is added to your oil duringthe production process. However, making methoxide requires certain steps and safetyprecautions. Below, you'll find a guide to making it the safest way possible, aswell asother information required for success. These measurements are for a 10-liter batch ofbiodiesel. For information about running test batches, see later sections.

Step 1- Pour 2 liters of methanol into a strong glass container with a sealable

lid Step 2 Measure 35 grams of lye (be quick; lye absorbs moisture very quicklyfrom the surrounding air) Step 3 Pour lye into the glass container with the methanol Step 4 Seal the container! Step 6 Swirl the mixture inside the container several times to facilitate thedissolving process Step 7 Be careful; methoxide gets quite warm during the mixing process Step 8 When fully dissolved, add the mixture, while stirring, into pre-warmed oilin your processor

Safety Notes Methoxide is a corrosive substance; you must handle this with great care. In addition,ensure that you do not allow either your lye container or your methanol container toremain open during the process. Both absorb moisture from the surroundingatmosphere, which can prove problematic during the production of biodiesel.


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Make sure that all equipment is clean and free of moisture for this process. Youwillalso need two funnels; one for the methanol and one for the lye.Finally, ensure that your measurements are extremely accurate. Inaccuratemeasurements will result in an unusable product.

Step 7 Agitation and Settling

Make sure that your oil is heated to 131-140 degrees Fahrenheit prior to addingyourmethoxide. You will notice an immediate reaction, as the oil turns from a dark color to alight golden color. However, the reaction is not finished. Agitation must be maintainedfor some time.For a 10-liter batch, stirring should be done for 1 2 hours. After stirring, youshould

allow the mixture to settle overnight. The next day, you will be able to siphonbiodieselout of the processor and leave the glycerin byproduct in the bottom of the processor.However, you cannot use your biodiesel, just yet. There are a few more stepsnecessary for completion.

Step 8 Washing Your Biodiesel

You'll remember the washing test from a previous chapter. Washing your biodieselisnot only important, it's vital to ensuring that you have the correct product for

use in yourengine. Washing is not only an important way to test for purity, it also leads to greaterpurity by removing even more contaminants.What contaminants does washing remove? You'll find that by washing your biodiesel,you are able to remove excess methanol, lye, soaps and other harmful byproductsthatcan wreak havoc on your vehicle.To wash your biodiesel, you must:

Add roughly half as much water as biodiesel to the container


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liquid. However, if it is cloudy, you many need to wash it again and repeat thedryingprocess.

Step 10 Storing Your Fuel

Now that the fuel has been washed and dried, it's time to decant it into storagecontainers. Use only approved gas containers, such as a plastic gas can with anHDPErating.Biodiesel can be stored for several months, much like diesel and regular gasoline.However, it cannot be stored indefinitely. If you choose to store your biodiesellongerthan six months, you will need to use additives to extend its lifespan and usefulness.


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Chapter 4

Large Scale and Commercial Production

Biodiesel has proven not only a reliable homebrewed fuel, but has entered the ma

rketthrough large-scale production facilities. You'll find biodiesel in almost everystate in theUS, most of it made from soybeans. It is also widely available throughout Europe(moreso than in the States). European biodiesel is often made with palm oil or othersources,though rarely with soybean oil.Large scale and commercial production of biodiesel requires strict adherents tofederalmandates for quality and purity. In addition, many commercially available biodiesel

brands are of lower quality than many homebrewed options. This is due to the relativecost involved with creating the fuel, as well as the difference in feedstock used forbiodiesel.As mentioned, most biodiesels in the US rely on soybean oil for production. However,soybeans are not the preferred source of oil. Many homebrew enthusiasts are willing touse higher-quality oils, such as canola. In addition, the homebrew process is oftencapable of creating a higher-quality product simply because of attention to detail, no

production deadlines and other factors.However, with a higher-quality oil, commercial manufacturing of biodiesel can create thesame quality fuel as home-brewed options. In addition to the right feedstock, acommercial producer will require optimal equipment. This means locatingmanufacturing equipment suppliers.


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The History of Large Scale Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel has been around for a very long time. In fact, it was used in the 1900World'sFair to power a tractor at the behest of the French government. However, it hasnot

been widely used or widely manufactured until recent years.The reason that biodiesel has not enjoyed a longer production run is simple. Petroleumhas been cheaper and more widely available than biodiesel for decades. However,thatis changing as the world nears the end of viable fossil fuel deposits.To find a viable alternative fuel, many manufacturers have turned to biodiesel as anoption. Many governments around the globe have mandated that commercialpetroleum diesel contain a percentage of biodiesel, as well (2% in many cases).However, other blends have become available, as well. Blends such as B20 and B80

are available in most areas. B100 is the rating for pure biodiesel, which is available insome areas, though by no means in all.

Biodiesel Resources, Equipment Manufacturers and More

Whether your interest in biodiesel is from a homebrew or a commercial standpoint, you'llneed to be able to find the equipment, chemicals and tools required to create the fuel.Here is a list of valuable resources for your use.

US Biodiesel Kits and Supplies

B100 Supply.com Offers home brewers the equipment, books and other suppliesrequired to successfully brew biodiesel at homeHome Biodiesel Kits.com Provides filtering systems, biodiesel kits andpreassembled options for the serious home brewer

Biodiesel Solutions.com Provides support to home-based biodiesel brewers, as wellas equipment, supplies and information


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Olympia Green Fuels.com Provides processors capable of small or large-scalebatches for home use, as well as light commercial use, farm use and moreDoctor Diesel.com Supplies biodiesel equipment for small-scale operationsUtah Biodiesel Supply.com Supplies biodiesel equipment, books, information,promotional materials and chemicals for production at homeBiodiesel-Technologies.com Provides commercial and homebrew setups with

viable equipment to increase production speed and production quality

Biodiesel Retailers (and Oil Resellers)

Biodiesel.org Provides a map of all biodiesel retailers in the USOliomap.com Helps locate retailers of vegetable oils, biodiesel, equipment and othernecessitiesFuelWerks.com Sells biodiesel for use in commercial and personal vehicles, as wellas blends, and storage containers for any capacity required

SQBiofuels.comMarkets and distributes biodiesel regionally (Oregon), as well as

having national connections. Supplies B100 and blends for automotive use, as well ashome heating and moreBiofuelOasis.com Provides commercial biodiesel for a variety of uses and needs inany size batch requiredBuyBiodiesel.com Supplies biodiesel to commercial interests and other needs.Does not specialize in homebrew or consumer-end production

Large-Scale Production Equipment

Biodiesel-Technologies.com Lease and sale of important biodiesel productionequipment for commercial production


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JatroDiesel.com Offers refining services, production, research and development,aswell as commercial equipment for large-scale production of biodieselNovaBioSource.com Provides biodiesel produced from multiple feedstock types, aswell as equipment rental, leasing and sales


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Chapter 5

Usable Plants, Recipes and More

To make biodiesel successfully, you'll need to have the right recipe. Just like

baking acake or preparing a complicated dish, a recipe is vital to your success. By following theguidelines of other, more experienced makers, you can attain the best results almostimmediately. In addition, knowing the plants that can be used to produce oil isalsoimportant for your needs.

Usable Plants

Quite a few plants can provide you with the oil vital to making biodiesel. However, notall plants produce the correct oil for your use.In addition to the types of seeds and plants relevant, you'll need to know whichonesoffer the most benefit. Below, you'll find seeds listed with their per acre oilproductionrates.

corn 18 gallons per acre cashew nut - 19 gallons per acre oats - 23 gallons per acre lupine - 25 gallons per acre

kenaf - 29 gallons per acre calendula - 33 gallons per acre

coffee - 49 gallons per acre linseed - 51 gallons per acre hazelnuts - 51 gallons per acre euphorbia - 56 gallons per acre pumpkin seed - 57 gallons per acre coriander - 57 gallons per acre


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cotton - 35 gallons per acre hemp - 39 gallons per acre soybean - 48 gallons per acre tung oil tree - 100 gallons per acre sunflowers - 102 gallons per acre cacao - 110 gallons per acre

peanuts - 113 gallons per acre opium poppy - 124 gallons per acre rapeseed - 127 gallons per acre olives - 129 gallons per acre castor beans - 151 gallons per acre pecan nuts - 191 gallons per acre

mustard seed - 61 gallons per acre camelina - 62 gallons per acre sesame - 74 gallons per acre safflower - 83 gallons per acrerice - 88 gallons per acre jojoba - 194 gallons per acre

jatropha - 202 gallons per acre macadamia nuts - 240 gallons peracre brazil nuts - 255 gallons per acre avocado - 282 gallons per acre coconut - 287 gallons per acre oil palm - 635 gallons per acre

A Note on Algae Production

Algae is perhaps the most-hyped option for oil production for biodiesel creation.However, while the potential yields are great, the technology is not in place forcommercial production, much less home production.

Algae holds the most potential for a renewable resource, which takes up less spacethan any other crop. As mentioned earlier in the book, algae can be grown in deserts,in the ocean, almost anywhere that other oil-bearing crops cannot be grown. Inaddition, some estimates put the oil production from a garage-size batch of algae as theequivalent of a full football field of soybeans.


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Thus, while algae may be the future of biodiesel production, it is certainly notthepresent. Both homebrew enthusiasts and commercial producers must rely onconventional crops for the present.

Recipes

Finally, for your information, here are some of the best recipes for creating biodieselfrom a variety of different feedstock choices.This recipe produces approximately 40 gallons of biodiesel:Start With40 gallons of used vegetable oilFilter the oil by pouring it through a strainerPour 40 gallons of oil into the processorHeat the oil to 120 degrees FahrenheitCheck the temperature with a thermometer (if you have a thermostat, set it for t

hecorrect temperature)(Do not use an open flame to heat the processor)TitrationYou will need: distilled water, isopropyl alcohol, lye (NaOH) not KOH, graduatedeyedropper, pH meter, 2 small dishes, 1-liter containerCreating your lye/water solution:Dissolve 50 ml of lye in 500 ml distilled water within the provided containerSave the excess solution for use with later batches.

Prepare the First Dish


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5 ml of the lye/water mixture added to dish 145 ml of distilled water added to dish 1Prepare the Second Dish40 ml of isopropyl alcohol added to dish 24 ml used vegetable oil added to dish 2Mix the contents of dish 2 together until dissolved, ensuring that the mixture r

emainswarmUse the pH meter to check the level of pH within dish 2Titration of the oil1 ml of solution in dish 1 should be placed into dish 2Check the pH level of the resultContinue adding solution from dish 1 to dish 2 until the pH climbs several levelsCalculate TitrationL = ((D / 4) + 3.5) * OD = Number of 1 ml drops placed in dish 2 during titrationO = Milliliters of oil to be reacted L = Number of grams of lye needed for react

ion tooccurRecord L for use in next stepCreating MethoxideItems Needed: methanol, lye, and (2) 5-gallon buckets with lidsPrepare Buckets

Clean both bucketsDrill 1/4" hole in the center of each bucket lid


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Prepare MethanolPour 4 gallons of methanol into each bucketPlace lids on lightlyPrepare LyeLocate the L value from the Titration stepDivide L by 2 to make GL

GL = Grams of lye to use in each bucketMeasure two sets of GL grams of lyeSet lye aside for use when mixing with the methanolMix the BucketsRemove the lid from the first bucketStir the methanol in the first bucketWhile stirring, add the premeasured lye to the first bucketMix until the lye is dissolved, which takes approximately 10 minutesRepeat the process with the second bucketAdding Methoxide to the ProcessorEnsure Oil in Processor is at 120 degrees FahrenheitRemove the lid from each bucket

Carefully pour the contents into the processorMixing the OilMix 5 Minutes, Wait 10 Minutes

Repeat 4 times


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Allow Oil to SeparateLet the mixture sit for at least 12 hours (24 is preferable)This allows the biodiesel and glycerin to separate, with the biodiesel rising tothe topand the glycerin condensing on the bottom of the processorSoap may also form between the biodiesel and glycerin

Remove the BiodieselRemove the biodiesel from the processor by siphoning or pumpingAll that should be left in the processor is byproduct layerDispose of the glycerin remaining in the processorWashing the BiodieselAdd half as much water to the container as biodieselAdd an aerator and air-stone (use ceramic stones)Turn on the aerator and leave running for approximately 24 hoursWatch for emulsification during this timeTurn off aerator when time is upAllow Water & Oil to SeparateAllow mixture to settle for at least 12 hours; this allows the mixture to separa

teRemove Biodiesel with SiphonDrain biodiesel layer into a clean containerAllow biodiesel to dry until clear (cover container with vented lid)


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If product is cloudy after 24 hours, heat mixture to 120 degrees Fahrenheit andallow todry another 24 hoursTransfer to Storage ContainerThe containers must be rated for holding fuelDrain the remaining biodiesel layer into an open container

Store until ready to useFill Fuel TankFill the fuel tank of any vehicle with a diesel engineBiodiesel can be mixed with regular diesel fuel in any ratioA further recipe for your convenience uses only new oil, thus requiring KOH rather thanNaOH (lye), as well as the use of something other than isopropyl alcohol. In addition,this recipe is for creating a small, "test" batch of biodiesel. However, with afew minorcalculations, you can convert it to any batch size necessary.Ingredients

1 liter of new unused vegetable oil4 grams or more of lye250 ml methanolEquipment NeededTwo clean, dry 2-liter plastic bottlesA funnel


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A dry, 600 ml (1 pint) glass jar, with a lid that gives a tight sealA 500 ml metric measuring cupMetric scalesCooking thermometerPlastic safety glovesPlastic lab apron

Face shield or safety glassesProcedurePut on your safety gearMeasure 250 ml of room temperature methanol into the one-pint jar.Measure 4g of lye and add to the methanol. Secure the lid tightly.Agitate the jar until the lye is completely dissolved. It will heat up as the reaction takesplace. Leave for at least 10 minutes.Heat the 1-liter of new vegetable oil to 140F only.Use the funnel to pour the warmed oil into the dry 2-liter plastic bottle.Use the funnel to pour the methanol/lye mixture on top of the oil.Seal the lid tightly on the 2-liter bottle and shake vigorously for 20 seconds

Allow an hour for the contents to separate. The biodiesel will rise to the top,whileglycerin sinks to the bottom.


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The biodiesel will be cloudy at first. Let it rest and it should clarify.Take off the lid and gently drain the biodiesel into the other dry, clean 2-liter plasticbottle using a funnel. The glycerin should remain in the original container.Wash 1Gently pour 500 ml of room temperature water into the biodiesel and cap tightly.

Rotate the bottle very gently end to end a few times for 30 seconds and then stand itupright.Once the water and biodiesel have separated, uncap and drain the water off.Wash 2Repeat all the process in the step above but this time gently rotate the bottlefor 1minute.Wash 3Repeat the step above.Wash 4

Repeat the previous step but shake bottle briskly.Wash 5Repeat washing but shake vigorously.Allow your biodiesel to clarify for a day or so in warm sunlight.


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The final recipe is simply steps that can be followed with any amount of oil necessaryand can be modified to fit your needs.What You Need:Sodium Hydroxide (Lye)Graduated eyedropper

Petri dish20 ml beaker1500 ml beakerBlender with a glass bowlUsed cooking oil500 ml beakerIsopropyl alcoholLitmus paperMethanolTitration ProcessMeasure 1 gram of sodium hydroxide onto a Petri dishMeasure 1 liter of distilled water into a 1500 ml beaker.

Measure 10 ml of isopropyl alcohol into a 20ml beakerDissolve 1ml of used vegetable oil into the isopropyl alcohol.Label oil/alcohol


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Use the graduated eyedropper to drop 1 milliliter of the sodium hydroxide mixture intothe oil/alcohol solutionAfter 1 milliliter of the sodium hydroxide mixture is added, check the pH of theresultingsolution

Repeat these steps until the oil/alcohol reaches a pH of between eight & nine. The pHincrease often occurs very suddenly, after a slow start. Usually no more than 3milliliters of sodium hydroxide mixture will need to be added.Use the following equation:The number of milliliters of the sodium hydroxide mixture dropped into the oil/alcoholmixture = x(x+3.5)=NN= the number of grams of sodium hydroxide required to neutralize and react 1 liter ofused vegetable oil

N will be between 4.5-6.5, but it can have a higher rating if the oil has been usedpreviouslyStep 2 Measuring the Ingredients (Reactants)Measure the reactants in separate containersPour the liter of filtered, used oil into a 1500ml beaker200 ml of methanol into a 500 ml beakerN grams of sodium hydroxide onto a Petri dishStep 3 Dissolving the Sodium Hydroxide (Lye) with Methanol


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The third step combines the methanol with the sodium hydroxide, creating sodiummethoxide. Once the lye has been dissolved in the methanol, the resulting mixturemust be dissolved into the oil as soon as possible.Pour the methanol into a blender, cleaning up any spills immediately, using water and

vinegar.Pour the lye into the blender.Replace the lid on the blender and use the lowest setting on the machine for 30seconds. The lye should have dissolved into the methanol at this point; the blendermay be quite warm to the touch.Step 4 Mixing them UpKeep your face away from the blender as you remove the lid.Pour the vegetable oil into the blender (very carefully). In a larger scale production, themethoxide would be added directly to the processor, where the oil is being warmed.

Place the lid back on the blender and switch to medium-high for 15 minutes. Ifoverheating occurs during this time, simply switch off the blender and wait until it hascooled sufficiently for use.Step 5 Settling of the GlycerinAllow the glycerin to settle for at least 8 hours (longer is better). The biodiesel collectsat the top of the blender and the glycerin will collect at the bottom.Step 6 SeparationAfter blending, the contents can either be transferred into a 1500ml container with astopper or left in the blender for at least 8 hours.


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Step 7 Cleaning UpStore the leftover used vegetable oil in a safe, cool place.Clean all the equipment so it is ready to use.Allow the glycerin to dry in air and sunlight for 1 week and then use as soap ordiscard.


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Conclusion

In conclusion, biodiesel offers numerous benefits for a wide variety of needs.Consumer, commercial interests and many others can make excellent use of theproduct. However, until viable alternative sources of oil are located, the widespread use

of biodiesel in a commercial setting seems unviable.While the commercial sector may see limited benefits, the private sector (homebrewmethods) stands to gain enormously. Biodiesel is a potential investment option forinterested commercial entrepreneurs, but the private maker stands to gain much morefrom the production and use of the fuel.Biodiesel is a fantastic way to reduce dependence on oil, help the environment,ensurethat your vehicle operates smoothly and more. In addition, manufacturing the fuel can

be an interesting exercise in science.That said, the future of biodiesel is bright with potential, if algae can be harnessed foractual use and production. These tiny creatures are capable of alleviating muchof theworld's hunger for energy, by supplying cheap, renewable energy through theconversion of oils into biodiesel.


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19973704 Biodiesel Secrets

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Transcript of 19973704 Biodiesel Secrets