1936-1939_ the Spanish Civil War and Revolution

26/9/15 1936-1939: The Spanish civil war and revolution

libcom.org/history/1936-1939-the-spanish-civil-war-and-revolution 1/8

recent posts log in register

libcom.org blog news library history gallery organise forums search

Home

1936-1939: The Spanish civil war and revolution

A short history of the Spanish civil war and revolution which broke out inresponse to the right-wing and fascist coup attempt of General Franco.

The war lasted for three years and ended with Franco's victory, aided by

fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The revolution saw huge swathes of

Spanish industry and agriculture socialised and run collectively by the

workers and peasants.

The fascists launched a coup on July 17th 1936. The initial step was taken

when Franco seized Morocco and issued a "radical manifesto". This was

picked up by a loyal radio operator who passed it on to the Minister for the

Navy. The news of the coup was kept secret until 7pm on the 18th while they

tried to come to terms with the fascists. The cabinet resigned on the 18th and

Borrios, a right wing republican, was made prime minister.

The coup was only smashed by the activity of the working class. The fascists

made some headway in parts of the country but in Catalonia, and especially

Barcelona, the CNT (Anarcho-Syndicalist union) showed how to fight. They

declared a general strike and took to the streets looking for arms which the

government refused to give them. In the end they stormed the barracks, and

took what they needed.

The workers immediately set up barricades and within hours the rising had been

defeated. Arms were seized and given to workers who were dispatched to other

areas to prevent risings. Madrid was also saved because of the heroism and

initiative of the workers. Hearing of what had happened in Barcelona they had

stormed the main army base in the city.

The action of the rank and file saved the Spanish Republic. Not just the CNT but

the UGT (Socialist union) and POUM (Anti-Stalinist Communists) joined in the

fighting. For these workers this was not just a war to defeat the fascists but the

beginning of revolution. Workers' militias were established. Workplaces were

taken over and in peasants seized the land.

Anarchism in Action - The Militias

Posted By

Ed

Sep 3 2006 15:11

Tags

Western Europe, Spain,

Workers Solidarity

Movement, anarcho-

syndicalism, fascism,

revolutions, Spanish civil

war

Share

Tweet 71

Related

The Tragic Week in

May: the May Days

Barcelona 1937-

Augustin Souchy

Workers Power and the

Spanish Revolution-

Tom Wetzel

Self management and

the Spanish revolution-

Point Blank

The revolutionary

message of the Friends

of Durruti.

8. An apolitical

revolution

Attached files

410Like Share

Featured

China crash: the faltering of economic

transition

The stock market crash happens at a time when

the Chinese development model has reached a

turning point, and the financial turmoil reflects

underlying structural problems of the economy.

Comments (1)

Interview with a member of libcom.org,

2007

A critical interview by Wayne Foster of Steven

Johns from the libcom group, about the

libcom.org project and the general state of

things.

Fascism / Anti-fascism - Gilles Dauv

An analysis of the liberal and leftist obsessions

with fascism and anti-fascism, and the role of

workers in opposing it internationally.

Comments (1)

Follow @wrkclasshistory 3,811 follow ers

Follow @libcomorg 16.2K follow ers

InfoThe libcom library contains nearly 20,000

articles. If it's your first time on the site, or you're

looking for something specific, it can be difficult

to know where to start. Luckily, there's a range

of ways you can filter the library content to suit

your needs, from casual browsing to researching

a particular topic. Click here for the guide.

Working Class Hi13k likesLike Page

libcom.org29k likesLiked



The government found itself in a peculiar situation after July 19th. It remained

the government but had no way of exercising authority. Where the rebellion had

been defeated the army was disbanded and workers armed. Militias were

formed and these became units of a revolutionary army. Ten days after the coup

there were 18,000 workers organised in the militias of Catalonia (mostly from

the CNT). Overall there were 150,000 volunteers willing to fight whenever they

were needed.

This was no ordinary army. This was a revolutionary army with revolutionary

principles. The basic unit was the group, composed generally of ten, which

elected a delegate. Ten groups formed a century which also elected a delegate.

Any number of centuries formed a column, which had a war committee

responsible for the overall activities of the column. This was elected and

accountable to the workers.

Workers joined columns voluntarily. They understood the need to fight and the

necessity of creating a "popular army". They accepted discipline because they

understood the need to act in a co-ordinated manner. These were political

organisations that understood the link between revolutionary politics and the

war. The militias formed in Barcelona lost no time in marching on Aragon where

the capital, Saragossa, had been taken by the fascists. The Durruti Column led

this march and gradually liberated village after village.

The Durruti column showed how to fight fascism. As they gained victory after

victory they encouraged peasants to take over the land and collectivise. The

Column provided the defence that allowed this to be done. The peasants rallied

to them and many joined. Indeed Buenaventura Durutti had to plead with some

of them not to join so that the land would not be depopulated and the task of

collectivisation could be carried through.

As the anarchist militias achieved successes ground was being lost on other

fronts. Saragossa, though, was not taken and a long front developed. The militia

system was blamed for this. The Stalinists said the workers were undisciplined

and would not obey orders. They accused the anarchists of being unwilling to

work with others to defeat the fascists. Of course this was nonsense. The

anarchists continually called for a united war effort and even for a single

command. What they did demand, though, was that control of the army stayed

with the working class and not a new militarist officer caste.

The major problem facing the militias was a lack of arms. The munitions

industry been cut off and the workers in Barcelona went to great lengths to

improvise. George Orwell (who fought in one of the POUM militias) described

the arms situation on the Aragon front. The infantry "were far worse armed than

an English public school Officers Training Corps, with worn out Mauser rifles

which usually jammed after five shots; approximately one machine gun to fifty

men and one pistol or revolver to about thirty men. These weapons, so

necessary in trench warfare, were not issued by the government.... A

government which sends boys of fifteen to the front with rifles forty years old

and keeps its biggest men and newest weapons in the rear is manifestly more

afraid of the revolution than the fascists".

And how right he was. Moscow sold arms but when they arrived there was a

systematic refusal to supply the anarchist-controlled Aragon front. The arms

that did arrive were sent only to Stalinist centres. A member of the war ministry

referring to the arms which arrived in September commented "I noticed that

these were not being given out in equal quantities, but there was a marked

preference for the units which made up the [Stalinist] Fifth Regiment".

It is a common lie that the militias, supposedly undisciplined and

uncontrollable, were responsible for Franco's advance. All who saw the militias

in action had nothing but praise for the heroism they witnessed. The

government made a deliberate choice. It chose to starve the revolutionary

workers of arms, it decided that defeating the revolution was more important

than defeating fascism.

Anarchism in Action - The Land

It was in the countryside that the Spanish revolution was most far reaching. The

anarchist philosophy had been absorbed by large layers of the downtrodden

peasants and the outbreak of revolution was the opportunity to put these ideas

into practice.

Collectivisation of the land was extensive. Close on two thirds of all land in the

Republican zone was taken over. In all between five and seven million peasants

were involved. The major areas were Aragon where there were 450 collectives,

the Levant (the area around Valencia) with 900 collectives and Castille (the area

surrounding Madrid) with 300 collectives.

If you have an ebook reader or a Kindle, check

out our guide to using ebook readers with

libcom.org.

If you'd like to upload content to the library which

is in line with the aims of the site or will

otherwise be of interest to libcom users, please

check out our guides to submitting library/history

articles and tagging articles. If you're not sure if

something is appropriate for the library, please

ask in the feedback and content forum. If you

don't have permissions to post content yet, just

request it here.

Log in for more featuresClick here to register now. Logged in users:

Can comment on articles and discussions

Get 'recent posts' refreshed more regularly

Bookmark articles to your own reading list

Use the site private messaging system

Start forum discussions, submit articles, and

more...



Collectivisation was voluntary and thus different from the forced collectivisation

in Russia. Usually a meeting was called and all present would agree to pool

together whatever land, tools and animals they had. The land was divided into

rational units and groups of workers were assigned to work them. Each group

had its delegate who represented their views at meetings. A management

committee was also elected and was responsible for the overall running of the

collective. Each collective held regular general meetings of all its participants.

If you didn't want to join the collective you were given some land but only as

much as you could work yourself. Not only production was affected, distribution

was on the basis of what people needed. In many areas money was abolished.

If there were shortages rationing would be introduced to ensure that everyone

got their fair share.

Production greatly increased. Technicians and agronomists helped the

peasants to make better use of the land. Scientific methods were introduced

and in some areas yields increased by as much as 50%. Food was handed

over to the supply committees who looked after distribution in the urban areas.

However, slander was also thrown at the collectives. It was claimed that each

only looked after itself. This was rubbish as in many areas equalisation funds

were set up to redistribute wealth. Machinery and expertise were shifted to

areas most in need. One indicator of the solidarity is the fact that 1,000

collectivists from the advanced Levant moved to Castille to help out.

Federations of collectives were established, the most successful being in

Aragon. In June 1937 a plenum of Regional Federations of Peasants was held.

Its aim was the formation of a national federation "for the co-ordination and

extension of the collectivist movement and also to ensure an equitable

distribution of the produce of the land, not only between the collectives but for

the whole country". Unfortunately many collectives were smashed by the

Stalinists before this could be done.

The collectivists also had a deep commitment to education and many children

received an education for the first time. The methods of Francisco Ferrer, the

world famous anarchist educationalist, were employed. Children were given

basic literacy and inquisitive skills were encouraged.

Anarchism in Action - Industry

Although the revolution didn't go as far in the cities as it did in the country,

many achievements are worth noting.

To give some idea of the extent of the collectivisation here is a list provided by

one observer (Burnett Bolloten, The Grand Camouflage. By no means an

anarchist book!). He says:

"railways, traincars and buses, taxicabs and shipping, electric light and power

companies, gasworks and waterworks, engineering and automobile assembly

plants, mines and cement works, textile mills and paper factories, electrical

and chemical concerns, glass bottle factories and perfumeries, food

processing plants and breweries were confiscated and controlled by

workmens's committees, either term possessing for the owners almost equal

significance". He goes on "motion picture theatres and legitimate theatres,

newspapers and printing, shops, department stores and hotels, de-lux

restaurants and bars were likewise sequestered".

In each workplace the assembly of all the workers was the basic unit. Within

the factory workers would elect delegates to represent them on day-to-day

issues. Anything of overall importance had to go to the assembly. This would

elect a committee of between five and fifteen worker, which would elect a

manager to oversee the day-to-day running of the workplace. Within each

industry there was an Industrial Council which had representatives of the two

main unions (CNT and UGT) and representatives from the committees.

Within workplaces wages were equalised and conditions greatly improved. Take

for example the tramways. Out of the 7,000 workers, 6,500 were members of

the CNT. Street battles had brought all transport to a halt. The transport

syndicate appointed a commission of seven to occupy the administrative offices

while others inspected the tracks and drew up a plan of repair work that needed

to be done. Five days after the fighting stopped, 700 tramcars, instead of the

usual 600, all painted in the black and red colours of the CNT were operating on

the streets of Barcelona.

With the profit motive gone, safety became more important and the number of

accidents was reduced. Fares were lowered and services improved. In 1936,

183,543,516 passengers were carried. In 1937 this had gone up by 50 million.

The trams were running so efficiently that the workers were able to give money



to other sections of urban transport. Also, free medical care was provided for

the work force.

In 1937 the central government admitted that the war industry of Catalonia

produced ten times more than the rest of Spanish industry put together and that

this output could have been quadrupled if Catalonia had the access to

necessary means of purchasing raw materials.

The Counter Revolution

The behaviour of the Spanish Communist Party and the United Socialist Party

of a Catalonia (PSUC) had more to do with what was in Stalins best interests

than the Spanish working class. They went out of their way to deny that a

revolution had taken place then did all they could to repress this revolution they

pretended had not happened. As far as they were concerned the Civil War was

only about restoring democracy to Spain.

Popular Fronts

To prevent the British and French settling their differences with Hitler at the

expense of the Soviets, in order to guarantee that the Franco-Soviet Pact would

not fall by the wayside and in order to conclude similar pacts with the

governments of other countries, notably Britain, it was essential that

governments hostile to German aims in Eastern Europe should be brought to

power. It was to this end that the Popular Front line was adopted at the 7th

World Congress of the Comintern in August 1935. This body collected together

all the Communist Parties under Russian leadership.

This was a class collaborationist anti-fascist peoples front in which the

Communist Parties were to play down revolutionary politics. This was to be a

struggle to preserve bourgeois democracy.

The policy of wooing the British and French ruling classes was from the

beginning doomed to failure. Not only because of their military unpreparedness

but because of their belief that if they became involved at this stage in a war

with Hitler, both they and the Nazis would be weakened and thus the position of

Russia would be enhanced. At all times right up to the outbreak of WW2 the

British sought to come to terms with Hitler which would leave him free to attack

Russia in the East.

Russian Arms

The point about the Communist Party is that they directed the counter-

revolution. They called the shots. They were the only people who were clear

about the 'necessity' for the counter-revolution and had the determination to

carry it through. Their ability to do this was derived from the prestige that came

with the fact that Russia was the only country supplying major quantities of

arms to the Republic. The Russians not only supplied arms but also military

advisors and technicians who gradually took over the running of the war.

Militarisation

Because of this control of arms the Communists, supported by the others,

enforced militarisation. The militia system was broken up. A regular army was

rebuilt with the militias who refused to come under the command of the War

Ministry (and many CNT and POUM militias did refuse) were starved of arms.

They were left with no choice.

The police were also rebuilt, especially the hated Civil Guards, who had been a

bulwark of repression against the CNT. They were now to be called the National

Republican Guard. The Assault Guards were re- established and had 28,000

recruits by the beginning of December. The Carabineros, who were the border

police in charge of customs and under the control of Minister of Finance Negrin

(a known Communist sympathiser) grew to 40,000 members.

The state was giving itself a monopoly of force. The workers' patrols which had

sprung up in July were disbanded. Workers were ordered to hand in their arms

and those who declined to do so were considered 'fascists'. It was said that

these arms were needed at the front. While it is true that arms were needed at

the front this argument was only put forward as a means of disarming

revolutionary workers. There were plenty of arms under the control of the police.

George Orwell observed after the May Days in Barcelona "the Anarchists were

well aware that even if they surrendered their arms, the PSUC would retain

theirs, and this is in fact what happened after the fighting was over. Meanwhile

actually visible on the streets, there were quantities of arms which would have

been very welcome at the front, but which were being retained for the 'non-

political' police forces in the rear". (Homage to Catalonia p.151).

The May Days

On May 3rd 1937, three lorry loads of police led by the Stalinist Salas,

Commissar of Public Order, attempted to take over the telephone exchange in



Comments

Barcelona which had been controlled by a joint CNT-UGT committee since the

outbreak of the war.

The police captured the first floor because of the surprise nature of their attack

but got no further. Firing started. Word spread and within hours the local

defence committees of the CNT-FAI went into action arming themselves and

building barricades. Soon the workers were in control of most of the city.

In other areas of Catalonia action was also taken. Civil Guards were disarmed

and offices of the PSUC were seized as a "preventive measure". There was no

firing on the first night and by the second day the workers were spreading the

barricades further into the suburbs.

The negotiations which went on, led to nothing as regards control of the

telephone phone exchange. The workers were ordered off the barricades and

unfortunately they went. On Thursday (May 6th) the building was vacated and

the PSUC took it over. On the same day the railway station was taken over by

the PSUC. The CNT had also controlled that. This happened throughout

Catalonia.

On Friday 5,000 Assault Guards arrived from Valencia. The repression that

followed was severe. The May Days left 500 dead and 1,100 wounded.

Hundreds more were killed during the "mopping up" of the next few weeks. The

counter-revolution broke out in earnest after May with decree after decree

undermining the revolutionary committees. This was now possible as the

backbone of the revolution, the Catalan workers, had been crushed.

The Friends of Durruti

The Friends of Durruti was an expression of opposition to the collaborationism

of the CNT. Not only in their paper, The Friends of the People, but in countless

local publications of the CNT, and indeed of the UGT, POUM and Libertarian

Youth you can find such opposition. However it must be said this was only

given a clear expression when it was too late. The FoD did not have enough

time to win the masses to their position. They understood the need for a

regroupment to take on the leadership of the CNT.

Here we see a recognition of the need for a revolutionary minority to organise

itself to provide leadership of ideas. An understanding of what has gone wrong

and what needs to be done. That the FoD did not set themselves up as "all-

knowing leaders' was clear in their proposal.

The Spanish Revolution does not negate anarchism. If anything, long before

Poland, Czechoslovakia or Hungary it showed the bankruptcy of Stalinism and

the State Capitalism of Russia. The activities of the Stalinists were far from

what real socialists would have done.

On the other hand the anarchist masses threw themselves into a fight against

fascism, and its cause, capitalism. Unfortunately the revolution was not

complete, the CNT leaders held it back. Indeed their behaviour highlights the

effect that power can have on even those who lay claim to anarchism. Spain

provided important lessons for anarchists. It showed the inadequacy of

syndicalism, the need for political anarchism and the need for an anarchist

political organisation. We have to understand that the state and political power

does not 'die'; it has to be smashed.

Above all, Spain showed what ordinary people can do given the right conditions.

The next time somebody says workers are stupid and could not take over the

running of society, point to Spain. Show them what the workers and peasants

(most of whom were illiterate) did. Tell them Anarchism is possible.

Taken from Eddie Conlon's pamphlet, "The Spanish Civil War: Anarchism in

Action" for the Workers' Solidarity Movement

Edited by libcom.

login or register to post comments

Juche

Sep 6 2011 22:52

Awesome essay. login or register to post

comments



husunzi

Sep 15 2011 15:43

When was the WSM pamphlet published? login or register to post

comments

Volia

Dec 20 2011 19:57

It was first published in 1986. login or register to post

comments

botaningemar

Mar 15 2012 15:31

An excellent article, not too long but still very precise! login or register to post

comments

Grisel Toledo

Aug 21 2012 06:50

I have a couple of questions, please bear with me...

I assume there was very little (if any) sympathy for Spanish Jewish, can you

please expand an account on that? (even if briefly)

and,

Can you also tell about the migration of people out of Spain?

I'd really appreciate that

login or register to post

comments

jonthom

Aug 21 2012 08:21

Grisel Toledo wrote:




Not sure if this is the kind of thing you're looking for but might be of interest:

Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War


comments

Steven.

Aug 21 2012 08:42

Grisel Toledo wrote:




not sure exactly what you mean here. Do you mean by the workers by the

fascists?

As the post above mentions, Jewish volunteers fought with the Republic. I'm not

aware of issues of anti-Semitism among the Republicans: I would have thought

it would be much more likely from the fascists, who were backed by Nazi

Germany.

Quote:

and,



many tens of thousands of Spaniards had to flee as the fascists started to win.

This article has a bit about the refugees, including 60,000 who fought with the

French resistance against the Nazi occupation:

http://libcom.org/history/1939-1945-spanish-resistance-in-france

many other Spanish refugees were put in concentration camps in France


comments

ocelot

Aug 22 2012 15:50



Steven. wrote:

Quote:

and,



many tens of thousands of Spaniards had to flee as the fascists started to

win. This article has a bit about the refugees, including 60,000 who fought

with the French resistance against the Nazi occupation:

http://libcom.org/history/1939-1945-spanish-resistance-in-france

many other Spanish refugees were put in concentration camps in France

From where, in 1940, the majority (90% by some estimates) of those

considered Republican "fighters" (i.e. generally the men, but not the women,

afaik) were transferred by the Nazis to Mauthausen KZ in Austria, near Linz*

where they wore the blue triangle (triangulo azul). See Mauthausen museum

notes on Spanish prisonsers.

Quote:

The Mauthausen concentration camp was the main place where Spanish

political prisoners were incarcerated by the Nazis. By 1941, three years after

the main camp opened, 60% of the prisoners were Spanish Republicans.

After their defeat by General Francisco Franco's Army in the Spanish Civil

War, the Spanish Republicans escaped to France where they were put into

internment camps by the French government. After Germany conquered

France in 1940, around 30,000 of these prisoners were deported by the

Nazis to concentration camps in Germany and Austria because of their anti-

Fascist or Communist political affiliation. They were called the Red

Spaniards (Rotspanier) because Red was the color of the Communists.

[...]

Christian Bernadac, author of the book "The 186 Steps," wrote the following

regarding the Spanish Republicans:

"They were Republican soldiers who began to come across the French

frontier in February 1939, after the fall of Catalonia. They hoped to build up

their strength, regroup, train and leave for the other side of the Pyrenees,

where genuine pockets of resistance still held out. They arrived with arms

and baggage, and all this good material rotted on the snow-covered

mountain passes or the wet slopes of the Mediterranean...

And they, the vanquished serfs, were herded into improvised "transit"

camps, where they died, literally, of hunger, cold and dysentery. The

strongest, the most motivated, tried to reconstruct a military or political

hierarchy, but many of them, most of them, were annihilated by the defeat

and abandoned the struggle. The history of these French concentration

camps has never been written: Le Vernet-d'Ariege, Saint-Cyprien, Barcares,

Argeles, Gurs, Septfonds...Their story should be known.

Then, volunteers or not, the Spanish Republicans found themselves

enrolled in work crews or irregular battalions of foreign volunteers. The rising

tide of the German army swept them into prison camps where the Gestapo

had no difficulty at all in re-grouping them and sending them to

Mauthausen."

[...]

According to Pike, 90% of the Spanish Republicans, who had previously

been interned in France, were sent to Mauthausen in 1940 and 1941.

Records saved by the Spanish survivors show that 23,400 Spanish

prisoners were registered at Mauthausen and its subcamps and that 16,310

of them died, leaving around 9,200 survivors.

[...]

According to Martin Gilbert, the author of a book entitled"Holocaust," there

were 8,000 Spanish Republicans at the main Mauthausen camp and only

817 of them survived. Gilbert wrote the following in his book:

"In just over four months, more than thirty thousand people had been

murdered at Mauthausen, or had died from starvation and disease. Jews

and Gypsies formed the largest group of those k illed, but other groups had

also been singled out by the Nazis: homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses,

Soviet prisoners-of-war, and tens of thousands of Spanish Republicans.

These Spaniards had been interned in France in September 1939, deported

by the Germans to Mauthausen in 1940, and systematically worked to death

in the stone quarry there, or shot at random. By January 1945, only three

thousand of the Spaniards had remained alive. Of these, 2,163 had been

k illed in the next three months."

Can't testify as the exact figures. Although Mauthausen was liberated by the

Americans in May 1945, it was destined to end up in the Soviet zone according

to the Yalta deal (it had become an important industrial plant). Which was a

little tricky for surviving members of the POUM in Mauthausen (like my


comments



godfather's father. Pere) who had zero hope of survival had they been left in the

camp at the time of the handover to the Sovs (the anarchists, and even,

realistically, the communists, possibly had no less worries on that score). In

the end the Spanish ex-inmates ended up back in " transit" camps in France

again, until after 1953 (when Eisenhower visited Spain to welcome good ol'

Franco into the "Free World" - as quid pro quo the Yanks asked that they do

something about the people still in the camps in France, and official amnesty

was declared thereafter). Over 13 years straight in the camps, by the time Pere

and his surviving comrades got home. Possibly the longest and shittest

camping experience of the 20th century.

* where Hitler and Wittgenstein went to school - same year, obscure historical

fact.

Steven.

Jul 17 2013 08:56

Bump, as the Spanish Civil War started 77 years ago today login or register to post

comments

kharkov

Oct 15 2013 00:02

It should not be forgotten that quite a number of Refugees left during the month

of March 1939, from the ports of Valencia, Alicante, Gandia and Cartagena

seeking refuge on the North African territories of Tunisia and Algeria.

The unforgettable ships that took these refugees were the African Trader,

Campillo, Lezardrieux and the most mystical of all the Stanbrook captained

by Archibald Dickson. And not to be forgotten the two most prominent fishing

boats that also took quite a number of refugees to the North African shores

were the Joven Maria and the Maritima.

All of these refugees were victims of ruthless atrocities and tortures at the

hands of the French Vichy aligned authorities whilst incarcerated from April

1939 until the end of 1943 (when the last concentration camp was liberated by

the allied troops), in the prisons, concentration/punishment camps and forced

labour camps located in the Sahara desert stretching from Tunis through to

Western Morocco.

It was also from amongst this group of refugees that Leclerc recruited the

majority of the volunteers for the legendary La Nueve which liberated Paris.


comments

blog

AngryWorkersWorld - Seeing past the

luxury label part II: H&M in Hamburg,

Germany and their suppliers in Delhi,

India

Recomposition - Happy birthday to

Recomposition!

Nao - China crash: the faltering of

economic transition

news

Capital's utopia and dystopia:

refugee/migrant crisis

Wear the white poppy with pride

Well turn Shahrokh Zamani's death into

a banner of workers solidarity and unity

library

About Aufheben

The toughest skin - Libert Locke

Self management and the Spanish

revolution - Point Blank

history

Occupy and win: a manual for fighting

hospital closures

Red Harbor: class, violence, and

community in Grays Harbor,

Washington

A Young Lord Remembers

libcom.org about | donate | help out | submitting content | other languages | a-z | contact us | site notes

1936-1939_ the Spanish Civil War and Revolution

Documents

Transcript of 1936-1939_ the Spanish Civil War and Revolution