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, INFANTRY INSTRUCTORS' CONFERENCEUNITED STATES ARMY INFANTRY SCHOOL

Fort Benning. Georgia23-27 June 1958

REPORTPURPOSE: The Infantry Inltl'\lctor.' Conference Will convened to Itandardizl! Infantry doctrine.tactic., and technique taught at Ichooh of the AnTlY Educational Syltem. [""

MISSION: The milsion of the Infantry Inltructorl' Conference Will: '\

a. To exhibit an active and conltructive interelt in Infantry InltructOri at other lervic:eI

MAJOR GENERAL PAUL L. FREEMAN, JR.Commandant. Ullited States Army Infantry School

Com mal/ding General, United Slates Army Infantry Center

,

,

..BRIGADIER GENERAL J. P. RUGGLES

Deputy ComrtUJl'fdilW GeneralUnited Slah!s A","" /1fjtmlry Center

BRIGADIER GENERAL STANLEY R. LARSEN

Assistant CommandantUnited States Army Infantry School

AGENDA FOR INFANTRY INSTRUCTORS' CONFERENCEFORT BENNING, GEORGIA

23 - 27 JUNE 1958

H MONDAY, 23 JUNE 19580825 Assemble in Pratt Hall0830-0920 Welcome - Assistant Commandant

Presentation: Command and Siaff DepartmentScope: Hellcopterborne Baltle Group Operations. Conference 'in which the

special considerations involved In the planning and cordueting ofhelicopterborne battle group operations are presented.

Orientation and Outline of Conference - Director of Instruction0920-0940 Coffee Break0940-0950 En Route to Brown Halll

1530-1630 Conferees meet: with varloos Department representatives to set up times forthe alt8werlng of previously submiued queatlons, and/or to arrangt: forvisiting scheduled problema.

1730-1830 Commandant's Reception: TSB Area. BOQ Bldg 2755-8, Hqs Co, 2d StudentBattalion.

,

,

Presentation: Command and Staff DepartmentScope: Conference In which the results from the final repon of the Intel-

ligence Seminar arc presented (Scheduled for 19 - 24 May 58).En Route to Theater No. 1Presemallon: United States Army Infantry BoudScope: Developmem and Test function of CONARC Boards with particular

emphasis on devclopmental items currcntly undergoing tcst at theInfantry Board.

TUESDAY, 24 JUNE 18580755 Assemble in Pratt HaJJ0800-0845 Presentation: Depanment d NRI

Scope: Conference concerning the functions 01 the Depanment Of Non-Resi-dent Ilt8tructlon; the type, l@'Vel, purpose, methoddprocurement andthe benefits derived from the use ol nonresident Instructional mate-rial. A discussion concerning the revised Army Pre-Commission,Infantry Company and Advanced Extension Course Programs theUnited States Army Rcserve School Program: toincludea discussionconcerning the awarding d constructive credit between the Companyand Advanced Extension Coursc Programs and the USAR SchoolProgram.

Coffee Break0845-09050910-0950

0950-10051005-1200

1200-12501250-13301330-1415

LunchEn Routc to Problem 2067Prc8cntatlon: Command and Staff Depanment (Problcm 2(67)Scope: Demonstration (Live Firing) showing the actions and orders of the

weapons and as8ault gun platoon leaders In thcpreparatlon phases 0(the allack; conduct d fire prior to and during the attack emphasizingthe collective effectiveness of the fires or the platoons; fleXibility,displacement and the usc 01 communications to coordinate flre andrt'KWcments to their platoons.

1..15-1500 En Route to Main POfit (Sightseeing Field)

,

1500-152~1525-1S45

Coffee OreakPresentation: Airborne-Air Mobility DepanmentScope: A dlAcu8sion of Air Mobility conct.'Pttl, teHts and problem areas.

1545-1635

07550800-1000

1000-10201020-1030

1030-1050

1050-11001100-1120

1120-1135

075508000815

Presentation: Airtxlrne-Air MObility DepartmentScope: An integrated conference and den~

0820-08250825-08S0

0850-09100910-0925

En Route to Brown HallPresentation: Special Subjects DepanmentScope: New Developments in Atomic Weapons. To familiarize the Infantry

instrucrors with recent and impending developments in atomJc weap-ons, their delivery systems, and target analysis techniques.

Coffee BreakPresentation: Editorial and Pictorial OfficeScope: To cile the imponance of INFANTRY Magazine to the Infantryman

as an exJension of school instruction and as a means of bridging thegap between the formulation at new tactics, organization and doc-trine and their publication in Depanment of the Army media. Toencourage conferees to promoIe the subscription of INFANTRYMagazine in their parent units and to solicit anicles for publicationfrom units in the field.

0930-1050 Presentation: Instructor Training SectionScope: Mission of ITS, policy on attendance, scope of ITC, scope of orienra-

tion. The 3 pans of a presentation (introduction, bcdy, and con-clusion), the preparation of teaching points, supponing material,sub6ummaries, and transitions; conference method, control ofinterest. The indicators of speaker attitude (sincerity, confidence,enthusiasm, and sense of humor); platform technique; use of voice.Emphasis is placed upon the Instructor's making the most effectiveuse of his own beSt qualities. Scheduling of student presentations,with emphasis upon developing effectiveness for learning; develop-ment of student confidence in speech practice (skit of 3 min talk an:::!critique by instructor) demonstration of speech workshop techniques;smaH group instruction; improvements in instructional facilities andtraining aids.

10SO-11001100-11501200-13001300-1700

BreakPeriod reserved for the Assistant CommandantLunch

Conferences with Instructional Depanmcnt8 and/or observation of scheduledproblems.

FRIDAY, 27 JUNE 19580900-1000 En Route to Problem 2155 Area - Moore Road

104011401145~130013051310~1400

1400-14101410-1500

1500-153015301530-1630

1635~1650

Presentation: Command atvJ Staff DepanmentScope: Problem 2155 - Mobile Task Force Operations - Dress Rehearsal.

Demonstration (Live Firing) of a company-size combined arms m0-bile tast force in offensive action; demonstration depiCtS tast (orceutilizing active atomic suppan. anachecl tanks,/lnfantry carriers,engineer suppan. aerial reconnaissance, and employment of helicop-ters to evacuate casualties and resupply ammunition.

Return to Main PostLunchAssemble in Pratt HallPresentation: Combat Developments OfficeScope: Presentation of the materiel development objectives and related

materiel requirements and concepts which have application to Ihefuture employment of Infantry during Ihe time (rame 1960-70, to in-clude USAIS views wirh regard (0 specific dcvclopmcnr projects otdirect interest.

Break:Presentation: Combal Developments OfficeScope: A comprehensive presentation on organizatiOnal and operational ob-

jectives of the In(antry baule group of the 1960-70 time frame. Acomparison ia made between the current battle group organizationalstructure and that planned for the 1960-65 period. Because of theexpected availability of new equipment and the Impact of new weaponssystems on tactical formations, the operationalc::onceptsoCthc Infan-try banle group are projected.

Coffee BreatAssemble in Pratt HallAssistant Commandant's ForumClOSing Remarks - Commardant

UNITED STATE ARMY INFANTRY SCHOOLDIRECTORY OF

STAFF AND DEPARTMENT DIRECTORS

TELEPHONESPOSITION NAME OfFICE HOMECOMMANDANT Maj Gen P. L. Freeman, Jr. 20101 25100

Aide de Camp Capt L. McCall, Jr. 27131 25195DEPUTY COMMANDING GENERAL Brig Gen J. F. :tuggles 32132 31200

Aide de Camp lsI Lt J. P. Ceglowski 21233 35168ASSIST ANT COMMANDANT Brig Cen S. R. Larsen 31222 30225

Aide de Camp 1st u C. O. Neal 31212 20235

CHIEF OF STAFF Col R. H. York 22J11 26216COMBAT DEVELOPMENTS OFFiCE Col D. E. Townsend 26101 37109

Project Officer Lt Col J. H. Chambers 31223 61228DIRECTOR OF INSTRUCTION Col N. 8. Edwards 26211 32100

Project Officer Lt Col A. L. Dean, Jr. 27124 33108OPERATIONS OFFICER Col R. L. Crouch, Jr. 37292 29L07

Project Officer Capt J. E. Tyler 37164 MU 90554SECRETARY Col J. L. Osgard 20291 34128LIBRARIAN Miss Ruth Wesley 24172 MU 93871AIRBORNE-AIR MOBILITYDEPARTMENT Col W. E. Ekman 25102 35295

Proje

, TELEPHONES

POSITION NAME OFfiCE HOME

EDITORIAL AND PICTORIALOFFiCE Col G. S. Peters 30121 20239

Project Officer 1st Lt L. P. Boucher. Jr. 30256 MU 94761RECEPTION AND PROTOCOLDIVISION Lt Col H. S. Sheldon 24211 23120

COMMANDING OFFiCERTHE SCHOOL BRIGADE Col A. L. Hoetleke 21292 33146

Project Officer Is! Lt T. H. Parsons 30135 MU 92299COMMANDING OFFICERINFANTR Y SCI-tOOL DETACHMENT Lt Col R. O. Manasco 34103 24138COMMANDING OFFICER1ST STUDENT Bt\TTALION LI Col J. L. Bryan 39212 31209COMMANDING OFFICER2D STUDENT BATTALION Lt Col J. B. Zanin 30211 34127COMMANDING OFFICER4TH STUDENT BATTALION Lt Col 8. W. Hart 22123 39239COMMANDING OFFICER3TH STUDENT SAITALIGN MaJ J. L. Treadwell 25224 36135

UNITED STATES ARMY INFANTRY BOARD

PRESIDENT Col H. B. Kunzig 25192 27118Project Officer Lt Col A. I-t Phillips 20212 33215

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INFANTRY WEAPONS

SPECIAL SUBJECTS

CONFERENCE INTRODUCTION

INFANTRY MAGAZINE

PageI

I3

,

18

1818

'6

34

3434

4'4'636871

74

77

7778

81

..

..,

8'94

'03

103'0310710'111

118

118118.,4lZ7

lntroductionTl'"ainfil'"e IRecent Changes to ROTCM 130-45: Snipel'" Doctl'"ine; and

Tl'"ainlil'"e III and IVAutofil'"eTl'"ainfin IIModified M2 Mount fol'" M60 Machine GunMS6 as a Multiple Cal'"del'"

I.ll.

III.

I. IntroductionU. Ltaaon Preparation and Control or Intere.t

In. Orientation on Inltructor Training Cour.eIV. New Tl'"enda in USAIS Inltructton

lNFANTRY INSTRUCTOR COURSE

I. IntroductionII. E..entials of Ground Mobility

III. Infantry Light Weapona Carrier, M-274IV. Ms6 Auawt Gun CarriageV. Vehicle Navigation

GROUND MOBILITY

I. Intl'"oduct ionII. Ail'" Mobility

III. Pathfinders

I. IntroductionII. Infantry Battle Group CommunicUion.

ill. Trend. and Development. in Communication. andElectronic Equipment

AIR MOBILITY

I. Ailtant Commandant'. WelcomeU. Director of Instruction'. Orientation

RESULTS OF INTELLIGENCE SEMINAR

I. Trainlead Film Pl'"ogl'"amII. New Developmenu in Nuclear Weapon.

THE NON_RESIDENT INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM OF THEUNITED ST."\TES ARMY INFANTRY SCHOOL

INFANTRY COMMUNICATIONS

'v.V.

VI.VII.

Section

Section

Section

Section

Section

Section

Section

CHAPTER 4.

CHAPTER S.

CHAPTER 6.

CHAPTER 8.

CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER 9.

CHAPTER 3.

CHAPTER 2.

CHAPTER 7.

CHAPTER 10.

ii

APPENDIX 1. Lilt of Confereu

APPENDIX It Oiltribution

153

1Z9

'54

'Z9130138..6

APPENDICES

COMMANDANT'S CLOSING REMARKS

INFANTRY TACTICS

ASSISTANT COMMANDANT'S FORUM

I. Battle Group TacticiII. HelicOplerborne Battle GrOup Operationa

III. Mobile Talk Force OperationaIV. Weapons and Aalault Gun Platoonl in the Attaek

CHAPTER 13.

Seetion

CHAPTER lZ.

CHAPTER 11.

,

CHAPTER 1CONFERENCE INTRODUCTION

Section I. ASSISTANT COMMANDANT'S OPENING REMARKS

BRIGADIER GENERAL STANLEY R. LARSEN

On behalf of General Freeman, I welcome you to the Infantry School, your home a. Infantrymen, and to relay hill regrets that he cannot be here perllon_Uy this morning to welcome you.We want group' such as yours which come to the Infantry School, to recognize that the Infantryi. a progressive branch and never stands still. It i. particularly essential that you recognizethis today, because everything is moving lIO r_pidly. We mUal continue to come forth with newideas and new trend. to further the Infantry and the Army a. a whole.

will cover a few poinu, alter which Colonel Edwards will give you a short orientation. Wehope, in the.e few day., to give you the latest trend., development., doctrinal thinking, andequipment idea. which we have at the Infantry School and within the Infantry branch. There havebeen change. within the last year and we hope they will be dra.tic enough so that those of you whowere here la.t summer will feel that progres. i. being made and that there is a difference be_tween last year and thi. year. We hope our presentations will a.sist you in your individual jobs,wherever you might be alationed. We abo hope they will aid you in putting out the story of theInfantry so we can have a unified idea throughout our branch, as to where we are heading andwhat our future will be.

You Infantrymen know, as I know, that one of our problems has been that wherever onehundred Infantrymen get together there are one hundred different ideas as to exactly what theInfantry means, where it i. going, and what it stands for. This bas been a problem ever sinceI can remember and I am convinced that it has been so always. Sometimes this is progressive;however. it can often be detrimental. We hope during these few days to get your ideas on thissubject.

I should like to illustrate our way of doing busine with a specilic example of ROCIO. Whenthe divisions were changed from the triangular to the Pentamic org_nizations, the Infantry Schoolhad no officers who were qualified ROCIO experts. Therefore, we had to lean very heavily onunits in the field for basic ideas and trend. As a matter of fact, we have developed a monthlyletter from the Commandant to unit. in the field to probe for thoughts and ideas applicable tothe ROCIO concept. Con.equently, the doctrine and ideas we teach in the future will dependlargely on ideas obtained from people away from the Infantry School.

The Infantry should be proud of iu place in today's Army. A. to the concepts of the futureof the Army, the In!antry School is in full accord with directives _nd doctrine that have beenplaced upon the Army as a whole by higher headquarten. We are in full accord with the guidancegiven for the future. However, within this guidance, there are some point. we as Infantrymenshould give serious thought. One of these is the matter of command. The Infantryman today, upthrough the grade of captain, has command. From then on, he mu.t wait roughly 14 years untilhe becomes a colonel and is eligible to command again. Here we have the Infantryman, supposedto be a commander; yet there i. no opportunity for him to gain command experience during thecream of his IHe.

Another point is the personnel carrier in the ROCIO division. At preSent, it is assigned tothe Transportation Corps. However, the tllfantry personnel cilrr~.,r - or armored perlonnelcarrier, if you want to call it that - will be used primarily by the Infantry in battle. Close COOl'.dination with Infantry units and a thorough knowledge of Infantry operation. will be eential.Thill can belt be achieved if the.e carrier. are operated by Infantrymen.

The huantryman of today 18 no 10llger a rl!leman who can be expected to pack aU of his light_ ,ing toola on foot. This brings to mind a question which has never been answered Cor me, justwhat is an Infantry weapon? I would like to bave someone of you during your stay come up withthe answer, if you will. We have bad an Iniantry branch fOr nearly two hundred years but no onehas ever defined an Infantry weapon properly. We are inclined to think of an Infantry weaponaa one which the Infantryman habitually uaes in carrying out his job on the front lines; one whichfires at a target visibleby frontline observation. Is thia thil'lkinl correct, in view of the requirements of the modern battlefield? The idea of the Infantryman today having to carryall his fight-ing equipment on hia back, I believe, ia outmoded. Future trends require the Infantryman to beable to fight on vehiclea and off vehicles. Even now a light tracked vehicle ia being developedwhich will enable an Infantryman to do this.

What is an lnfantryman? Ia a paratrooper who wear. cro.sed rifle. an Infantryman?Ye., he ia. Is a man who belongs to an armored divi.lon and called an Armored Infantrymanatill an Infantryman? Yes, he is. All these variou. type. of Infantrymen are .tiU ba.ically In-fantry. The Infantryman of the future must be able to .wim riverS in amphibioua tracked vehic-le.; he must be able to cros. mountains with Army aviation and have staying power when he geUthere. whether it be jungle, hilly country. snow, or ialand warfare. There i. no doubt that theInfantryman is going to be needed In any warfare of the future. The point is we, in the Infa.ntry,must be trained and equipped to perfrom our mission when and if the time comes.

We have many organbational changes in the Infantry School which we hope wiU be of interestand of assistance to you in your work. wherever you are stationed. All of tbe department heacla_d the Infantry Board will give you briefings. A liat of key officers and personnel has beenissued to you. We hope that you will be able to contact these individual. in your free time andthat you will have an opportunity to solve some of your major problems while you are here. Per-sonaUy, 1 hope that l'U have an opportunity to see thoae of you whom I've known before, as wellas to meet those I 1ut.ve not met previously. I will now turn you over to Colonel Edwards whowill give you a further orientation on the Infantry School.

z

Section U. DIRECTOR OF INSTRUCTION ORIENTATION

COLONEL NORMAN B. EDWARDS

Dinclm' of bLstnu::tioII

Gentlemen. I whh to add my welcome to that extended to you by the A i.t.1lnt Commandant.

, A. General Lar.en .tated, for .ome of you. thh h not your fir.t conference. To tho.e, a.mall part of my orientation may be a little repetitiou'. However. a brief refre.her never hurtanyone and I am .lIre that you are aU intere.ted in the major chanael in the organh.ation of theSchool that have taken place recently. Al.o. the two afternoon. which have been .et a.ide (oryou to vieit the variou. department. will be more beneficial if yOIl IInderU.l..nd the School organization and the function. of the.e departmenU.

Now to brieny review the miion of the United State. Army Infantry School. The primarymiion. of the Infantry School are:

To prepare Infantry officeu and .elected enliated personnel to perform tho.e dutie. withinthe ~ttJe group they may be called upon to perform in war.

To formulate and publi.h in appropriate training literature Infantry. Airborne. and Rangerdoctrine and technique

CCMv1AI'DANT

ASST COWOT r-- ED ADVISOR

D1R OF I\ISTR :

SCH BRIG COOACADEMIC sr~F

I I

OFrflCE SECY OPNS EPO BOOK/1 DEPT

INSTlIUCT10NAL llE!'lUlTllENTSI I I I I I

ASH AIR GHO MOIl COMM WPNS ~ Sf' Sl.8J RANGER "'"MOIlFigure 1. Organhation of the United State. Army Infantry School.

J

Tbe CommanUnl ' .....jor Cen.ral Fn.man) command. and .upervi the operation. of theSchoolaad 1. aleo the Commandilll General o( the United Stat Army InCantry Cent.r. The In_(antry Cerat.r 1. compod o( the vario\l' poet \lniu not d.ir.ctly conn.ct.d with the School, with..c.plioD. o( the Zd InCa.D.try Diviaion.

Th. AhUnt CommanUnt lBriiadier Ceneul Lanen) .cU (or the CommanUnt in aU matten pertainina to the InCentry School. In thil re'pect, he .upervhe. the .ctivitie. at aU Schoola nei which arhown in fiaure 1. Each o( th a,eneie. will be plained In detail.

To a ht the Aa.ietant CommanUnt, th.re h an Educational Advilor lOr. TUe). Hi. pri.mary (unction i. to maintain liai.on between the USAIS and civilian .dueatlonallnetitution. to in- ure a (ree chana. o( .dueational conceptnd In.tructional tachnique .

The Director o( In.truction (Col Edward.) In.ure. that the objective. 01 ch Program o( In.trllction ara appropriate and upto_clate. In .dditlon, he erd.e. iener.1 'Ilperviaion overthe day_by.day op.ration. 01 the School. (The a,.nciehown in Hiura I rapre.ant the miljoralementa o( the School; we wiU conaidar e ..ch of tham aep.. rilte1y. L.ter, we will ret\lrn to Ugllre

(or any que.Uon. yOIl may have concarnina tbe oraani&ation in aanerill.)

ihe School Briaada con"at. of the variou. companie. and battalion. reqllirad to admini.terand provide 101llth:al .upport (or aU ra.id.nt atudenU. lu mia.ion r.quir approximuely 180olficer' and IZOO enU.tad men. Some ....mpl of their .ctivitiera etudent diaciplin., bO\1a_inl, and ilUlpectlone.

Th. Combat Development. O((IC. II the long range pl.nnina arollp which dev.lopnd eval_u,ate. new dOCtrine, tactic., technique., .nd Orll,.fti&ilUOO ollnlilntry and Airborne \lIliu. Thuofnce iIlao initiate. r.quirem.nu lor naw type weapon. within tha Iramawork of tha Unit.d Stat.eArmy Re.earch and Development Aaency. COO maintain. clo.a li.i"on wuh r rch ag.nde both civilian .nd military, located hare ilt f'ort Benning and ela.where.

The Office of the Director 01 Inatruction 1. or,ani&ad to iI I.t the OIrector of Inetnlction inthe axecution o( hi. ra.ponal.billde. Her. are locatad the Advilnced and B ic Cour.e director.who d.v.lop and monitor tha principill USAIS Proaram. 01 In.truction. AdditionaUy, tM. o(licehal thr.e ction. A Plan. S.ction which ald. the 01 in planning and .up.rvhing School Actlvi.tie . An Analy.l Review S.ction which .valu.tel In.truction (on.t.ntly. by .n.lylll o( .xami-nation ra.ult., problem In.pection repOrtl, and Itudent comm.ntl. Thtl In.trUClor Trilinlng S.c-tion Ie alao. part o( thie ollic . It conductl three and one-hilli wetlk In.tructor Tr.ining Cour.a.All in.tructor. a ianad to tha tnfantry School mue, be graduat 01 thi. cour'tl belor. they ilreaUowed to cond\lct lormal inetruction.

ihe Sacr.tary le the prlncl.pa.a adminbtrative exacutlv. of the Ai.t'nt Commandant. Hi.po.ition la almUar to that 01. re,iatrar in our univaraiti He aJao i. cUliodian 01 .tud.nt.cademic recorda and adminilter. the atudent .vallJ.i1tion progrilm. Th.rrtlv.ral ag.ncie.to a iat him In p.rformln, hia duCi. Firat, a Special Tr.inin. S.ction, which ia r.'ponaibl.for itin.rari.a and epeclaJ training programe (or vhitora, .uch a. youraeU. Next, th.r. i. ilnAUied Liaiaon Section, which coordinilte. the trilining o( aU .tudenU (ram our aUied counlriTh. Inf'ntry School Library, which i. u.ed by both etudent. and inltructor. ahke, I. und.r auper_Ti.lon of the Secretary. There la alao a Crad. R.corda Section to maintain record. of .I\ld.ntacad.mic ,rad.

Th. Operationl OUice i. c~rged with provtdin, f.cilitl and a.rTic n.c ry lor theacademic department. to pre.ent their inatruction. One function of the Op.ratlona Ollictl is theached'llin, of cl To do thi., they maintain a maater tralnin, .chedul. board. Among them.ny Hem. 01 equipment thl. olllce mu.t provide .re weapon. of aU type . A weapon. pool ismaintained to i ue theaa w.apon.. Due to the complexity of the OperaUon. OUice .cthiti , amore detailed brieRnl will be Jiven by that olfice 10Uowlng my pre.entatlon

The Editorial and Pictorial Office prepare. the many vhualaid. u.ed by In.tructorl. Tbi.olficup.rviut. the preparation of, and .diu all traininj tit.r..ture oriJinalinl at the School.It ..leo publi.he. the Infantry Majuine. In addhiol'l. the Editorial ..nd Pictorial Office .upervi...the Army Field Printlnl Plant which pUI'IU ,11 in.tructiol1&l material u.ed .t the School.

Th, Book Dep,artment oper..te. the Book Store. Her. the .hld.nu may pureha v ..riou tation.ry .upplie. and material. ne.d.d to a tlt them in their .tudi.'. Thl. al.o givetu_d.nu a loure./rom whicb 10 build up th.ir own perlonal library.

Now let'. COD.ider the v.n inltructioa.al d.partm.nu.

Tb. Airborn.Air Mobility O.pal'lment 11 re.pon.ible lOr a eeru..ill ..mount of l.ebnical (1'1 Iruction for the l.ader.hip Iype cour.... Ho",.v.r. h. primary COllCern it conduct oflbe BallcAirborn .end Pathfind.r Cour.... Thi. d.partment aleo conducU le.l. and formulal doctriner.lativ. 10 airborn. operation. and air..f1\obilily maU'r. a. oppod 10 airborne t..ctie .....h.ich hthe re.pon.ihility ol another departm.nt.

The Ground Mobilhy O,pillrtment teache. le..der el...... tho tbinj' they .hould know. coneerning orjanir.atiol1&l maint.nanc., udlization. operation, ..nd In.p.clion ol whe.l and Irackv.hlcle. of the baltle group. In addition. It eonducu .pectaHIt el...... lor baltle IrouP mOlorollicer. and automotive .upervhor

Th. Communication. D.parlm.nt. a. it. name implie boa. r pon.ihility lor iMtrucdon inthe organizational rnaint'l1&nc operaHon and utilization ol..u .ign.al equipm.nt found within thebattl'lroup. II al.o condueu .peci-.Jilt cl lor baltle jroup communic"Uoll olIicer. andcommunicatiCWI.u".rviaor.

Th. W'~POll' Deparlment prenU in.truetion in aU W.apoM org.nic to the battle aroup.from Ih. 45 caliber piltol throulh the 106mm recoiUe rin. [1'1 addilion to W. t.chnicalinltnlction. the Weapon. Department iI r pon..ible for (ormulatinllechnique. of {ire. includ.tn, the new concept of Tra.l.nlire.

Th. Special Subj.cu Department it ehar,ed with in.truction in military manal.meot. mapand 'erial photograph readin,. military m.dicine. lead.r.hlp, atomic. inltruction...nd oth.rcommon .ubject. which may b. dir.ct.d.

Th. Command and Sta.H Department In.trucU in aU a.pect. of organir.ation tall {unction.,t.ctlc. and command oflnlantry uniu Irom company though the brigade and in the techniqu andemployrnent of '\Ipportin, arm. and rvic. Sufficient in.tructiOn i. aleo gtven.t divi.ionl.v.l lor orienta.tion of .tudenll. Througbout their in.truction. tbe ernpb

ACtlr complltion of thl FloridA pM.etudent. are then tAkln to tbe mountain. of North Georgiafor tralnlna In mountain cl\mbina And 10na ranae mountain patrol1ina.

Thl.1 are aU of the dlpartmenll which pre'ent re.ident In.truction; howlyar. thlrl I. 01'11departmant th.&t proYidl. inuru

After two to five year. a"rvice, an officer may rehlTn lor an i"termed'.te CO\l.r,,, of in.true-tton - the A odate Company Ollieer Cour.e. Thi. cour." prepare. an officer for duty a. acompAny commander and Junior .taU officer of the battle group. Normally. RA officer. receivec:onuructivt! credit lor thl. cour.e. It i, u.ually attended by oUicer. who, for varlou. rea.onl,have not received the normal troop duty aa.ignrnentl and need additional {.... truction to c:ompen-te for back of experience. In moat cea, thi, cour ., I. attended by re.erve offic:ert whocome on .cllve dl.lty for the apeclfic courte.

Between the 5th and IZth ye.. r of c:ommiioned ."rvice, the officer returnl to the InCantrySchool for the Advanced Courae. Thi. coura" trail'll itn officer for duty a. iI battle group Itaffofficer ilnd commander.

Up to thie point. all Ichooling hal been a requirement. AU further .chooling i. by .election.

.ppro.i.mately SO" of the Infantry officerl attend the Command and General Staff Collegebetween their 8th and 15th yeare of aervice. Thi. college prepare. an officer for divi.ion andhigher level dutie.

The percentage. ilttending the top level .chooh, L e., the Armed Force. Staff College, Na-tional War CoUege. and the Indu.tr!a! College. are con.ide'rably Ie... All of thete. e.cept theArmy War College, are attended by officer. from all of the .ervice.

You will note tlult the Infantry School conduct. all the "mu.t have" coune' for Infantrycareer offlcen. The ba.ic courle, of eight week. duration, i. deaigned for the Inlantry platoonleader with lire placed on .mall unit tactic. in.truction. In the intermediate cour.e of .1._teen week. duration, empha.i. i. given to dutie. of the company commander and junior Itaffofficer. Advanced tactic. are introduced, but Je empha.i. i. pbced on weapon. al the Iludentby thil time hal a imilated much of thi. training through experience. The advanced level coune,attended by officere of con.iderable co.mpany and junior "'aff e.perience. I. J4 week. in length.Here the officer receivel inltruction to Include the reinlorced battle group wilh the .talr proced-ure. and combined arm. taCtiCI neceary for thl. type organization. plu. training to qualifyhim a$ an atomic Ilaff officer. An orientation on d,vi.ion level Itaff procedure. it alao included.

In all of our cour'e' we place empha.l. on the tactical employment of atomic weapon., guid-ed mi ile., and rockell. We have not, however, di.regarded inltruction in conventional war-fare, without atomic., thereby maintaining (Il1!xibility. We atre.1 greater battlefield mobility.the key to .ucce'l, through the ulle of heHcoptere and Infantry penonnel carrier.: we .trenight training and individual proficiency In night firing of weapon . A. they become available,we integrate new communication. equipment, vehicle and weapon. Into our inn ruction.

The over_all .tudent load il approximately 11,500 for thl. fi.c.1 year. In addition to thit,we conduct .peclal cour.e. For example, a two-week cour.e for 600 US Military AcademyCadell, al well al a one-week cour.e for US AiT FOTce Academy Cadell. AI.tance I. givento 1100 ROTC Cadell and the US ATmy Re.eTve unill during thit .ummer tTalning. We al.o con-duct the Army orientation faT appTo:llimately 160 member. of the Joint Civilian Orientation Con-ference a. part of the ~pllrtment of Defen.e Orientation. At the.e lime., we hold an open hou.efaT approJdmately 4.000 other Itudenll (rom variou. lervice .chool. luch a. Ordnance. Signal,and ATmed FOTce. Staff College.

A few minute. ago I mentioned the Ba.ic Infantry OUker Coune. A. of I July thi. IS-weekcoune will be dilcontinued. An 8_week Infantry Officer l.eader Cour.e will take Ita place.Study revealed that the IS_week BlOC coune duplicated much of the USMA progTam of in.truc_tlon ATP 145-60, general .c1ence curriculum for civilian and m'il\tlory college. The I-weekIOl.C eliminate. thi. duplication and more clo.ely (allow. a ranger type cour.e - empha.lzing.ell_confidence and aggre"ivene. It doe. not Tepl.ce the ranger cour.e. All newly commi.-.ioned officen mu.l Ilill take the Ranger and/or Ai,'borne Courte. OT the Army AviatlonCO\Ir.e.

7

I would like to mention a ne... cour.e _ acutally a .ubc:our.e. Thh i. our Nuclear Weapoll.'Employment OUlcer Coune. The advall.Ced da receive....pproxim... tely 135 hOUri oC atomi.c UPOIl. Iraduation. tho.e who .ucce.lfuJly complete the atomic' in'truction are a .... rded a prefixS to their MOS. The ,ociate .dvanced da receive. 77 hour. oC atomic.. Tbo.e .tudenu...ho achieve certain ltandardre beld over alter tbey .raduate and receive .nother 60 houri oCatomic in.truc:tioll.. Succe.'Cu! completion oC the.e bourl qualilie. them Cor a prefix S. In ad-dition to thi. relatively lar.e lingle block of in.tructioll., the ...dv;t.nced level cle. receive .p-proximately 18t additioD.&1 hOUri of integrated Itomic in.truction pre.ented by other tha.n ouratomici committe.. W. bave had 3 d COmplete thie lub_courle 10 far _ two regul.1.r cl;t..-.el and one auoctate da... Approximately 65ft of the two regular daue. were qualified ....nudear weapon. employment officer. and approximately 30ft of the a oclate da wa. qu;t.lilied.

Gentlemell.. that end. my pre.entation. Are there any que.tion.?

CHAPTER 2NON-RESIDENT INSTRUCTION PROGRAM

CAPTAIN ROBERT ARTER

Operations Officer, Department oj Non-Resident [nstructKmDuring your vi, it to the United State. Army InJantry School, you have leen and wi.ll be .hOWD

many of the facilitie. whi.ch exilt here to ,uPPOl't the training of the fifteen thou. and plua studenuwho annually attend re.ident in.truetion. I'm wondering--jusl how many of you re;t.lize that thelniantry Schoollupportl a current nonre.ident .tudent enrollmentoC 290, OOO? During thi, peri.-od. we will discu the non-relidenl progn.ml in which these .tudenla are p&rticip&ting and thetypes, benefits, and methods of procurement of non-re_tdenl illltructional material prepared tolupport thelle progranu.

To admini_tel' and coordinate the support of the non-re.ident program. of the United State.Army Infantry School, the Department of Non-Re.ident In.truction has been establi.hed.

The department is organized as follow.:

A department headquarters with a. colonel, Director. and lieutenant colonel. Deputy Direc-tor. The Deputy Director in this instance wear. two hat. a. he i. abo the InIantry ROTC Ad-vi.or and a uch make. vhits throughout the country. learning how he can better .upport theROTC program.

An Operation. Section consi.ting of the Administrative Branch Which performs the normaladministrative duties of an SI section, and the Planning and Coordinating Branch which has there.ponsibility for coordinating all activities of the department. It is this branch which .erve. asthe department'. liai.on agent with all other departments and agencies concerned with the produc-tion of non-resident in.tructional material. Its activities can best be likened to those of an 53office. This office also monitors the expenditures of all funds allocated to .upport the variousnon-re.ident programs.

The Logistical Section performs a dual function. It is respon.ible for distribution of non-resident material to individual students in the ca.e of Army Extension Courses and to the in-structor. in the other non-l"esident programs. It abo .erve. as the .upply agency for the de-partment.

The Editorial Committee is charged with the writing. rewriting. and editing of all non-re,ident instructional material. It is compo.ed of officers with considerable miJitary experi-ence, and civilians wh.o have h

OOTHQ J IOTe IADV!SOI.

orEMTIONS lOGISTICALSECTION SECTION

II

"O:IN I I'l ..~OID

1OIT00ltol . 16 IOICCOM

Let'. consider an average American boy whom we find enrolled in the Reserve Officer" Train-ing Corps Program of hi, local high school (Figure 4). He'. participating either in the JuniorROTC or Natio...... l Deh:nse Cadet Corps and will receive 96 hours of training in bil8ie miUt.rysubjects each. year for three years. This training is designed to make him a better Americancitizen and to prepare him for pO'lible service as an enlisted man. There are two types of unittat this level of instruction. the regular Juni.or ROTC units and the National Defense Cadet Corpsunits training under Section SSe, the:National Defense Act. The Latter units aTe suppo:rted onlyby inltructional material, whereal, regular Junior ROTC units are provided active Army instruc-tOTII as well a. training material support.

ROTC

lJ' NDCC MS SRDIV DIV DIV

Figure S. ROTC Programs.

Our lad could have participated in the Military Schools Division of ROTC (Figure 5). It con-sists of military institute. and military junior college! with an enrollment o( approximately13.500. These !chools have a six-year curriculum with ISO hours of military instruction peryear.

Now. let's assume that our lad has graduated from high school and enrolled in college. Herehe may receive additional training under an ROTC program which paralleb the resident OCScourse. There are ZSO umior ROTC unit! which are supported by the lnfantry School; this in-clude. ZOZ General Military Science and 49 Branch Material uniu including 17 Infantry unit!.Total en"rollment is around 144,500. The General Military Science (GMS! curriculum is keyed toproduce junior officer. who by their education. training, and inherent qualities are suitable (orcontinued development as officer. in any branch o( the United States Army. The Infantry branch-type curriculum, as the name implies, is designed to train officer! for Infantry commissions.Effective this !chool year. both program! included relatively the same .ubjech for the fre!hmanand sophomore years with little difference in the final two years. The trend is to convert allbranch-type units to GMS units.

A senior ROTC student receives 90 hours of instruction each year [or the first two year.and 150 hours annuaUy [or hi. lall two years. In addition, to qualify for a commis!ion, he mu.tattend summer camp. Thi. is normally accomplished between the third and fourth years ofROTC. Last school year, 14,656 offi.cers were commissioned through the ROTC program withabout Z004 going into the infantry. (The Artillery Branch received the large.t number of offi-cers. about 4, 000.)

The ROTC curriculum has been changed to include instruction o( the new organization!.

11

To aupport the ROTC progranu there are 53 .ubject .chedule 3 inUnidor manu.cript.,and 1 new developmenU pamphlet prepared here. There are an additional 15 .ubject .chedu.1e.and II inuructor manu.cripu which are prep;t.red by other .erviee .chooh but whl. Ire edited.publi.hed, and diuributed by the United State. Army Infantry School. Let 'a take a h ....k al atypical subjed .chedule. Plea.e refer to Subject Schedule Nr 480. Thl. ~rtlcular aubject.chedule wa' prep;t.red to a i.t the Profes.or of Military Sdence and Tachcs in pre.enting inat ruction on the Rocket Launcher 3.5, Hand and Rule Grenades. The cover contains the titleas well al the school year il.Ild ATP paragraph which the .ubject schedule .upporu. On the reverse .ide Is a table of contents.

Page I outlines the purpose, training objective, .cope, reference., training aids, facihtiesand equipment, and general information which an instructor should have to pre.ent thl. subject.This general information includes any training hlnU which the Infantry School inltruclOr hasfound to be helpful In the pre.entation of thit parlicular block of inllruction. On page Z It achart of the cour.e, giving a breakdown by period and showing lesson title, tell:t reference, area,tr..ining ..id., and equipment. Thill ill followed by paragraph. containing an outline of each hour,stating the lesson objective, and shOWing the recommended les.on outline with a ume breakdown.

At present, there are only three inlltructor manu.criptt written here at United Slates ArmyWil.Iltry School. lnUructor manu'cripts contain complete narrative. for each hour of Inltructionaupported and they are prepared on subjecU wherein reference material may be scarce or therei. a need {or unuorm in.truction.

Additional as.iatance i. rendered tbe ROTC program through halt on vuiu and procuremento{ .pecial item. lIuch aa name tag., miILg~ine .ub.criphons, a.nd books. Certain InUructionalitems are purcha.ed and automatically diuributed. Recently, plastic working modeh of lIeveralweapon. were purch.ued through a. special tra-ining fund ilLnd hilLve been di.stributed to ROTC units.Each aenior achool is allocated money qua-rterly CrOm the ROTC Support Fund. This money iluaed to purcha.e item. which are not available through aupply channels. There are severalSenior ROTC ma.nuah and one Junior ROTC ma-nual which are now published by the Departmentof the Army a. te~t reference', The Uniteo State. Army Wantry School does have respon&ibil-tty for preparing tho... DOrtions of the manual. which pertain to instruction at this .chool. The.epublication. are curreutly being revilled along ROCID lines and will be available through AG pub-lication ch..nnels a. they are printed.

Let'll assume that our hypothetical Individual has graduated from ROTC and has been com-missioned a .econd lieutenant, Infantry. He I. caUed to active duty with hi. fiut assignmentbeing here at FOrt Benning where he attends the Ba.ie Wantry Officer Course. Under the 1955Rellerve Force. Act he may complete hi. 6 month.' active duty requirement by attending BlOCand then attending further .chooling or being .... igned al Benning until discharged. If he elect.a- two-year tour of active duty he'll a igned according to the needs of the service upon compJeti.on of BlOC.

Let'. a ume that our young man haa completed hi, two year" active .ervice and revertedto a c:ivilia.n atatua. If he i. to remam ..clive With the mUitary, he may participate in the USARor NG progranu. Let'. as.ume that he elects to JOUl the USAR. There are two USAR ..ctivitlesin which he may partlc:i~te.

The fir.t USAR .chool was organized at Allento....n. Pennaylvania, in 1949 and the programmel with .uch aucce.a that today there are 84 USAR .chooh with 154 Infantry DepartmenU op'er..ting throughout the United State. (Including .chools In France, Germany, and Hawaii). Theenrollment it about 1800 oUicera (Figure 6).

What" a USAR school and how is it organized? A USAR achool II run by re.erve oHicerlfor re.erve officers. The facully con. ius of a commandant with hi. regular uaff (SI, S3, S4)ptu. a lpedal ttaif. The .choat is organized into de~rtmenUbased on branches with an in8lruc

12

tor Cor each branch. A minimum of 10 students i. required to organize a dep...rtment. Since ev-erybody involved--studenu and instructors, ... re civilians. the material which i. prepared Corthem must be complete to the last detail. A civilian instructor has no library facilities, etc he can turn to--and we don't want him to need them.

USAR NO

I II I I I

'iCHOOlS TOE TOE NGSOCUNITS UNITS COURSE

I II

STAFF TNG POI

Figure 6. USAR and NG Programs.

It's possible Cor a USAR student to spend 11 years in a l1SAR school. Each Infantry blanchdepartment has two courses oC three ye... r. each. The USAR Associ... te Company Cour.e paral-lels the resident Associate Company Course ...nd the USAR Associate Advanced Course parallelsthe resident A.sociate Advanced Course. Each year is broken down into two phases--the activeduty Cor training and the reserve duty phases. The reserve duty phase consi.t, of 48 hours oCinstruction which is pre.ented in the individual's hometown. The active duty for training phaseof 80 hours is received during a two-week summer CillTlp which is conducted at a military post.In addition. the Command and General Sta.!C College has a five-year progrillTl for USAR .chools.

Let's take a look at the type of material which is prep... red to support instruction in USARschool. Pick up problem number 4901-R which is on your desk. A USAR problem normallyconsists of two parts--an instructor and a student set; however, this particular problem doesnot require any homework by the student and hence there is no student set. Look at the heading.It contains the subject, time allotted, type oC instruction. scope, subject schedule. special prep-aration by the instructor (included here are aU details or items which the resident instructor h....encountered in the presentation of this problem and which should be passed on to the reserve in-structor), and special preparation by the student (the exact same study of assignment that isgiven resident students). Note the outline of presentation. time chart, and complete narrative.At the end of each phase of USAR school in.truction an examination. which is prepared by theDep... rtment of Non-Resident Instruction. is administered to each reserve student by the USAR8chool faculty. There are two established ways for you to obt... in these USAR problems.

The first oC these h thlOUgh the Monthly List oC Instructional Materi...1. This publication isdiltrlbuted monthly by the Editorial and Pictori...1 Office (formerly Publications and Visual AidsOffice) to PMST's, senior Infantry instructors at servi

lenio .. advilors to National Guard and USAR units, and various other agencies. Add ..essees areauthori~ed to receive .... ithout cod one copy of all problems lilted therein. It Ihould be SOP forsomeone in you .. shop to check this list clolely. ci..culate it among inte ..elted perlonl, and thenorder vou .. free material .... ithin 45 daYI. The number of addrelsees ....ho fail to take advantageof this free service is turprising. The Infantry USAR school curriculum has been conve ..ted toROClD effective .... ith the active 'duty fo .. t ..aining phase, Ichool year 1957-58. In acco..dance.... ith 01,1" publications Ichedule. USAR material published from Augult 1957 on. included the ne....organizations.

Another means of procuring thele USAR p ..oblemt is by order f ..om the Book Store. Thismethod costs you money. Please rder to your Book Sto ..e Catalog. This catalog is still cur-..ent although the date does not so indicate. A new edition is to be published about 1 July. PageI containl instructions for ordering. For your info..mation, the ROCID and ROTAO trainingtextl cannot be purchased from the Book Department.

Wantry USAR schools receive additional luppert through transparendel. Ipecial texu, andhandbookl ....hich a .. e provided. plus liaison visits by personnel from the Department of Non-Reti-dent Instruction.

Our hypothetical man whom ....e are considering could have elected to join a USAR TOE unitwhich .. eceivel no direct support f ..om the United States Army Wantry School.

No..... instead of joining the USAR. our individual could have joined a National Guard TOEunit organized by his home state. We provide no Ipedal material to support NG TOE uniu;however. they may orde ... lubject to their availability of fundi. any USAR p ..oblem from theBook Store.

Both USAR and NG TOE units are suppo ..ted by a staff training catalog which it prepa.. edand fo ......a ..ded to all state adjutant generall and Reserve Corps Headquarters. This catalog containl a recommended lht of USAR. school problems for training Infantry Divilion and Battle .Group; Armored Division and Armored Infant ..y battalion Itafh. This training is conducte.d du .. ing the periods while the companies are drilling. Material is ordered in December and shippedthe next July. AU NG material is paid for by National Guard funds. whereat USAR units receivematerial which il paid for by Infantry School non- ..esident instruction fundi. The program hasbeen converted to ROCID for school year 1958-59.

The Infantry School is the sale agency which supportl the National Guard State Officer Can-didate Program. At present, this program is being conducted by)) statel through the operationof 4) schools with an enrollment of 2468 studentl. The course is supported by 21 Annexes containing 227 hours of inlt ..uction which parallel the resident Office .. Candidate Course. Theseannexes are used by NG officers to teach clalses. normally held on weekend I. to National GuardOfficer Candidatel. In addition. most states require their officer candidate I to serve in' alecond lieutenant'l job at lumme .. camp. Thil way he il evaluated as to hil job peTformance atwell as academic Itanding. A commhlion gained through the NGSOCS program doe I nOl haveto be recognized by the federal governmenl; however. it normally is when the unit is called inlOfederallervice.

Let'. look at a typical NGSOCS problem. Pleale pick up National Guard problem 1806. Alimitar problem il prepared for every period of inltruction in thil program. Turn to page 1 andnote itt Ilmilarilyto page I ofa USAR problem. Look on page 2. Here beginl the na .. rative. JUltal in USAR probleml, each problem normally conliltl of an inltructor let and a student let.The Itudent set outline I the home Itudy assignment and normally containl a preclasl require-ment. Each phale of inet ..uction il followed by an examination which il adminiltered by the.tate and graded here at the Infantry School by perlonnel of the De~rtment of NonRelidentInltrucUOn. Within 48 houri after receipt of the.e examl, they are graded. recorded, and ontheir way back to the appropriate ltate Ichooll. NGSOC Ichoola are allo supported by Iraniparende., Ipedal text. and Hail on vilitt.

14

, The National Guard State Officer Candidate Course curriculum hal been nevi8ed to includethe ne.... organi1:ationl eUective with school year 1958-59. Material prep.ned to support thiscour.e i' il.utomatically distributed to Comrn;l.ndantl of NGSOC schools only. 1 will have infOI'mation copies of the National Guard State Officer Candidate Course and USAR School Prograznlof lnuruction available uteI' this cla lor thOle who are particul;lrly inter~.ted.

Let', assume now that our selected individual hal grown older. Perhap' he hal .ervedseveral yeaI'll with a USAR or NG TOE unit. Due to hie family and bu.inelll activities, he i' nolonger able to regularly attend meetings at the armory. However, he wanta to keep active in themilitary ;utd to gain retirement benefitl; then we have the tolution to hit needtparticipation inthe Army Extention Courses Program. Army Extenllion Courlles provide a progressive non-resident courte of military inlltruction for all components of the Army.

AEC

IPRE COM CO GRADE ADV

Figure 7. Army Extension Course Program.

Effective 2 July 1956, the Army Extension Courlle Program was revised from a lIeriell-type organization to a coursetype organization. It now consittt of the- PreConunitsion Extension Courte which is to generally parallel the resident OCS Course; the Company Grade Extension Course: and the Advanced Extension Courlle which parallels the resident Assodate In!antryOHicen Advanced Course (Figure 7).

Any oHicer on active duty may enroll in any subcourse; however. a reserve student mustcomplete the tubcourses appropriate to his grade before enrolling in more advanced instruction.For your information, the percentage of enrOllment by component breakll down all follows;

56'fo NG20'1. USAR24'" Active Army (this includes all RA, USAR, It NG personnel on active duty; ROTC

cadets, WAC's, Air Force, and Naval perllonnel.)

Please reier to the publication with the picture of a lieutenant briefing two sergeantll on thecover. This is a typical subcourse. This particular one happens to be In!antry lIubcourte 21and ill prepared for instruction on the company oHicer's level. Let's hurriedly look at it.

On page 2 is the beginning of lesson 1. NOTEat the top of the page ill thown the AECcredit hourt, text assignment, material. required, letson objective, and tuggelltion. to thettudent. Utually there ill an introduction. All you leal through the lesson, you will note thatthere are a .erie. of general and tpedal tituationt followed by multiple choice queuions, normaUy twenty per let.on.

15

Turn to the bilCk page of the booklet. This i.s the answer sheet which the nudent shouldtear oU and mail i..n upon completion of lel.on 1. Remember th

During thb period we hOj.ve briefly di.eu'.ed the orgilnizat\on and function. of the Depart-ment of Non-Resident Instruction, the various non-re.ident progranu with their Z90, 000 stu-dents, and the type. of non_resident in.tructional Jnaterial prepared to .upport the.e non-re.ident program. Further, I lu.ve pointed out the .chedule date. for converllion of non-re.identinstructional material to the new organizations. You have been told what material i. avAilableano how you can obtain it. the next Itep i. yours.

17

CHAPTER 3INFANTR Y COMMUNICATIONS

Section J. lNTRODUCnON

COLONEL JULIAN H. MARTIN

On beh&1l of the olficen _d mea of the CommunicatiOft Department. I wi.h to extend ou.rwelcome. Aad co iovitt! )'ou. while bere. co c&11 011 any or

We believe Ihal if complete and reliable means of communication are provided to the rifle com-pany, the remainder of our problem area. will more ea.ily Cit into place.

Several communication studie. have been undertaken by the Infantry School dUring the p .... tyear in order to improve upon Infantry communication. Units in the field were SOlicited forcomment, and a. a result, a formal position regarding battle group communicationll was adoptedby the School and forwarded to USCONARC in February 1958.

The improvements called for may be accomplished with existing equipment, the highlightsof which are as follows: Our problem begins with the Infantry rifle platoon (Figure 8).

RIFLE PLATOON ~~ [8]--[8]

[8]~.NY

Figure 8. Rifle Platoon Communications.

The platoon leader does not possess organic means of communication to control hill squads. Themeans 01 communication available to this unit have not changed very much since the dawn 01Inlantry. The need for organic means 01 communication within the rille platoon has long beenrecognized in Airborne and Armored Infantry units. However, the platoon leader is provided aradio to communicate with company. The AN/PRC-6 with a limited one mile range is providedlor tM. purpose, This radio as you know may be hand held for operation, which ill the morecommon method used, or it may be shoulder carried which may be more convenient, utilizing ahandset with extension cord. This aHow. the hand. to be free since the handsf'.l ~y be hung onthe InIantryman's pocket.

We propose to add live additional AN/PRC-6 radios to the rille platoon in order to establishan organic platoon command net (Figure 9). This distribution would include the platoon leader.platoon sergeant, and each .quad leader. Thill is con.idered to be an interim measure onlypending availability 01 lighter weight equipment. For communication back to company, the moreimproved AN/PRC-IO radio should be provided to the platoon leader. Thi. radio set with a lto 5 mile range would fill a more realistic range requirement. Since it i. e entially a back

"

RIFLE PLATOON (PROPOSED) ~~~....~

6 6

..........~,..A06" LATSGT6

~~PANYFigure 9. Rifle Platoon COmmunicationl (Propoaed).

carried radio, a radiotelephone operator mUlt be made available at platoon headquarter .Thi.. then would provide two radiol ilt platoon level - the AN/PRC-IO with it. J to 5 mile

WEAPONS PLATOON &&&eBB

TO~Figure 10. Weapolu Platoon Communicationt.

ZO

range Cor communication with company OUld the A14/ PRC6 Cor communicating with .quad leader.Our rine platoon communication .yuem would then correapond more Cavorably with the Air.borne and Armored Infantry riOe platoona. Five additionu aound powered telephone a have ahobeen recommended Cor the rUle platoon to complement the radio ayatem.

10 fOC

TO~~TFigure II. Weapona Platoon Commun,,;ationa (Propoaed).

The rifle company .... eapon. platoon ia In .ome....hat better condition (Figure 10). Here IheAN/PRCIO .... ith lu 1 to S mile range h ,aed exduaivel'l .... ithin the platoon for communIcationbet ....een platoon headquartera. and each of the forward obaervera. Ho....ever. Ihe A14/PRC6radio .... ith limited one mile range ia again uaed here for communicating bar;k 10 company. Thiar;ondition may be improved upon. We propoae to provide t ....o additional ~/PRCIO radioa tothl. unit (Figure II).

RIFLE CO~PANY

BAT GPCOMO NET

BAT GP

~~~-ee ~z - lC:JFigure iZ. Rifle Company Communication.

Z1

This additionill diuribl,ltion would allow for an improved radio for communicating back tocompany, and one additional set within the platoon (or displacement of the FOe. Additional wireand radio remote control equipment hall also been recommended lor this platoon.

The meilnll of communication ...ilhin the rille company mus! be considered (Figure IZI. Atthe pre.ent time the rifle company employs nine AN/pRC-6 radios with one mile range for com-municating in the Rille Company Command Net which in addition to the commander includescompany headquarters. each platoon. the antitank squads and the mortar battery forward ob-server, who provide. hi. own radio lei for lhh purpo.u:. The one mile range of this radio, asbrought out e;r,rlier. i. not adequate for th .. nel and muU be subslituled. Two AN/PRC-IOradIos with 3 to ') mile ranges are employed al the command POllt for communicallng with battlegroup. The range of thlll equIpment IS not considered adequate for use in a Battle Croup Net.and in order to make them e(fective. improved stationary type antennas must be used. An addiIlonal AN/PRC-IO radio is provided to the company commander for us", whIle dIsmounted fromhu vehicle or on a company OP. For communicating back to battle group. the n(le companycommander III provided a very good 10 mile range vehicular lIet. the AN/VRC-18 which ismounted in his 1/4-ton vehicle. ThIS lIYlltem can be .mproved (FIgure Il).

Figure I). Rifle Company CommunIcations (PrOposed).We propose to eliminate the A>-':/PRCb one mIle range radio from u.e wlthm the; company. andSubll,tule; Ihe Improve;d AN/PRC-IO rad,o with liS J to ') mile range wllh,n the compilny com-mand net. ThiS chilnge 'vould be concurrent for the radio prOVIded the mortar battery forwardobserver In add1l10n. twO utility .eu should be prov'ded at company headquarters for added(le",.b,llly Theae sels could be used for patrol. or relay Uiltlon. a. needed SpeakIng of re-lay. they could be u.ed better when .et up a. automatic retranam on statton. Automatic re-Iran.m....on can a ul greally in ,,"'tendin,g the ranges of our rad, equ'pment when necearyWhen u.ed however. t ....o frequencies or channels mu.t be made ava.lable and a Ipec'al cable.Ihe retran.mi...on cable kit MKIZt>. muu be prov.ded Per.onnel mUlt be trained to performth.1 technIque;, To gaUl ildded range. p.artlculanly durmg defen ..ve operation Ihe 'mproved

zz

antenna RCZ9Z may be used at the retransmission sile. For communication with battle group.the rifle company executive officer should be provided with a vehicular mounted 10 mile rangeradio similar to the rifle company commander. This is considered essential not only to im.prove upon the Battle Group Administrative Net. but to enable the execut.ve officer to rapidlyregain control of the company in the event the company commander becomes a casually and hisvehicular radio equipment is damaged or destroyed. Time does not permit elaborate mainten-ance procedures within the rifle company during offensive actions. The AN/PRC-IO radio, ISagain recommended (or the commander and executive officer for dismounted use. Improvedwire. wire recovery equ.pment. and additional radio telephone operators have also been rec-ommended. Now what about the battle group itself.

COMMANDNET

BATTLEGROUP

CO EXfC .-, $.3 AIR .-. ,.....V'O) rV'O) l; :~Q) I VRC I : lYRC) r:V~Q)..~ .. 3 ,....11 r-oJ-.'

Q NCSIJV~O~~ TOOIVFigure H. Battle Group Comm;and Net.

The billde group commander, selected staff mtmbers. and all UnlU operate In the Battle GroupCommand Nt'! with a 10 mile rllnge radiO of one type or another (F.gure (4). The rifle c panycommanders. SZ and 53 Air for example, are prov.ded the veh.cul;ar radiO .et AN/VRC-18.On the other hand the banle group commander IS provided the r;ad,o set AN/VRQJ. a port.onof whlct> he u.e. to al.o CO"ln,un.cate wnh dlvlS.on. The executIVe off.cer. 53, and Commo;are prOVided "mllilr .eU. This radiO net ilppears to be adequate except that .t may be furtherrefined by prOViding the AN/VRQ-j to the company commanders and Sl

The B;attle Group AdmlnlttriUlYe Net It a (hrrerent mailer t.'lgure 15) Here all member.of the net iI re prOVided the ANI PRe-1 0 r;ad.o w.th a 3 to 5 mile r;ange to communlc;ate over the.;ame d.stances as the commilnd net. The S4 and .upply ilnd mllllnteniince platoon le;ader are theonly members prOVided wllh ;a 10 mile range vehll::ular sel to commun.cate over the.e dlst;ancesThiS Impo.e. iI deuded advantage In favor of the 10 m.le range rlildio. The other stations, w.thlow powt'red equipment would be reqUired to frequently stop lIInd .eleci Improved radiO '"el ItIt felt that r.d,o .eou With almllar ChiHacterltllcs must be eomployed In order 10 rendeor any rllld,onet l'ffectlYe. The net control IUlion Itt bailie ~roup heildquarters does not actual1~' e.'lt .n thiS

I

Fisure IS. Battle Group Adminin ..alive Net.

net. The radio u.ed for NCS purpose. i, one of the lour utility AN/PRCIO radiol obtainedfrom the commUniCiltion platoon. ~d the operator i. diverted !rom other duties. Thi, i. not

ERRATA SHEET

read

i, Chapter 4. change " ... J4" to read " .. 40."i. Chapter 4. seClion J, change " ... 34'~ad " ... 40."i, Chapter 4, section II, change ,~"" to read '~O."i, Chapter IV, section Ill, change~ROTCM IJo::iFio

pagepagepagepage

The following changes will be incorporated in the Infantry Instructors' Conference Report,dtd 23 _ 27 June 1958:

1. Table of Contents,2. Table of Contents,J. Table of Contents,4. Table of Contents,

" .. ROTCM 145.30."5. Table of Contents. page i, Chapter IV, section tIl, change " 46" to read '~"6. Table of Contents. page i, Chapter IV, section IV, change " 49" to read '~"7. Page 52, section Ill, line 2, change " .. Manual 130.45" to md7' ... Manual 145.30."8. Page 52, section III, line 6, change " .. ROTCM 130.45" to read " . ROTCM 145.30."9. Page 52, section III, 1;".~ 10, change " .. ManuaI130.45" to read " . Manual145-30."

21474 Army-Ft. Benning. Ga. 26 Aug 58 ZIZ5

As previously mentioned, the prOVilion of 10 mile range AN!VRC-18 type radiol to the riflecompany executive officerl wUI materially allilt here. The other Itationl including mortarbattery must be provided with limUar 10 mile range equipment including the net control stationat battle group.

At this time we would also like to introduce a recommendation for a Battle Group SpecialPurpose Net. We believe that we are leaning a bit too heavily upon our frequency modulated(FM) radio equipment. With the increased need for more radio nets. a shorlage of availableFM frequencies or channels can be safely predicted. We have recommended that three ulilityradio teams be provided to the battle group communications platoon. Each team would mountan amplitude modulated (AM) radio set similar to the combat proven AN!GRC9 or its newerequivalent. Theile type radios have about similar range characteristici as our other radioswhen operated on voice. but are capable of &reater ranges if needed when used on keyed opera~tion or CW by a trained operalor. Perhaps more important, they do not use any of the criticalFM channels Or frequencies and may easily be removed from vehicles for ground operation whennecessary. which is a missing characteristic in the AM type radios we presently use to communicate with division . .()ur other AM type sets are vehicular bound. The utility teams thusprovided, with driver/operators would add considerable fiexibility to Our battle group radiosystem whlln attached to long range patrols, or special operations typified in helicopterborneauaulu. For added flexibility, an FM radio similar to the AN/VRC-IO may be mounted in thesame vehicle. Since one of these teams would be required to remain at the battle group com-mand post, the FM radio mounted in this vehicle would alao fulfill the requirement for a netcontrol station in the Battle Group Administrative Net. So much for radio.

A fourth wire team and more wire hall been recommended for the communication platoon.This platoon cannot be expected to eUiciently install, maintain and operate wi.re ci.rcuits to fourcompanies, mortar battery, attachments and rear installations without sufficient equipment.Although time may prevent the elaborate wire installations to which we have grown accustomedin the past, it must be available when needed. pending the development of a better substitute.

A Lieutenant platoon leader h." been recommended for the communication platoon.

Gentlemen, these are only the highlights of what we are trying to do in order to improveupon our Infantry communications with exilting methods and equipment.

On the battlefield of today, with its unprecedented firepower, time will not permit the im-provilations to which we frequently reaorted in the past.

Complete and reliable means of communications must be made available and reflected inour tablea of organization if we desire to take full advantage ',f the firepower and mobihty givento us today.

Communication studies will continue in order to take complete advantage of new develop-ments as they occur.

At this time, I will turn you over to Major McDonnell who will cover signal communicationtrendl and developments.

Z5

Section III. THENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN COMMUNICATIONSAND ELECTRONIC EQUlPMENT

MAJOR PATlUCK J. Mcl>ONNI:.I.LCJliej, /tadia MllilltmulI/ce Group, COlllmullication Departme"t

The Communication Depanment III ""tally lllt('relited In unpro"'lng the ablllt)' of the Infantrycommander to commUnicate With all of hili subordinate commanders and \I.-Ith hl"her headquar-ters, During the past year many Impro...ements In the field of command ("ontrol

J-

Figure 18. Radio Sct AN/PRe-H.

must be preset. It will weight approlCimately Z pounds. The companion set is the belt radioknown as the AN/PRC-)4 (Figure 18). It will have identical operating characteristics but wi.llhave the capability of being mounted on the users bell. The antenna and audio tube are fastened10 any conventional helmet by this clastic band. The components arc housed in a small case2. by 3 by 5 inches. Components of the bell and helmet radio will be interchangeable. 800 ofthese radios aTe scheduled for a test in early FY 59 by as yet an unnamed dIvision of the ThirdUS Army. The AN/PRC-6 (Figure 19) will be replaced by the ANjPRC35 (Figure lO).

27

Figure l't. Radio Sets AN/PRC-b and AN/pRC-35.

It will weigh appro>dmateIy 8 pounris. This is an il'lcrea.e over the origina.l rl:quirement of 4pound however. thi. i. nece.sary to give u. what we want. It will be pouch Or sling mounted.It will have range of I mile with a frequency range of 30. 0 me to 70. 0 mc allOWing 800 channelsof communication. This .et has a selector knob that will allow the operator to .elect anyoneof four frequencie. or channels which have been preset.

Z8

Figure lO. Radio Set AN/PRC-)S.

Figure ll. Radio Set ANfPRCZS.

"

Figure ll. Comparilon of Radio SetAN/PRe-IO ""ith ANfpRC-lS.

The AN/PRCl5 (Figuru II and UI will replace the AN/PRe-B, 9 ;and 10. It Will weigh;approximately 15 pound.: this i. more than Ihe original II pO....nds that was wrluen InlO Ihe MG'"It will have a voice range of ) 10 5 mile. by the ..... e of a lighlweight high gain antenna equipment.Thi. 'et will have a frequency coverage of 30. a to 16. 0 mc affording 9Z0 channels of communlcation continuou.ly tunable by the operator. Thi. i. an increa.e of lZO channels over the $Clwhich we di.cued last year. In addition to the receiver-transmitter, it will al.o have an auxI]'i;ary receiver which will allow the user to monitor a second net while operating in a primary nel,Figure II .how. the vehicular power supply that may be ..... ed in place of the dry ballerr whenoperating the AN/PRCZ5 or 35 in a vehicle.

.,:a::..

".'('t-'~'..

:~

. -,

Figure ZJ. Vehicle Version AN/PRCZ5.

The entire AN/GRe_l thr .... 8 sene. radiO' (Figure l4) IS to be replaced by the AN/VRC.IZThiet will ....eigh apprOXimately 85 pound. plus or min...... The receivcr.tran.mltter (Figurel51 Will have a voice range of ZO mIle. whlll!' Operatlnjl: on a moving vehicle u'ln,!: a Whip antenna.Given Ihe opprtunily 10 .eJect a .ile and uSing IJghlwel~hl 'ugh gain anlenna equlpmenl thlllrange can be Increalled to 50 mile.. The .el has a fro:lquconcy range of 10. 0 to 16.0 mc alford-Ing 9Z0 channel. contlnuou.ly t....nilble by the operator. ThIS .et hall 01.1'0 becon Increased Infrcoquency range allowinS IZO ildditional channel.. For rapid frequency chansmg any tf':n rre.quenclea/channel. may be prf':ael and 'f':h~ctf':d by uSing the ootton. In the right center or theoperating panel. One of the marked improvemenu or thl' set IS the ab'('nc(' of power dlStrlbution arrangements in the moun I. ThIS mount IS merely a carrYing rack.

'0

F"1~ure ,24. Comparison of R..dio Sel AN/CRC_7 wllh Recelver-Transm,lter RT-,246..nd Receiver R-44l/VRC-t2.

11

Figure 26. Comparilon of Radio Set AN/AP..C27 .... ith Radio Set AN/VRC-Z...

A'il replacement lor the ground to air u.dio leI AN/Me-Z7 (Figure 261, we .... ill have theAN/VRC-Z4. The AN/VRCZ4 will have a voice range of )0 mile. with AircraIt at 1000 feet.It wUl cover the frequency range from 225.0 to 399.9 me allowing 1750 channel. of communica-tion. any 20 of which may be pretet.

All of thele radiol which I have diecued will have the capability of operating in ill retranl-mi ion .ynem: or from ill remote pOlition. They will employ plug in type c::irculU which arepartially tranlluorized. and will be capable of operation for 5000 houri without il mlljor repairjob. It i. anticipated that thi. new lamily of radiOI will be ilvailable for troop i.lue in 1960.

Much work i. being done in the Held of mobility for riI.pid di.placement of CP'. using elec-triciLl .helters in which equipment i. installed for operation. Thi. then will reduce the timelo.t in di.mantling and installation. Our airborne diviaion' are conducting extensive experi-mentation in the field (Figure Z7).

In the very near future. we expect to .w:tch our rAdio caU. in a: nner .imilar to the waywe .witch our telephone caUs today. Thiystem III known as the AN/MRC66 and wauc-ce.alully tested at the Electronic Proving Cround la.t December. It will iLllow telephone typecommunication but utilldng radio Hnk equipment, while the user i. on the move.

In the current divi.ion of the pre.ent day Held army. communication. are furni.hed throughthe medium ol radio net., point-to-point radio relay. Held c.ble and wire 'ervice. Since dis-per.ion and A hiaher dearee of mobility are con.idered a delen.e against atomic and ma de-.truction weapon ttme is not available lor In. tall at ion ol an adequate rield cable and wire .y._tem. This leave. the radio nelll to carry the bulk of the trallic. A radio net ha. the advantage

JZ

,FUTURE NOBIlE COAfAfI/,4/ICAT/O,v CE,wER

Figure l7. Electrical Sheltllr!ll.

of poll."ing information to II large number of u.ers simultaneousl\', but has the disadvantage oflow volume of traffic cilpa.b.hly per u.er which deerea'Il" lUI the number of uscrs increase.Thl' 1nerell.e. the wailln~ lime to gain access to the nel. Since all user. can h",ar ..l1lran.-ml'"0n, privacy of communu:.;l.t.on' II lo.t.

An alternative to the radio net. and pOInt-la-pOInt rlld,o IS to bnnJl, a communll:,atlon loop(rom each .ub.cnb4'.:r Into a lungle locallon ...hc-rc the'! .ub,crlber may be ~Iched to communi-cate with OI:her lIub.c",ber . ThiS patching facIlity i. called a CENTRAL. If the maJorlly ofthe communU:i11l1on loop. 10 the Cenlral are via radIO It would be called II RADIO CENTRAL.. Apoble .clUtlon to the diVISiOn COmmUniCallons problem ap~ars 10 be an extension or theoriginal RadiO Central concepL Th,. concept COnllil5U of a combmallon of multichannel n.dlO(relay) systemJl, capable of bemg JI .... llched to lIatlJlfy the "Iong lines" requlrementJl. Thl.leav",.the problem o{ local thJllnbution, diJilanceJl of 1/4 to 5 or 10 mileJi. to radiO 3nd llhon haul.... 're. ThuJI having 1....0 kinds of radio centrals, compatible .... llh each oth.'r. lIatul{u:ll mOSl ofthe communications problcms and inCreallCJI mobility of the dlv,slon. A l/ol-Ton truck mayhave mounted in It the 513-86 lIw.tchboard and the radIO relay equipment. ThiS IJI the radiOcentral (Figure lS).

JJ

FUTURE--

RADIO SWITCHING CENTRAL

_.

- '..... --- ~ . --'....... ..~ ..

RADIO CINTRAL~TlR"INALFigure l8. Had,/) Central.

Thl' .ubllcribcr equipment wtl1 b{' mounted In thlll manner. The sub.cube,. UU~lI hlH equ.p-mt'nl In a manner which IS v.. ry similar to lei II,

Whcn reCCIYln," II o:;all, the subscriber III alerted by h bu>:t.l"r. He then observe' the con.Irol unIt Thc l.ghl assocIated with the channel on which hC' II beln~ called Will be f1ashln~. Ill"Iht'n pOllllOnl hil channt'l It'h'ctor SWlich 10 the mdl

CONVENllONAI PARIS fOR lUB[S

MICROMINIAIURE PARIS fOR IRANSISIORS

Figure Z9. Compar1!lon 01 Parts.

The entire system mcludes full duplex Oper31l0n. conference capabllll~ controlled b)' th..cenlral station operator, ('m"''')olenc)' conventIonal netllng ,n cvent til(' C~'lllral f;\al'on becomesinOperative, VIsual and aud,bl.., signallln.'l at tht' subscrIber statIOn from a ("onq~ntlonal switch.board'.. t the Central Station, eight rul1 duplex voice channels available. With each !Iubllcrlb~rha\'lng ,1 choice of Iwo channels. automatic power output control at sub/H'T'!.>"" station to pre-vel'll blockIng Or dCllcnSlllJ:atlon of thl' central stat,on reCelver when located close-In and, capa_bilIty of operation wh,le movmg.

Coupled WIth radiO f1W1IChlnj,l. UI the idea of completely mob,lll.lng our

10 the [Irld of de.lro"" pil.ru il.od d .. , ..." "rt ..1 Imprtl .." c-ou ...... kWInt: mAdt d.. II, I"Ih" upper row of f'1~urr 19. w. .,." tleplll"d II.. p.lrl. u ... d ... ,lh lub. 1\J1C' .. quIJlmen! ... tllll' ,nIh.,ln"'.. r ro .... w.' . !hl" .,.'(" of th.. poi"! u"ed ""Ih trlou.tor IVp" equlp",,,nl

"~Ijl.urt' JO. IJ1tltrrlt'lJ.

f"jl.ure 30 shows Ih.. pro~r"lJlJ b,'IIIt: m1'lde In the f"'ltl of ball.'r"...of the ('gure w.., see Ih.., SI:tmlard BA-JO nashl'!:hl type and IU ult,mahbauery shown in Ihe rlllhi c

Figure 31 Com~rl.on of Sell.A more extenllve ule of lhe module Cilln be leen In Figure 31 ....here we hnd thai many

modules are mounted on a printed CirCUli b~rd and are uled In the c,rcu,llI of a teletypewriter.In addition 10 the reduction In 'llU', beillr In mind In.U thefe .1 .1'0 an appreciable reduction inwC!llIhl plus I tremendoul Increale In dependability

One held of conct'rn loday to UI II 'n lhl!' lecurlty a.peen of the data link from a drone typeequipment 10 lhf' (ontroldilta cent.. , we now have Iht' cap.bllny of o~rattng TV, lR Photoand Radar from. drone platrorm (Flgurl' ll). H,.,wever. wh n the reqUired dill. II transminedfrom the drone 10 the data collecllon il8f'ncv. there .1 il po."blhly thai Ih.. daHl link can beJammed or altered electrically by the II!nf'my. 11.1 toward th~ I~curlly of thll data link that

w~ ar~ pornllng.

We find that much 1n"'~ltlllation II b~lnR don~ In the field of new typ~ power lupphel. W~all r~/lhJ:e that our pott'nlull ~n~my h.1 the Cllp"-blhty 10 dt'lect the .ound lind heat thoU II emittedfrom our prelent nOlly. hot. ~t'nt'rator eqUipment Tht'reror~. In order to aVOid dt'lt'ction it11 ablolutely ellenllal thoU we find lome lylX' of power lource that neither makel nOlle noremlll heat We are looking ror a 111enl power lupply

17

...

...

...

TV IRRADAR t

PU'OTO

\\ -~ ..".,.

~..,(.....~

~.. ...

\ ...\ ...\ ...\ ......\ ...\ ...\ ~"''':'''''''';'''''''\

\\

CONTROL

DATA~.

WIT"AI RBORN E S.URVEI LLANCE

DRONE

Figure JZ. Airborne Survl-Illanee.

The baltle group commander and slaff ofhcers of lomorrow will have (Fi~ure 3Jl autom311Cdata processing (acllzllell whIch will record, IItore, compute, and tabulate an unhe\levableamount of Information. Included will be Intelligence Infor-mallOn, patrol Informat,on, route re-connaissance data, logistlC:al data, peraoonel ro::cords, ammUl1l110n reqUirements, yes. evenweapons selecllon information. All at electronIc apecds.

J8

. .

I:i:

.mn l'ROCl'SSJN;;n-~'~~~~;::~!!~f\l:ILlTr...

(TOC MOBlOlC )

"

CHAPTER 4INFANTR Y WEAPONS

Section l. INTRODUCTION

COLONEL MARCUS W. ADAMS

Deputy Director, Weapons Department

On behalf of Colonel Samuel T. McDowell, Director of the Weapons Department, 1 ampleased to welcome you to the Weapons Department portion of the Infantry Instructors' ConIer_ence.

This morning we shall present to you weapons subjects which we believe are timely andinteresting. All are new. Some subjects include changes recently adopted by Department ofArmy while others represent only trends of thought and areas of study by the Weapons Depart-ment. We shall differentiate between established doctrine and developmental studies as we goalong.

TRAJNFIRE I ranges are in the process of construction. We have stopped construction longenough to show you the.e ranges however. since we want 10 demonstrate. at lea.t in part, theirmanner of operation.

The first speaker thi, morning will be Captain Semmens who will di.cus. TRAlNFIRE I.

Section II. TRAlNFLRE 1

CAPTAIN JAMES R. SEMMENS and CAPTAIN ALLAN A. I3UERGIN

instructors, Rifle CommitteeCAPTAIN SEMMENS

Your first two hours will concern TRAlNFIRE I, the newly adopted individual marksmanshipCOurSe. You will have an opportunity to lIee each phase of the program in operation on actualTRAINFIR I range .

But first, let UII look at the events leading up to what is considered by many, one of themon radical change8 in training techniques in some time.

Le than 100 years ago the American frontiersman was known around the world for his ex-pert mark8manship and skilled wood8manllhip. However, a. the frontiers dIsappeared thisnational trait began to lose prominence also.

Recognizing the value of this disappearing art, efforts were made to I rain mark.men. Sincethe criterion {or a.signment to a .harpllhooter regiment during the Civil War was plaCIng 20 con_.eCIH,Ve shots in a LO_inch circle at 200 yards, training was directed IowaI'd this objective,hence the familiar bull's_eye. Analyzed in the light of battlefield conditions, the bull'.-eye,silhouetted on the bull. at a known range, Wil8 not realistic. Tran.ition {iring with ill 2 roundsand 30 .econd. allowed for each clearly vi.ible target did not develop a combat rifleman. Inaddition, the long hour. of dry {iring on PRJ circle. and larget pulling in the pit. tended 10 re-duce the effectivene.s of the training. Soldier. were not trained well enough in the use of theirweapons, and in addition, since they lacked confidence in themselves and their weapons, Iheydid no! [ire at aJi on many occa.ione in combat. Report. from World War JI and Korea indicatedthat our mark.man.hip program left much to be de.ired.

40

The United States Army Infantry Human Research Unit at Fort Benning wa. directed to re.earch the problem and come up with a new mark. mans hip course of instruction. Thi. researchconsillted 01 the interviewing 01 thousand. 01 combat veterans from World War U and Korea. Inaddition, alter action reports from both conIlicts were carefully .tudied.

This research resulted in the Iormulation of certain premises upon which the new cour.ewould be based. These premises described the battlefield and the targets thereon as they appearto the centbat rineman. These premises are:

Thill mollt baulefield targeu con.i.t of a number of men or objecu linear in nature butirregularly spaced along tree lines, hedge rows or other objects which will provide cover andconcealment.

That these targets would rarely be visible except in the close assault.

That normally, the range to a combat target will not exceed 300 meters.

That these targets can be detected by smoke, nash, dust, noise and movement and areusually seen only in a Ileeting manner.

That these targets can be engaged by using a nearby object as a reference point.

That the selection of an accurate aiming point in elevation is difficult because of the lowoutline and obscurity of the target.

That this problem is further complicated by our present >:eroing technique, that is, usinga 6 o'clock hold to hit the center of the bull's-eye.

That battlefield conditions will rarely permit or require the use of a windage adjustment.

That the nature of the terrain, the target and the defensive requirement for digging in,often precludes the use of the prone position but favors such supported positions as the standingfoxhole and the kneeling supported position.

With these premises in mind, the de.ired objectives of a new marksmanship cou ... e wereapparent:

To instill in the individual soldier the will and confidence to destroy the enemy.

To develop the soldier'! skill in detecting combat type targets.

To improve the loldier's skill in hitting these targets once they have been detected.

The TRAlNFIRE I Marksmanship COUr!e accomplilhes this in 18 hours (Figure 34).

Two hours are devoted to an orientation period, four hou ... to mechanical training, and Z6hours are given to preparatory marksmanship training and ZS meter firing. You will notice thatmete ... are used rather than yards or inches. Thil is consilIent with a recent Department ofArmy directive changing all range distances to the metric system. Four hours are devoted tobattle sight zeroing and 18 hours to fiel": flring. Sixteen hours are given to target detection train-ing and it requires eight hourl! to fire the record course. This is a savings in training lime ofeight hOUr! over the Known Distance Marksmanship Course of 86 hour!.

The two_hour orientation period il designed to motivate the soldier toward accomplishingthe three objectives of the cOurse. During this period he is oriented on the history and importance

TRAINFIRE I

RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP COURSE

SUBJECT

ORIENTATION _ .MEeHAN ICAl TNG . . . . . . . . . . . .PREPARATORY MKMNSHIP TNG & 25M FIRINGBAnLESIGHT ZEROINGFIELD FIRINGTARGET DETECTIONRECORD COURSE ..

TOTAL

Figure 34. TRAlNFlRE I RiOe Marksmanship Course.

HOURS

24

2.4

18I.8

78

of the rifleman. He is taught basic nomenclature, how to load. Cire and unload his weaj>On, andhe ill lIhown two training (ilms: "This is the Infantry," and "Infantry Weapons and Their Effects."

&&&\ &,. &300 ... -( METERS

175 METERS

~i .25METERS RANGE 75MET RS

) .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ,. I 2 3 I 2 3 33 34 35

Figure 35. TRAINFIRE I Z5-Meler Range.

4Z

Immediately following this orientation period, the soldier is taken to the Z5_meter range(Figure 35) to begin his preparatory marksmanship training. During thill four_hour period hewill be required to fire an early firing exercise for familiarization. However, before going onthe firing line he observes an antifear demonstration. Here a trained rifleman fires the riflefrom the groin, stomach and chin. The purpose of this demonstration is to show the soldier thathe has nothing to fear from the recoil of the weapon and can thus devote all his attention to prop_er sighting and aiming. trigger control. and a good steady position. After a brief explanationon sighting and aiming, trigger control and the prone position, he fires one 3-round shot group.He then observes the eective shooting of a trained rifleman. By comparing his ability withthat of the trained rifleman, the soldier sees the need for training as well as its validity.

Following this early firing period the soldier returns to the classroom to receive his instruc_tion in mechanical training. This four-hour block is essentially the same period of instruction aspresented in the known distance marksmanship course. The major difference is in its sequenceof presentation. It has been found that a soldier is more interested in learning the functioningand care and cleaning of his rifle, after he has fired it.

Following this period the soldier returns to the ZS_meter range to continue with his prepara_tory marksmanship training. The Z5-meter range is similar to the familiar 1000-inch range ex_cept that stumps and foxholes have been added to the firing line. This is to facilitate the instruc_tion and practical work in firing from supported positions as well as unsupported positions. Asupported position is one of standard positions as outlined in FM Z3_5 adapted to some type ofsupport such as a stump or a foxhole. Reports from combat indicated that most firing is donefrom some sort of supported pOllition. Consequently bOor. of all firing in TRAlNFIRE I is sup-ported firing. The soldier ill taught to ire without a sling and he wears his combat pack andsteel hellnet throughout all preparatory marksmanship practice firing and on the record course.

The purpose of preparatory marksmanship is to have the trainee achieve a tight shot groupin each position learned. To accomplish this. TRAlNFIRE I utilizes the "whole" method ofteaching. Instead of teaching the soldier all the steps of marksmanship separately and then hav_ing him attempt to combine these steps on the range, shooting is taught as an integrated act.The soldier fires from each position as soon as it has been explained and demonstrated. He istold that the integrated act of shooting is composed of two components. sighting and aiming andthe steady hold.

Figure 3b. "One-Half Bull's-Eye" Target (TRAlNFIRE Il.

Th.This

Let's take a closer look at these two componenU: Sighting and aiming procedures remainunchanged with one exception. In order to eliminate the 6 o'clock hold and thus have the point of'lim and intended point of impact to coincide, the onehaU bllll's-eye target is u8ed (Figure 36).The small cutout section h to prevent the edging of the front sight blade into the black and pre_sent a more accurate aiming point. The one_hall bull's-eye t'lrget requires a revision in thesight picture model. This is easily accomplished by simply cutting the standard bull in hall.Sight alignment remains the same and retains its importance. The sight picture is completedwhen the one_hall bull'seye is placed on top of the front sight blade. As belore, the last focusof the eye is on the (ront sight blade and consequently the target becomes ha7'y. To give thesoldier practice in sighting and aiming and to insure hh understanding of the subject the 3dsighting and aiming exercise is utilized for practical work. In this exercise one soldier placeshimsell behind the rifle and the other sits on the aiming box. Motioning with his hand the lireradjusts the target held by the marker. When the lirer indicates that correct sight picture hasbeen obtained, the marker inseru his pencil through the hole in the center of the bllli and m~esa dot. The exercise is repeated 3 times and the reslllting dots should form a triangle which canbe covered with the unsharpened end of a pencil.

In the second component, there are 8 factors which must be present in a firing position toproduce a steady hold. These factors apply to all positions; however, the method in which theyare achieved may diller slightly from posHion to position. Steady hold factors are lilted below:

Left Arm and HandButt of stock in pocket of sholllde rG rip of Right HandSpot WeldRight ElbowBreathingRelaxationTrigger Control.

The practical work for the steady hold is called the "tin disc exercise." Thh exercise pre-cedes the live firing in each position. The lirer geU into the prescribed position and closes hisbolt on an empty chamber. The coach places a small tin disc on the barrel forward of the fronteight. The firer then attempts to lire without dislodging the disc. An exceptionally lItrong ham_mer spring may cause the disc to (aU but if the steady hold is applied correctly the disc shouldfall to the front.

Having completed the practical work, the soldier is ready to begin firing. Thus (ar he hascompleted 13 hours of instruction: Period I, Orientation; Period Z, Early Firing; Period 3,Mechanical Training. and the first three hours o( Period 4, The Integrated Act of Shooting.remaining three hours of Period 4 are devoted to firing 18 rounds from the prone position.(iring is conducted on the Z5meter range and requires one point per two students.

In Periods 5 and 6 the soldier receives his position training. He spends eight houra liringfrom eight positions, two 3 round shot groups in each. Each position is explained and demon_strated before practical work begins. An effort is made to teach positions from a standpoint oftheir appropriate use based on their advantages and limitations. For example. the prone posi_tion gives maximum support but minimum visibility. The slanding position is the least steadybut offers the maximU1T\ visibility and speed of assumption.

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