1926.751 29 CFR Ch. XVII (71 01 Edition) - GPO · PDF file§1926.751 29 CFR Ch. XVII ......

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–01 Edition)§ 1926.751

to carry the working load. Plankingshall be not less than 2 inches thickfull size undressed, and shall be laidtight and secured to prevent move-ment.

(ii) On buildings or structures notadaptable to temporary floors, andwhere scaffolds are not used, safetynets shall be installed and maintainedwhenever the potential fall distanceexceeds two stories or 25 feet. The netsshall be hung with sufficient clearanceto prevent contacts with the surface ofstructures below.

(iii) Floor periphery—safety railing.A safety railing of 1⁄2-inch wire rope orequal shall be installed, approximately42 inches high, around the periphery ofall temporary-planked or temporarymetal-decked floors of tier buildingsand other multifloored structures dur-ing structural steel assembly.

(2) (i) Where skeleton steel erectionis being done, a tightly planked andsubstantial floor shall be maintainedwithin two stories or 30 feet, whicheveris less, below and directly under thatportion of each tier of beams on whichany work is being performed, exceptwhen gathering and stacking tem-porary floor planks on a lower floor, inpreparation for transferring suchplanks for use on an upper floor. Wheresuch a floor is not practicable, para-graph (b)(1)(ii) of this section applies.

(ii) When gathering and stackingtemporary floor planks, the planksshall be removed successively, workingtoward the last panel of the temporaryfloor so that the work is always donefrom the planked floor.

(iii) When gathering and stackingtemporary floor planks from the lastpanel, the employees assigned to suchwork shall be protected by safety beltswith safety lines attached to a cat-enary line or other substantial anchor-age.

(c) Flooring—other construction. (1) Inthe erection of a building having dou-ble wood floor construction, the roughflooring shall be completed as thebuilding progresses, including the tierbelow the one on which floor joists arebeing installed.

(2) For single wood floor or otherflooring systems, the floor imme-diately below the story where the floor

joists are being installed shall be keptplanked or decked over.

[39 FR 22801, June 24, 1974, as amended at 39FR 24361, July 2, 1974]

§ 1926.751 Structural steel assembly.

(a) During the final placing of solidweb structural members, the load shallnot be released from the hoisting lineuntil the members are secured with notless than two bolts, or the equivalentat each connection and drawn upwrench tight.

(b) Open web steel joists shall not beplaced on any structural steel frame-work unless such framework is safelybolted or welded.

(c) (1) In steel framing, where barjoists are utilized, and columns are notframed in at least two directions withstructural steel members, a bar joistshall be field-bolted at columns to pro-vide lateral stability during construc-tion.

(2) Where longspan joists or trusses,40 feet or longer, are used, a center rowof bolted bridging shall be installed toprovide lateral stability during con-struction prior to slacking of hoistingline.

(3) No load shall be placed on openweb steel joists until these security re-quirements are met.

(d) Tag lines shall be used for con-trolling loads.

§ 1926.752 Bolting, riveting, fitting-up,and plumbing-up.

(a) General requirements. (1) Con-tainers shall be provided for storing orcarrying rivets, bolts, and drift pins,and secured against accidental dis-placement when aloft.

(2) Pneumatic hand tools shall be dis-connected from the power source, andpressure in hose lines shall be released,before any adjustments or repairs aremade.

(3) Air line hose sections shall be tiedtogether except when quick disconnectcouplers are used to join sections.

(4) Eye protection shall be providedin accordance with subpart E of thispart.

(b) Bolting. (1) When bolts or driftpins are being knocked out, meansshall be provided to keep them fromfalling.

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1926, Note

(2) Impact wrenches shall be providedwith a locking device for retaining thesocket.

(c) Riveting. (1) Riveting shall not bedone in the vicinity of combustible ma-terial unless precautions are taken toprevent fire.

(2) When rivet heads are knocked off,or backed out, means shall be providedto keep them from falling.

(3) A safety wire shall be properly in-stalled on the snap and on the handleof the pneumatic riveting hammer andshall be used at all times. The wire sizeshall be not less than No. 9 (B&Sgauge), leaving the handle and an-nealed No. 14 on the snap, or equiva-lent.

(d) Plumbing-up. (1) Connections ofthe equipment used in plumbing-upshall be properly secured.

(2) The turnbuckles shall be securedto prevent unwinding while understress.

(3) Plumbing-up guys related equip-ment shall be placed so that employeescan get at the connection points.

(4) Plumbing-up guys shall be re-moved only under the supervision of acompetent person.

(e) Wood planking shall be of properthickness to carry the working load,but shall be not less than 2 inchesthick full size undressed, exterior gradeplywood, at least 3⁄4-inch thick, orequivalent material.

(f) Metal decking of sufficientstrength shall be laid tight and securedto prevent movement.

(g) Planks shall overlap the bearingon each end by a minimum of 12 inches.

(h) Wire mesh, exterior plywood, orequivalent, shall be used around col-umns where planks do not fit tightly.

(i) Provisions shall be made to securetemporary flooring against displace-ment.

(j) All unused openings in floors, tem-porary or permanent, shall be com-pletely planked over or guarded in ac-cordance with subpart M of this part.

(k) Employees shall be provided withsafety belts in accordance with§ 1926.104 when they are working onfloat scaffolds.

EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: At 66 FR 5265, Jan.18, 2001, subpart R of part 1926 was revised,effective July 18, 2001. For the convenience of

the user, the revised text is set forth as fol-lows:

Subpart R—Steel Erection§ 1926.750 Scope.

(a) This subpart sets forth requirements toprotect employees from the hazards associ-ated with steel erection activities involvedin the construction, alteration, and/or repairof single and multi-story buildings, bridges,and other structures where steel erection oc-curs. The requirements of this subpart applyto employers engaged in steel erection un-less otherwise specified. This subpart doesnot cover electrical transmission towers,communication and broadcast towers, ortanks.

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a): Examples of struc-tures where steel erection may occur includebut are not limited to the following: Singleand multi-story buildings; systems-engi-neered metal buildings; lift slab/tilt-upstructures; energy exploration structures;energy production, transfer and storagestructures and facilities; auditoriums; malls;amphitheaters; stadiums; power plants;mills; chemical process structures; bridges;trestles; overpasses; underpasses; viaducts;aqueducts; aerospace facilities and struc-tures; radar and communication structures;light towers; signage; billboards; score-boards; conveyor systems; conveyor supportsand related framing; stairways; stair towers;fire escapes; draft curtains; fire containmentstructures; monorails; aerialways; catwalks;curtain walls; window walls; store fronts; el-evator fronts; entrances; skylights; metalroofs; industrial structures; hi-bay struc-tures; rail, marine and other transportationstructures; sound barriers; water process andwater containment structures; air and cablesupported structures; space frames; geodesicdomes; canopies; racks and rack supportstructures and frames; platforms; walkways;balconies; atriums; penthouses; car dumpers;stackers/reclaimers; cranes and craneways;bins; hoppers; ovens; furnaces; stacks;amusement park structures and rides; andartistic and monumental structures.

(b)(1) Steel erection activities includehoisting, laying out, placing, connecting,welding, burning, guying, bracing, bolting,plumbing and rigging structural steel, steeljoists and metal buildings; installing metaldecking, curtain walls, window walls, sidingsystems, miscellaneous metals, ornamentaliron and similar materials; and movingpoint-to-point while performing these activi-ties.

(2) The following activities are covered bythis subpart when they occur during and area part of steel erection activities: rigging,hoisting, laying out, placing, connecting,guying, bracing, dismantling, burning, weld-ing, bolting, grinding, sealing, caulking, and

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–01 Edition)Pt. 1926, Note

all related activities for construction, alter-ation and/or repair of materials and assem-blies such as structural steel; ferrous metalsand alloys; non-ferrous metals and alloys;glass; plastics and synthetic composite ma-terials; structural metal framing and relatedbracing and assemblies; anchoring devices;structural cabling; cable stays; permanentand temporary bents and towers; falseworkfor temporary supports of permanent steelmembers; stone and other non-precast con-crete architectural materials mounted onsteel frames; safety systems for steel erec-tion; steel and metal joists; metal deckingand raceway systems and accessories; metalroofing and accessories; metal siding; bridgeflooring; cold formed steel framing; elevatorbeams; grillage; shelf racks; multi-purposesupports; crane rails and accessories; mis-cellaneous, architectural and ornamentalmetals and metal work; ladders; railings;handrails; fences and gates; gratings; trenchcovers; floor plates; castings; sheet metalfabrications; metal panels and panel wallsystems; louvers; column covers; enclosuresand pockets; stairs; perforated metals; orna-mental iron work, expansion control includ-ing bridge expansion joint assemblies; slidebearings; hydraulic structures; fascias; soffitpanels; penthouse enclosures; skylights;joint fillers; gaskets; sealants and seals;doors; windows; hardware; detention/securityequipment and doors, windows and hardware;conveying systems; building specialties;building equipment; machinery and plantequipment, furnishings and special construc-tion.

(c) The duties of controlling contractorsunder this subpart include, but are not lim-ited to, the duties specified in §§ 1926.752 (a)and (c), 1926.755(b)(2), 1926.759(b), and1926.760(e).

§ 1926.751 Definitions.Anchored bridging means that the steel

joist bridging is connected to a bridging ter-minus point.

Bolted diagonal bridging means diagonalbridging that is bolted to a steel joist orjoists.

Bridging clip means a device that is at-tached to the steel joist to allow the boltingof the bridging to the steel joist.

Bridging terminus point means a wall, abeam, tandem joists (with all bridging in-stalled and a horizontal truss in the plane ofthe top chord) or other element at an end orintermediate point(s) of a line of bridgingthat provides an anchor point for the steeljoist bridging.

Choker means a wire rope or synthetic fiberrigging assembly that is used to attach aload to a hoisting device.

Cold forming means the process of usingpress brakes, rolls, or other methods toshape steel into desired cross sections atroom temperature.

Column means a load-carrying verticalmember that is part of the primary skeletalframing system. Columns do not includeposts.

Competent person (also defined in § 1926.32)means one who is capable of identifying ex-isting and predictable hazards in the sur-roundings or working conditions which areunsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to em-ployees, and who has authorization to takeprompt corrective measures to eliminatethem.

Connector means an employee who, work-ing with hoisting equipment, is placing andconnecting structural members and/or com-ponents.

Constructibility means the ability to erectstructural steel members in accordance withsubpart R without having to alter the over-all structural design.

Construction load (for joist erection) meansany load other than the weight of the em-ployee(s), the joists and the bridging bundle.

Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ) means anarea in which certain work (for example, ini-tial installation and placement of metaldecking) may take place without the use ofguardrail systems, personal fall arrest sys-tems, fall restraint systems, or safety netsystems and where access to the zone is con-trolled.

Controlled load lowering means lowering aload by means of a mechanical hoist drumdevice that allows a hoisted load to be low-ered with maximum control using the geartrain or hydraulic components of the hoistmechanism. Controlled load lowering re-quires the use of the hoist drive motor, rath-er than the load hoist brake, to lower theload.

Controlling contractor means a prime con-tractor, general contractor, constructionmanager or any other legal entity which hasthe overall responsibility for the construc-tion of the project—its planning, quality andcompletion.

Critical lift means a lift that (1) exceeds 75percent of the rated capacity of the crane orderrick, or (2) requires the use of more thanone crane or derrick.

Decking hole means a gap or void more than2 inches (5.1 cm) in its least dimension andless than 12 inches (30.5 cm) in its greatestdimension in a floor, roof or other walking/working surface. Pre-engineered holes in cel-lular decking (for wires, cables, etc.) are notincluded in this definition.

Derrick floor means an elevated floor of abuilding or structure that has been des-ignated to receive hoisted pieces of steelprior to final placement.

Double connection means an attachmentmethod where the connection point is in-tended for two pieces of steel which sharecommon bolts on either side of a centralpiece.


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Double connection seat means a structuralattachment that, during the installation of adouble connection, supports the first mem-ber while the second member is connected.

Erection bridging means the bolted diagonalbridging that is required to be installed priorto releasing the hoisting cables from thesteel joists.

Fall restraint system means a fall protectionsystem that prevents the user from fallingany distance. The system is comprised of ei-ther a body belt or body harness, along withan anchorage, connectors and other nec-essary equipment. The other componentstypically include a lanyard, and may also in-clude a lifeline and other devices.

Final interior perimeter means the perimeterof a large permanent open space within abuilding such as an atrium or courtyard.This does not include openings for stairways,elevator shafts, etc.

Girt (in systems-engineered metal buildings)means a ‘‘Z’’ or ‘‘C’’ shaped member formedfrom sheet steel spanning between primaryframing and supporting wall material.

Headache ball means a weighted hook thatis used to attach loads to the hoist load lineof the crane.

Hoisting equipment means commerciallymanufactured lifting equipment designed tolift and position a load of known weight to alocation at some known elevation and hori-zontal distance from the equipment’s centerof rotation. ‘‘Hoisting equipment’’ includesbut is not limited to cranes, derricks, towercranes, barge-mounted derricks or cranes,gin poles and gantry hoist systems. A‘‘come-a-long’’ (a mechanical device, usuallyconsisting of a chain or cable attached ateach end, that is used to facilitate movementof materials through leverage) is not consid-ered ‘‘hoisting equipment.’’

Leading edge means the unprotected sideand edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for afloor or other walking/working surface (suchas deck) which changes location as addi-tional floor, roof, decking or formwork sec-tions are placed, formed or constructed.

Metal decking means a commercially manu-factured, structural grade, cold rolled metalpanel formed into a series of parallel ribs; forthis subpart, this includes metal floor androof decks, standing seam metal roofs, othermetal roof systems and other products suchas bar gratings, checker plate, expandedmetal panels, and similar products. After in-stallation and proper fastening, these deck-ing materials serve a combination of func-tions including, but not limited to: a struc-tural element designed in combination withthe structure to resist, distribute and trans-fer loads, stiffen the structure and provide adiaphragm action; a walking/working sur-face; a form for concrete slabs; a support forroofing systems; and a finished floor or roof.

Multiple lift rigging means a rigging assem-bly manufactured by wire rope rigging sup-

pliers that facilitates the attachment of upto five independent loads to the hoist riggingof a crane.

Opening means a gap or void 12 inches (30.5cm) or more in its least dimension in a floor,roof or other walking/working surface. Forthe purposes of this subpart, skylights andsmoke domes that do not meet the strengthrequirements of § 1926.754(e)(3) shall be re-garded as openings.

Permanent floor means a structurally com-pleted floor at any level or elevation (includ-ing slab on grade).

Personal fall arrest system means a systemused to arrest an employee in a fall from aworking level. A personal fall arrest systemconsists of an anchorage, connectors, a bodyharness and may include a lanyard, decelera-tion device, lifeline, or suitable combinationof these. The use of a body belt for fall arrestis prohibited.

Positioning device system means a body beltor body harness rigged to allow an employeeto be supported on an elevated, vertical sur-face, such as a wall or column and work withboth hands free while leaning.

Post means a structural member with alongitudinal axis that is essentially vertical,that: (1) weighs 300 pounds or less and is axi-ally loaded (a load presses down on the topend), or (2) is not axially loaded, but is lat-erally restrained by the above member.Posts typically support stair landings, wallframing, mezzanines and other sub-structures.

Project structural engineer of record meansthe registered, licensed professional respon-sible for the design of structural steel fram-ing and whose seal appears on the structuralcontract documents.

Purlin (in systems-engineered metal buildings)means a ‘‘Z’’ or ‘‘C’’ shaped member formedfrom sheet steel spanning between primaryframing and supporting roof material.

Qualified person (also defined in § 1926.32)means one who, by possession of a recognizeddegree, certificate, or professional standing,or who by extensive knowledge, training, andexperience, has successfully demonstratedthe ability to solve or resolve problems re-lating to the subject matter, the work, orthe project.

Safety deck attachment means an initial at-tachment that is used to secure an initiallyplaced sheet of decking to keep proper align-ment and bearing with structural supportmembers.

Shear connector means headed steel studs,steel bars, steel lugs, and similar deviceswhich are attached to a structural memberfor the purpose of achieving composite ac-tion with concrete.

Steel erection means the construction, al-teration or repair of steel buildings, bridgesand other structures, including the installa-tion of metal decking and all planking usedduring the process of erection.


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Steel joist means an open web, secondaryload-carrying member of 144 feet (43.9 m) orless, designed by the manufacturer, used forthe support of floors and roofs. This does notinclude structural steel trusses or cold-formed joists.

Steel joist girder means an open web, pri-mary load-carrying member, designed by themanufacturer, used for the support of floorsand roofs. This does not include structuralsteel trusses.

Steel truss means an open web member de-signed of structural steel components by theproject structural engineer of record. For thepurposes of this subpart, a steel truss is con-sidered equivalent to a solid web structuralmember.

Structural steel means a steel member, or amember made of a substitute material (suchas, but not limited to, fiberglass, aluminumor composite members). These members in-clude, but are not limited to, steel joists,joist girders, purlins, columns, beams, truss-es, splices, seats, metal decking, girts, andall bridging, and cold formed metal framingwhich is integrated with the structural steelframing of a building.

Systems-engineered metal building means ametal, field-assembled building system con-sisting of framing, roof and wall coverings.Typically, many of these components arecold-formed shapes. These individual partsare fabricated in one or more manufacturingfacilities and shipped to the job site for as-sembly into the final structure. The engi-neering design of the system is normally theresponsibility of the systems-engineeredmetal building manufacturer.

Tank means a container for holding gases,liquids or solids.

Unprotected sides and edges means any sideor edge (except at entrances to points of ac-cess) of a walking/working surface, for exam-ple a, floor, roof, ramp or runway, wherethere is no wall or guardrail system at least39 inches (1.0 m) high.

§ 1926.752 Site layout, site-specific erectionplan and construction sequence.

(a) Approval to begin steel erection. Beforeauthorizing the commencement of steel erec-tion, the controlling contractor shall ensurethat the steel erector is provided with thefollowing written notifications:

(1) The concrete in the footings, piers andwalls and the mortar in the masonry piersand walls has attained, on the basis of an ap-propriate ASTM standard test method offield-cured samples, either 75 percent of theintended minimum compressive designstrength or sufficient strength to supportthe loads imposed during steel erection.

(2) Any repairs, replacements and modi-fications to the anchor bolts were conductedin accordance with § 1926.755(b).

(b) Commencement of steel erection. A steelerection contractor shall not erect steel un-

less it has received written notification thatthe concrete in the footings, piers and wallsor the mortar in the masonry piers and wallshas attained, on the basis of an appropriateASTM standard test method of field-curedsamples, either 75 percent of the intendedminimum compressive design strength orsufficient strength to support the loads im-posed during steel erection.

(c) Site layout. The controlling contractorshall ensure that the following is providedand maintained:

(1) Adequate access roads into and throughthe site for the safe delivery and movementof derricks, cranes, trucks, other necessaryequipment, and the material to be erectedand means and methods for pedestrian andvehicular control. Exception: this require-ment does not apply to roads outside of theconstruction site.

(2) A firm, properly graded, drained area,readily accessible to the work with adequatespace for the safe storage of materials andthe safe operation of the erector’s equip-ment.

(d) Pre-planning of overhead hoisting oper-ations. All hoisting operations in steel erec-tion shall be pre-planned to ensure that therequirements of § 1926.753(d) are met.

(e) Site-specific erection plan. Where employ-ers elect, due to conditions specific to thesite, to develop alternate means and methodsthat provide employee protection in accord-ance with § 1926.753(c)(5), § 1926.757(a)(4) or§ 1926.757(e)(4), a site-specific erection planshall be developed by a qualified person andbe available at the work site. Guidelines forestablishing a site-specific erection plan arecontained in Appendix A to this subpart.

§ 1926.753 Hoisting and rigging.(a) All the provisions of § 1926.550 apply to

hoisting and rigging with the exception of§ 1926.550(g)(2).

(b) In addition, paragraphs (c) through (e)of this section apply regarding the hazardsassociated with hoisting and rigging.

(c) General. (1) Pre-shift visual inspectionof cranes.

(i) Cranes being used in steel erection ac-tivities shall be visually inspected prior toeach shift by a competent person; the inspec-tion shall include observation for defi-ciencies during operation. At a minimumthis inspection shall include the following:

(A) All control mechanisms for maladjust-ments;

(B) Control and drive mechanism for exces-sive wear of components and contaminationby lubricants, water or other foreign matter;

(C) Safety devices, including but not lim-ited to boom angle indicators, boom stops,boom kick out devices, anti-two block de-vices, and load moment indicators where re-quired;


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(D) Air, hydraulic, and other pressurizedlines for deterioration or leakage, particu-larly those which flex in normal operation;

(E) Hooks and latches for deformation,chemical damage, cracks, or wear;

(F) Wire rope reeving for compliance withhoisting equipment manufacturer’s speci-fications;

(G) Electrical apparatus for malfunc-tioning, signs of excessive deterioration,dirt, or moisture accumulation;

(H) Hydraulic system for proper fluid level;(I) Tires for proper inflation and condition;(J) Ground conditions around the hoisting

equipment for proper support, includingground settling under and around outriggers,ground water accumulation, or similar con-ditions;

(K) The hoisting equipment for level posi-tion; and

(L) The hoisting equipment for level posi-tion after each move and setup.

(ii) If any deficiency is identified, an im-mediate determination shall be made by thecompetent person as to whether the defi-ciency constitutes a hazard.

(iii) If the deficiency is determined to con-stitute a hazard, the hoisting equipmentshall be removed from service until the defi-ciency has been corrected.

(iv) The operator shall be responsible forthose operations under the operator’s directcontrol. Whenever there is any doubt as tosafety, the operator shall have the authorityto stop and refuse to handle loads until safe-ty has been assured.

(2) A qualified rigger (a rigger who is alsoa qualified person) shall inspect the riggingprior to each shift in accordance with§ 1926.251.

(3) The headache ball, hook or load shallnot be used to transport personnel except asprovided in paragraph (c)(4) of this section.

(4) Cranes or derricks may be used to hoistemployees on a personnel platform whenwork under this subpart is being conducted,provided that all provisions of § 1926.550 (ex-cept for § 1926.550(g)(2)) are met.

(5) Safety latches on hooks shall not be de-activated or made inoperable except:

(i) When a qualified rigger has determinedthat the hoisting and placing of purlins andsingle joists can be performed more safely bydoing so; or

(ii) When equivalent protection is providedin a site-specific erection plan.

(d) Working under loads.(1) Routes for suspended loads shall be pre-

planned to ensure that no employee is re-quired to work directly below a suspendedload except for:

(i) Employees engaged in the initial con-nection of the steel; or

(ii) Employees necessary for the hookingor unhooking of the load.

(2) When working under suspended loads,the following criteria shall be met:

(i) Materials being hoisted shall be riggedto prevent unintentional displacement;

(ii) Hooks with self-closing safety latchesor their equivalent shall be used to preventcomponents from slipping out of the hook;and

(iii) All loads shall be rigged by a qualifiedrigger

(e) Multiple lift rigging procedure. (1) A mul-tiple lift shall only be performed if the fol-lowing criteria are met:

(i) A multiple lift rigging assembly is used;(ii) A maximum of five members are hoist-

ed per lift;(iii) Only beams and similar structural

members are lifted; and(iv) All employees engaged in the multiple

lift have been trained in these procedures inaccordance with § 1926.761(c)(1).

(v) No crane is permitted to be used for amultiple lift where such use is contrary tothe manufacturer’s specifications and limi-tations.

(2) Components of the multiple lift riggingassembly shall be specifically designed andassembled with a maximum capacity fortotal assembly and for each individual at-tachment point. This capacity, certified bythe manufacturer or a qualified rigger, shallbe based on the manufacturer’s specifica-tions with a 5 to 1 safety factor for all com-ponents.

(3) The total load shall not exceed:(i) The rated capacity of the hoisting

equipment specified in the hoisting equip-ment load charts;

(ii) The rigging capacity specified in therigging rating chart.

(4) The multiple lift rigging assembly shallbe rigged with members:

(i) Attached at their center of gravity andmaintained reasonably level;

(ii) Rigged from top down; and(iii) Rigged at least 7 feet (2.1 m) apart.(5) The members on the multiple lift rig-

ging assembly shall be set from the bottomup.

(6) Controlled load lowering shall be usedwhenever the load is over the connectors.

§ 1926.754 Structural steel assembly.(a) Structural stability shall be main-

tained at all times during the erection proc-ess.

(b) The following additional requirementsshall apply for multi-story structures:

(1) The permanent floors shall be installedas the erection of structural members pro-gresses, and there shall be not more thaneight stories between the erection floor andthe upper-most permanent floor, exceptwhere the structural integrity is maintainedas a result of the design.

(2) At no time shall there be more thanfour floors or 48 feet (14.6 m), whichever isless, of unfinished bolting or welding abovethe foundation or uppermost permanently


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secured floor, except where the structural in-tegrity is maintained as a result of the de-sign.

(3) A fully planked or decked floor or netsshall be maintained within two stories or 30feet (9.1 m), whichever is less, directly underany erection work being performed.

(c) Walking/working surfaces—(1) Shear con-nectors and other similar devices— (i) Trippinghazards. Shear connectors (such as headedsteel studs, steel bars or steel lugs), rein-forcing bars, deformed anchors or threadedstuds shall not be attached to the top flangesof beams, joists or beam attachments so thatthey project vertically from or horizontallyacross the top flange of the member untilafter the metal decking, or other walking/working surface, has been installed.

(ii) Installation of shear connectors on com-posite floors, roofs and bridge decks. Whenshear connectors are used in construction ofcomposite floors, roofs and bridge decks, em-ployees shall lay out and install the shearconnectors after the metal decking has beeninstalled, using the metal decking as a work-ing platform. Shear connectors shall not beinstalled from within a controlled deckingzone (CDZ), as specified in § 1926.760(c)(8).

(2) Slip resistance of metal decking. [Re-served]

(3) Slip resistance of skeletal structural steel.Workers shall not be permitted to walk thetop surface of any structural steel memberinstalled after July 18, 2006 that has beencoated with paint or similar material unlessdocumentation or certification that thecoating has achieved a minimum averageslip resistance of .50 when measured with anEnglish XL tribometer or equivalent testeron a wetted surface at a testing laboratory isprovided. Such documentation or certifi-cation shall be based on the appropriateASTM standard test method conducted by alaboratory capable of performing the test.The results shall be available at the site andto the steel erector. (Appendix B to this sub-part references appropriate ASTM standardtest methods that may be used to complywith this paragraph (c)(3)).

(d) Plumbing-up. (1) When deemed nec-essary by a competent person, plumbing-upequipment shall be installed in conjunctionwith the steel erection process to ensure thestability of the structure.

(2) When used, plumbing-up equipmentshall be in place and properly installed be-fore the structure is loaded with construc-tion material such as loads of joists, bundlesof decking or bundles of bridging.

(3) Plumbing-up equipment shall be re-moved only with the approval of a competentperson.

(e) Metal decking—(1) Hoisting, landing andplacing of metal decking bundles. (i) Bundlepackaging and strapping shall not be usedfor hoisting unless specifically designed forthat purpose.

(ii) If loose items such as dunnage, flash-ing, or other materials are placed on the topof metal decking bundles to be hoisted, suchitems shall be secured to the bundles.

(iii) Bundles of metal decking on joistsshall be landed in accordance with§ 1926.757(e)(4).

(iv) Metal decking bundles shall be landedon framing members so that enough supportis provided to allow the bundles to beunbanded without dislodging the bundlesfrom the supports.

(v) At the end of the shift or when environ-mental or jobsite conditions require, metaldecking shall be secured against displace-ment.

(2) Roof and floor holes and openings. Metaldecking at roof and floor holes and openingsshall be installed as follows:

(i) Framed metal deck openings shall havestructural members turned down to allowcontinuous deck installation except wherenot allowed by structural design constraintsor constructibility.

(ii) Roof and floor holes and openings shallbe decked over. Where large size, configura-tion or other structural design does notallow openings to be decked over (such as el-evator shafts, stair wells, etc.) employeesshall be protected in accordance with§ 1926.760(a)(1).

(iii) Metal decking holes and openingsshall not be cut until immediately prior tobeing permanently filled with the equipmentor structure needed or intended to fulfill itsspecific use and which meets the strength re-quirements of paragraph (e)(3) of this sec-tion, or shall be immediately covered.

(3) Covering roof and floor openings. (i) Cov-ers for roof and floor openings shall be capa-ble of supporting, without failure, twice theweight of the employees, equipment and ma-terials that may be imposed on the cover atany one time.

(ii) All covers shall be secured when in-stalled to prevent accidental displacementby the wind, equipment or employees.

(iii) All covers shall be painted with high-visibility paint or shall be marked with theword ‘‘HOLE’’ or ‘‘COVER’’ to provide warn-ing of the hazard.

(iv) Smoke dome or skylight fixtures thathave been installed, are not considered cov-ers for the purpose of this section unlessthey meet the strength requirements ofparagraph (e)(3)(i) of this section.

(4) Decking gaps around columns. Wire mesh,exterior plywood, or equivalent, shall be in-stalled around columns where planks ormetal decking do not fit tightly. The mate-rials used must be of sufficient strength toprovide fall protection for personnel and pre-vent objects from falling through.

(5) Installation of metal decking. (i) Exceptas provided in § 1926.760(c), metal decking


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shall be laid tightly and immediately se-cured upon placement to prevent accidentalmovement or displacement.

(ii) During initial placement, metal deck-ing panels shall be placed to ensure full sup-port by structural members.

(6) Derrick floors. (i) A derrick floor shallbe fully decked and/or planked and the steelmember connections completed to supportthe intended floor loading.

(ii) Temporary loads placed on a derrickfloor shall be distributed over the underlyingsupport members so as to prevent local over-loading of the deck material.

§ 1926.755 Column anchorage.(a) General requirements for erection stability.

(1) All columns shall be anchored by a min-imum of 4 anchor rods (anchor bolts).

(2) Each column anchor rod (anchor bolt)assembly, including the column-to-baseplate weld and the column foundation, shallbe designed to resist a minimum eccentricgravity load of 300 pounds (136.2 kg) located18 inches (.46m) from the extreme outer faceof the column in each direction at the top ofthe column shaft.

(3) Columns shall be set on level finishedfloors, pre-grouted leveling plates, levelingnuts, or shim packs which are adequate totransfer the construction loads.

(4) All columns shall be evaluated by acompetent person to determine whetherguying or bracing is needed; if guying orbracing is needed, it shall be installed.

(b) Repair, replacement or field modificationof anchor rods (anchor bolts).

(1) Anchor rods (anchor bolts) shall not berepaired, replaced or field-modified withoutthe approval of the project structural engi-neer of record.

(2) Prior to the erection of a column, thecontrolling contractor shall provide writtennotification to the steel erector if there hasbeen any repair, replacement or modificationof the anchor rods (anchor bolts) of that col-umn.

§ 1926.756 Beams and columns.(a) General. (1) During the final placing of

solid web structural members, the load shallnot be released from the hoisting line untilthe members are secured with at least twobolts per connection, of the same size andstrength as shown in the erection drawings,drawn up wrench-tight or the equivalent asspecified by the project structural engineerof record, except as specified in paragraph (b)of this section.

(2) A competent person shall determine ifmore than two bolts are necessary to ensurethe stability of cantilevered members; if ad-ditional bolts are needed, they shall be in-stalled.

(b) Diagonal bracing. Solid web structuralmembers used as diagonal bracing shall besecured by at least one bolt per connection

drawn up wrench-tight or the equivalent asspecified by the project structural engineerof record.

(c) (1) Double connections at columns and/orat beam webs over a column. When two struc-tural members on opposite sides of a columnweb, or a beam web over a column, are con-nected sharing common connection holes, atleast one bolt with its wrench-tight nut shallremain connected to the first member unlessa shop-attached or field-attached seat orequivalent connection device is suppliedwith the member to secure the first memberand prevent the column from being displaced(See Appendix H to this subpart for examplesof equivalent connection devices).

(2) If a seat or equivalent device is used,the seat (or device) shall be designed to sup-port the load during the double connectionprocess. It shall be adequately bolted orwelded to both a supporting member and thefirst member before the nuts on the sharedbolts are removed to make the double con-nection.

(d) Column splices. Each column splice shallbe designed to resist a minimum eccentricgravity load of 300 pounds (136.2 kg) located18 inches (.46 m) from the extreme outer faceof the column in each direction at the top ofthe column shaft.

(e) Perimeter columns. Perimeter columnsshall not be erected unless:

(1) The perimeter columns extend a min-imum of 48 inches (1.2 m) above the finishedfloor to permit installation of perimetersafety cables prior to erection of the nexttier, except where constructibility does notallow (see Appendix F to this subpart);

(2) The perimeter columns have holes orother devices in or attached to perimetercolumns at 42–45 inches (107–114 cm) abovethe finished floor and the midpoint betweenthe finished floor and the top cable to permitinstallation of perimeter safety cables re-quired by § 1926.760(a)(2), except whereconstructibility does not allow. (See Appen-dix F to this subpart).

§ 1926.757 Open web steel joists.(a) General. (1) Except as provided in para-

graph (a)(2) of this section, where steel joistsare used and columns are not framed in atleast two directions with solid web struc-tural steel members, a steel joist shall befield-bolted at the column to provide lateralstability to the column during erection. Forthe installation of this joist:

(i) A vertical stabilizer plate shall be pro-vided on each column for steel joists. Theplate shall be a minimum of 6 inch by 6 inch(152 mm by 152 mm) and shall extend at least3 inches (76 mm) below the bottom chord ofthe joist with a 13⁄16 inch (21 mm) hole to pro-vide an attachment point for guying orplumbing cables.


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(ii) The bottom chords of steel joists atcolumns shall be stabilized to prevent rota-tion during erection.

(iii) Hoisting cables shall not be releaseduntil the seat at each end of the steel joistis field-bolted, and each end of the bottomchord is restrained by the column stabilizerplate.

(2) Where constructibility does not allow asteel joist to be installed at the column:

(i) an alternate means of stabilizing joistsshall be installed on both sides near the col-umn and shall:

(A) provide stability equivalent to para-graph (a)(1) of this section;

(B) be designed by a qualified person;(C) be shop installed; and(D) be included in the erection drawings.(ii) hoisting cables shall not be released

until the seat at each end of the steel joistis field-bolted and the joist is stabilized.

(3) Where steel joists at or near columnsspan 60 feet (18.3 m) or less, the joist shall bedesigned with sufficient strength to allowone employee to release the hoisting cablewithout the need for erection bridging.

(4) Where steel joists at or near columnsspan more than 60 feet (18.3 m), the joistsshall be set in tandem with all bridging in-stalled unless an alternative method of erec-tion, which provides equivalent stability tothe steel joist, is designed by a qualified per-son and is included in the site-specific erec-tion plan.

(5) A steel joist or steel joist girder shallnot be placed on any support structure un-less such structure is stabilized.

(6) When steel joist(s) are landed on astructure, they shall be secured to preventunintentional displacement prior to installa-tion.

(7) No modification that affects thestrength of a steel joist or steel joist girdershall be made without the approval of theproject structural engineer of record.

(8) Field-bolted joists. (i) Except for steeljoists that have been pre-assembled into pan-els, connections of individual steel joists tosteel structures in bays of 40 feet (12.2 m) ormore shall be fabricated to allow for fieldbolting during erection.

(ii) These connections shall be field-boltedunless constructibility does not allow.

(9) Steel joists and steel joist girders shallnot be used as anchorage points for a fall ar-rest system unless written approval to do sois obtained from a qualified person.

(10) A bridging terminus point shall be es-tablished before bridging is installed. (SeeAppendix C to this subpart.)

(b) Attachment of steel joists and steel joistgirders. (1) Each end of ‘‘K’’ series steel joistsshall be attached to the support structurewith a minimum of two 1⁄8-inch (3 mm) filletwelds 1 inch (25 mm) long or with two 1⁄2-inch(13 mm) bolts, or the equivalent.

(2) Each end of ‘‘LH’’ and ‘‘DLH’’ seriessteel joists and steel joist girders shall be at-tached to the support structure with a min-imum of two 1⁄4-inch (6 mm) fillet welds 2inches (51 mm) long, or with two 3⁄4-inch (19mm) bolts, or the equivalent.

(3) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) ofthis section, each steel joist shall be at-tached to the support structure, at least atone end on both sides of the seat, imme-diately upon placement in the final erectionposition and before additional joists areplaced.

(4) Panels that have been pre-assembledfrom steel joists with bridging shall be at-tached to the structure at each corner beforethe hoisting cables are released.

(c) Erection of steel joists. (1) Both sides ofthe seat of one end of each steel joist that re-quires bridging under Tables A and B shallbe attached to the support structure beforehoisting cables are released.

(2) For joists over 60 feet, both ends of thejoist shall be attached as specified in para-graph (b) of this section and the provisions ofparagraph (d) of this section met before thehoisting cables are released.

(3) On steel joists that do not require erec-tion bridging under Tables A and B, only oneemployee shall be allowed on the joist untilall bridging is installed and anchored.

TABLE A.—ERECTION BRIDGING FOR SHORTSPAN JOISTS

Joist Span

8L1 ................................................................. NM10K1 .............................................................. NM12K1 .............................................................. 23–012K3 .............................................................. NM12K5 .............................................................. NM14K1 .............................................................. 27–014K3 .............................................................. NM14K4 .............................................................. NM14K6 .............................................................. NM16K2 .............................................................. 29–016K3 .............................................................. 30–016K4 .............................................................. 32–016K5 .............................................................. 32–016K6 .............................................................. NM16K7 .............................................................. NM16K9 .............................................................. NM18K3 .............................................................. 31–018K4 .............................................................. 32–018K5 .............................................................. 33–018K6 .............................................................. 35–018K7 .............................................................. NM18K9 .............................................................. NM18K10 ............................................................ NM20K3 .............................................................. 32–020K4 .............................................................. 34–020K5 .............................................................. 34–020K6 .............................................................. 36–020K7 .............................................................. 39–020K9 .............................................................. 39–020K10 ............................................................ NM22K4 .............................................................. 34–022K5 .............................................................. 35–022K6 .............................................................. 36–022K7 .............................................................. 40–0


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TABLE A.—ERECTION BRIDGING FOR SHORTSPAN JOISTS—Continued

Joist Span

22K9 .............................................................. 40–022K10 ............................................................ 40–022K11 ............................................................ 40–024K4 .............................................................. 36–024K5 .............................................................. 38–024K6 .............................................................. 39–024K7 .............................................................. 43–024K8 .............................................................. 43–024K9 .............................................................. 44–024K10 ............................................................ NM24K12 ............................................................ NM26K5 .............................................................. 38–026K6 .............................................................. 39–026K7 .............................................................. 43–026K8 .............................................................. 44–026K9 .............................................................. 45–026K10 ............................................................ 49–026K12 ............................................................ NM28K6 .............................................................. 40–028K7 .............................................................. 43–028K8 .............................................................. 44–028K9 .............................................................. 45–028K10 ............................................................ 49–028K12 ............................................................ 53–030K7 .............................................................. 44–030K8 .............................................................. 45–030K9 .............................................................. 45–030K10 ............................................................ 50–030K11 ............................................................ 52–030K12 ............................................................ 54–010KCS1 ......................................................... NM10KCS2 ......................................................... NM10KCS3 ......................................................... NM12KCS1 ......................................................... NM12KCS2 ......................................................... NM12KCS3 ......................................................... NM14KCS1 ......................................................... NM14KCS2 ......................................................... NM14KCS3 ......................................................... NM16KCS2 ......................................................... NM16KCS3 ......................................................... NM16KCS4 ......................................................... NM16KCS5 ......................................................... NM18KCS2 ......................................................... 35–018KCS3 ......................................................... NM18KCS4 ......................................................... NM18KCS5 ......................................................... NM20KCS2 ......................................................... 36–020KCS3 ......................................................... 39–020KCS4 ......................................................... NM20KCS5 ......................................................... NM22KCS2 ......................................................... 36–022KCS3 ......................................................... 40–022KCS4 ......................................................... NM22KCS5 ......................................................... NM24KCS2 ......................................................... 39–024KCS3 ......................................................... 44–024KCS4 ......................................................... NM24KCS5 ......................................................... NM26KCS2 ......................................................... 39–026KCS3 ......................................................... 44–026KCS4 ......................................................... NM26KCS5 ......................................................... NM28KCS2 ......................................................... 40–028KCS3 ......................................................... 45–028KCS4 ......................................................... 53–028KCS5 ......................................................... 53–030KC53 .......................................................... 45–030KCS4 ......................................................... 54–0

TABLE A.—ERECTION BRIDGING FOR SHORTSPAN JOISTS—Continued

Joist Span

30KCS5 ......................................................... 54–0

NM=diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory for joists under40 feet.

TABLE B.—ERECTION BRIDGING FOR LONG SPANJOISTS

Joist Span

18LH02 .................................. 33–0.18LH03 .................................. NM.18LH04 .................................. NM.18LH05 .................................. NM.18LH06 .................................. NM.18LH07 .................................. NM.18LH08 .................................. NM.18LH09 .................................. NM.20LH02 .................................. 33–0.20LH03 .................................. 38–0.20LH04 .................................. NM.20LH05 .................................. NM.20LH06 .................................. NM.20LH07 .................................. NM.20LH08 .................................. NM.20LH09 .................................. NM.20LH10 .................................. NM.24LH03 .................................. 35–0.24LH04 .................................. 39–0.24LH05 .................................. 40–0.24LH06 .................................. 45–0.24LH07 .................................. NM.24LH08 .................................. NM.24LH09 .................................. NM.24LH10 .................................. NM.24LH11 .................................. NM.28LH05 .................................. 42–0.28LH06 .................................. 42–0.28LH07 .................................. NM.28LH08 .................................. NM.28LH09 .................................. NM.28LH10 .................................. NM.28LH11 .................................. NM.28LH12 .................................. NM.28LH13 .................................. NM.32LH06 .................................. 47–0 through 60–0.32LH07 .................................. 47–0 through 60–0.32LH08 .................................. 55–0 through 60–0.32LH09 .................................. NM through 60–0.32LH10 .................................. NM through 60–0.32LH11 .................................. NM through 60–0.32LH12 .................................. NM through 60–0.32LH13 .................................. NM through 60–0.32LH14 .................................. NM through 60–0.32LH15 .................................. NM through 60–0.36LH07 .................................. 47–0 through 60–0.36LH08 .................................. 47–0 through 60–0.36LH09 .................................. 57–0 through 60–0.36LH10 .................................. NM through 60–0.36LH11 .................................. NM through 60–0.36LH12 .................................. NM through 60–0.36LH13 .................................. NM through 60–0.36LH14 .................................. NM through 60–0.36LH15 .................................. NM through 60–0.

NM = diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory for joistsunder 40 feet.

(4) Employees shall not be allowed on steeljoists where the span of the steel joist isequal to or greater than the span shown in


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Tables A and B except in accordance with§ 1926.757(d).

(5) When permanent bridging terminuspoints cannot be used during erection, addi-tional temporary bridging terminus pointsare required to provide stability. (See appen-dix C of this subpart.)

(d) Erection bridging. (1) Where the span ofthe steel joist is equal to or greater than thespan shown in Tables A and B, the followingshall apply:

(i) A row of bolted diagonal erection bridg-ing shall be installed near the midspan of thesteel joist;

(ii) Hoisting cables shall not be releaseduntil this bolted diagonal erection bridgingis installed and anchored; and

(iii) No more than one employee shall beallowed on these spans until all other bridg-ing is installed and anchored.

(2) Where the span of the steel joist is over60 feet (18.3 m) through 100 feet (30.5 m), thefollowing shall apply:

(i) All rows of bridging shall be bolted di-agonal bridging;

(ii) Two rows of bolted diagonal erectionbridging shall be installed near the thirdpoints of the steel joist;

(iii) Hoisting cables shall not be releaseduntil this bolted diagonal erection bridgingis installed and anchored; and

(iv) No more than two employees shall beallowed on these spans until all other bridg-ing is installed and anchored.

(3) Where the span of the steel joist is over100 feet (30.5 m) through 144 feet (43.9 m), thefollowing shall apply:

(i) All rows of bridging shall be bolted di-agonal bridging;

(ii) Hoisting cables shall not be releaseduntil all bridging is installed and anchored;and

(iii) No more than two employees shall beallowed on these spans until all bridging isinstalled and anchored.

(4) For steel members spanning over 144feet (43.9 m), the erection methods used shallbe in accordance with § 1926.756.

(5) Where any steel joist specified in para-graphs (c)(2) and (d)(1), (d)(2), and (d)(3) ofthis section is a bottom chord bearing joist,a row of bolted diagonal bridging shall beprovided near the support(s). This bridgingshall be installed and anchored before thehoisting cable(s) is released.

(6) When bolted diagonal erection bridgingis required by this section, the followingshall apply:

(i) The bridging shall be indicated on theerection drawing;

(ii) The erection drawing shall be the ex-clusive indicator of the proper placement ofthis bridging;

(iii) Shop-installed bridging clips, or func-tional equivalents, shall be used where thebridging bolts to the steel joists;

(iv) When two pieces of bridging are at-tached to the steel joist by a common bolt,the nut that secures the first piece of bridg-ing shall not be removed from the bolt forthe attachment of the second; and

(v) Bridging attachments shall not pro-trude above the top chord of the steel joist.

(e) Landing and placing loads. (1) During theconstruction period, the employer placing aload on steel joists shall ensure that the loadis distributed so as not to exceed the car-rying capacity of any steel joist.

(2) Except for paragraph (e)(4) of this sec-tion, no construction loads are allowed onthe steel joists until all bridging is installedand anchored and all joist-bearing ends areattached.

(3) The weight of a bundle of joist bridgingshall not exceed a total of 1,000 pounds (454kg). A bundle of joist bridging shall be placedon a minimum of three steel joists that aresecured at one end. The edge of the bridgingbundle shall be positioned within 1 foot (.30m) of the secured end.

(4) No bundle of decking may be placed onsteel joists until all bridging has been in-stalled and anchored and all joist bearingends attached, unless all of the followingconditions are met:

(i) The employer has first determined froma qualified person and documented in a site-specific erection plan that the structure orportion of the structure is capable of sup-porting the load;

(ii) The bundle of decking is placed on aminimum of three steel joists;

(iii) The joists supporting the bundle ofdecking are attached at both ends;

(iv) At least one row of bridging is in-stalled and anchored;

(v) The total weight of the bundle of deck-ing does not exceed 4,000 pounds (1816 kg);and

(vi) Placement of the bundle of deckingshall be in accordance with paragraph (e)(5)of this section.

(5) The edge of the construction load shallbe placed within 1 foot (.30 m) of the bearingsurface of the joist end.

§ 1926.758 Systems-engineered metal build-ings.

(a) All of the requirements of this subpartapply to the erection of systems-engineeredmetal buildings except §§ 1926.755 (column an-chorage) and 1926.757 (open web steel joists).

(b) Each structural column shall be an-chored by a minimum of four anchor rods(anchor bolts).

(c) Rigid frames shall have 50 percent oftheir bolts or the number of bolts specifiedby the manufacturer (whichever is greater)installed and tightened on both sides of theweb adjacent to each flange before the hoist-ing equipment is released.

(d) Construction loads shall not be placedon any structural steel framework unless


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such framework is safely bolted, welded orotherwise adequately secured.

(e) In girt and eave strut-to-frame connec-tions, when girts or eave struts share com-mon connection holes, at least one bolt withits wrench-tight nut shall remain connectedto the first member unless a manufacturer-supplied, field-attached seat or similar con-nection device is present to secure the firstmember so that the girt or eave strut is al-ways secured against displacement.

(f) Both ends of all steel joists or cold-formed joists shall be fully bolted and/orwelded to the support structure before:

(1) Releasing the hoisting cables;(2) Allowing an employee on the joists; or(3) Allowing any construction loads on the

joists.(g) Purlins and girts shall not be used as an

anchorage point for a fall arrest system un-less written approval is obtained from aqualified person.

(h) Purlins may only be used as a walking/working surface when installing safety sys-tems, after all permanent bridging has beeninstalled and fall protection is provided.

(i) Construction loads may be placed onlywithin a zone that is within 8 feet (2.5 m) ofthe center-line of the primary support mem-ber.

§ 1926.759 Falling object protection.(a) Securing loose items aloft. All materials,

equipment, and tools, which are not in usewhile aloft, shall be secured against acci-dental displacement.

(b) Protection from falling objects other thanmaterials being hoisted. The controlling con-tractor shall bar other construction proc-esses below steel erection unless overheadprotection for the employees below is pro-vided.

§ 1926.760 Fall protection.(a) General requirements. (1) Except as pro-

vided by paragraph (a)(3) of this section,each employee engaged in a steel erectionactivity who is on a walking/working surfacewith an unprotected side or edge more than15 feet (4.6 m) above a lower level shall beprotected from fall hazards by guardrail sys-tems, safety net systems, personal fall arrestsystems, positioning device systems or fallrestraint systems.

(2) Perimeter safety cables. On multi-storystructures, perimeter safety cables shall beinstalled at the final interior and exteriorperimeters of the floors as soon as the metaldecking has been installed.

(3) Connectors and employees working incontrolled decking zones shall be protectedfrom fall hazards as provided in paragraphs(b) and (c) of this section, respectively.

(b) Connectors. Each connector shall:(1) Be protected in accordance with para-

graph (a)(1) of this section from fall hazards

of more than two stories or 30 feet (9.1 m)above a lower level, whichever is less;

(2) Have completed connector training inaccordance with § 1926.761; and

(3) Be provided, at heights over 15 and upto 30 feet above a lower level, with a personalfall arrest system, positioning device systemor fall restraint system and wear the equip-ment necessary to be able to be tied off; orbe provided with other means of protectionfrom fall hazards in accordance with para-graph (a)(1) of this section.

(c) Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ). A con-trolled decking zone may be established inthat area of the structure over 15 and up to30 feet above a lower level where metal deck-ing is initially being installed and forms theleading edge of a work area. In each CDZ, thefollowing shall apply:

(1) Each employee working at the leadingedge in a CDZ shall be protected from fallhazards of more than two stories or 30 feet(9.1 m), whichever is less.

(2) Access to a CDZ shall be limited to onlythose employees engaged in leading edgework.

(3) The boundaries of a CDZ shall be des-ignated and clearly marked. The CDZ shallnot be more than 90 feet (27.4 m) wide and 90(27.4 m) feet deep from any leading edge. TheCDZ shall be marked by the use of controllines or the equivalent. Examples of accept-able procedures for demarcating CDZ’s canbe found in Appendix D to this subpart.

(4) Each employee working in a CDZ shallhave completed CDZ training in accordancewith § 1926.761.

(5) Unsecured decking in a CDZ shall notexceed 3,000 square feet (914.4 m 2).

(6) Safety deck attachments shall be per-formed in the CDZ from the leading edgeback to the control line and shall have atleast two attachments for each metal deck-ing panel.

(7) Final deck attachments and installa-tion of shear connectors shall not be per-formed in the CDZ.

(d) Criteria for fall protection equipment. (1)Guardrail systems, safety net systems, per-sonal fall arrest systems, positioning devicesystems and their components shall conformto the criteria in § 1926.502 (see Appendix G tothis subpart).

(2) Fall arrest system components shall beused in fall restraint systems and shall con-form to the criteria in § 1926.502 (see Appen-dix G). Either body belts or body harnessesshall be used in fall restraint systems.

(3) Perimeter safety cables shall meet thecriteria for guardrail systems in § 1926.502(see Appendix G).

(e) Custody of fall protection. Fall protec-tion provided by the steel erector shall re-main in the area where steel erection activ-ity has been completed, to be used by othertrades, only if the controlling contractor orits authorized representative:


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(1) Has directed the steel erector to leavethe fall protection in place; and

(2) Has inspected and accepted control andresponsibility of the fall protection prior toauthorizing persons other than steel erectorsto work in the area.

§ 1926.761 Training.The following provisions supplement the

requirements of § 1926.21 regarding the haz-ards addressed in this subpart.

(a) Training personnel. Training required bythis section shall be provided by a qualifiedperson(s).

(b) Fall hazard training. The employer shallprovide a training program for all employeesexposed to fall hazards. The program shallinclude training and instruction in the fol-lowing areas:

(1) The recognition and identification offall hazards in the work area;

(2) The use and operation of guardrail sys-tems (including perimeter safety cable sys-tems), personal fall arrest systems, posi-tioning device systems, fall restraint sys-tems, safety net systems, and other protec-tion to be used;

(3) The correct procedures for erecting,maintaining, disassembling, and inspectingthe fall protection systems to be used;

(4) The procedures to be followed to pre-vent falls to lower levels and through or intoholes and openings in walking/working sur-faces and walls; and

(5) The fall protection requirements of thissubpart.

(c) Special training programs. In addition tothe training required in paragraphs (a) and(b) of this section, the employer shall pro-vide special training to employees engagedin the following activities.

(1) Multiple lift rigging procedure. The em-ployer shall ensure that each employee whoperforms multiple lift rigging has been pro-vided training in the following areas:

(i) The nature of the hazards associatedwith multiple lifts; and

(ii) The proper procedures and equipmentto perform multiple lifts required by§ 1926.753(e).

(2) Connector procedures. The employershall ensure that each connector has beenprovided training in the following areas:

(i) The nature of the hazards associatedwith connecting; and

(ii) The establishment, access, proper con-necting techniques and work practices re-quired by § 1926.756(c) and § 1926.760(b).

(3) Controlled Decking Zone Procedures.Where CDZs are being used, the employershall assure that each employee has beenprovided training in the following areas:

(i) The nature of the hazards associatedwith work within a controlled decking zone;and

(ii) The establishment, access, proper in-stallation techniques and work practices re-quired by § 1926.760(c) and § 1926.754(e).

APPENDIX A TO SUBPART R—GUIDELINESFOR ESTABLISHING THE COMPONENTSOF A SITE-SPECIFIC ERECTION PLAN:NON-MANDATORY GUIDELINES FORCOMPLYING WITH § 1926.752(e)

(a) General. This appendix serves as aguideline to assist employers who elect todevelop a site-specific erection plan in ac-cordance with § 1926.752(e) with alternatemeans and methods to provide employee pro-tection in accordance with § 1926.752(e),§ 1926.753(c)(5), § 1926.757(a)(4) and§ 1926.757(e)(4).

(b) Development of a site-specific erectionplan. Pre-construction conference(s) and siteinspection(s) are held between the erectorand the controlling contractor, and otherssuch as the project engineer and fabricatorbefore the start of steel erection. The pur-pose of such conference(s) is to develop andreview the site-specific erection plan thatwill meet the requirements of this section.

(c) Components of a site-specific erectionplan. In developing a site-specific erectionplan, a steel erector considers the followingelements:

(1) The sequence of erection activity, de-veloped in coordination with the controllingcontractor, that includes the following:

(i) Material deliveries:(ii) Material staging and storage; and(iii) Coordination with other trades and

construction activities.(2) A description of the crane and derrick

selection and placement procedures, includ-ing the following:

(i) Site preparation;(ii) Path for overhead loads; and(iii) Critical lifts, including rigging sup-

plies and equipment.(3) A description of steel erection activities

and procedures, including the following:(i) Stability considerations requiring tem-

porary bracing and guying;(ii) Erection bridging terminus point;(iii) Anchor rod (anchor bolt) notifications

regarding repair, replacement and modifica-tions;

(iv) Columns and beams (including joistsand purlins);

(v) Connections;(vi) Decking; and(vii) Ornamental and miscellaneous iron.(4) A description of the fall protection pro-

cedures that will be used to comply with§ 1926.760.

(5) A description of the procedures thatwill be used to comply with § 1926.759.

(6) A description of the special proceduresrequired for hazardous non-routine tasks.


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(7) A certification for each employee whohas received training for performing steelerection operations as required by § 1926.761.

(8) A list of the qualified and competentpersons.

(9) A description of the procedures thatwill be utilized in the event of rescue oremergency response.

(d) Other plan information. The plan:(1) Includes the identification of the site

and project; and(2) Is signed and dated by the qualified per-

son(s) responsible for its preparation andmodification.

APPENDIX B TO SUBPART R—ACCEPT-ABLE TEST METHODS FOR TESTINGSLIP-RESISTANCE OF WALKING/WORKING SURFACES (§ 1926.754(c)(3)).NON-MANDATORY GUIDELINES FORCOMPLYING WITH § 1926.754(c)(3).

The following references provide accept-able test methods for complying with the re-quirements of § 1926.754(c)(3).

• Standard Test Method for Using a Port-able Inclineable Articulated Strut Slip Test-er (PIAST)(ASTM F1677–96)

• Standard Test Method for Using a Vari-able Incidence Tribometer (VIT)(ASTMF1679–96)

APPENDIX C TO SUBPART R—ILLUSTRA-TIONS OF BRIDGING TERMINUSPOINTS: NON-MANDATORY


430



431



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APPENDIX D TO SUBPART R—ILLUSTRA-TION OF THE USE OF CONTROL LINES

TO DEMARCATE CONTROLLED DECK-ING ZONES (CDZS): NON-MANDATORY

GUIDELINES FOR COMPLYING WITH

§ 1926.760(c)(3)

(1) When used to control access to areaswhere leading edge and initial securement of

metal deck and other operations connectedwith leading edge work are taking place, thecontrolled decking zone (CDZ) is defined by acontrol line or by any other means that re-stricts access.

(i) A control line for a CDZ is erected notless than 6 feet (1.8 m) nor more than 90 feet(27.4 m) from the leading edge.

(ii) Control lines extend along the entirelength of the unprotected or leading edge


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and are approximately parallel to the unpro-tected or leading edge.

(iii) Control lines are connected on eachside to a guardrail system, wall, stanchion orother suitable anchorage.

(2) Control lines consist of ropes, wires,tapes, or equivalent materials, and sup-porting stanchions as follows:

(i) Each line is rigged and supported insuch a way that its lowest point (includingsag) is not less than 39 inches (1.0 m) fromthe walking/working surface and its highestpoint is not more than 45 inches (1.3 m) fromthe walking/working surface.

(ii) Each line has a minimum breakingstrength of 200 pounds (90.8 kg).

APPENDIX E TO SUBPART R—TRAINING:NON-MANDATORY GUIDELINES FORCOMPLYING WITH § 1926.761

The training requirements of § 1926.761 willbe deemed to have been met if employeeshave completed a training course on steelerection, including instruction in the provi-sions of this standard, that has been ap-proved by the U.S. Department of Labor Bu-reau of Apprenticeship.

APPENDIX F TO SUBPART R—PERIMETERCOLUMNS: NON-MANDATORY GUIDE-LINES FOR COMPLYING WITH§ 1926.756(e) TO PROTECT THE UNPRO-TECTED SIDE OR EDGE OF A WALKING/WORKING SURFACE

In multi-story structures, when holes inthe column web are used for perimeter safetycables, the column splice must be placed suf-ficiently high so as not to interfere with anyattachments to the column necessary for thecolumn splice. Column splices are rec-ommended to be placed at every other orfourth levels as design allows. Columnsplices at third levels are detrimental to theerection process and should be avoided if pos-sible.

APPENDIX G TO SUBPART R—§ 1926.502(b)–(e) FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMSCRITERIA AND PRACTICES

(b) ‘‘Guardrail systems.’’ Guardrail sys-tems and their use shall comply with the fol-lowing provisions:

(1) Top edge height of top rails, or equiva-lent guardrail system members, shall be 42inches (1.1 m) plus or minus 3 inches (8 cm)above the walking/working level. When con-ditions warrant, the height of the top edgemay exceed the 45-inch height, provided theguardrail system meets all other criteria ofthis paragraph (§ 1926.502(b)).

NOTE: When employees are using stilts, thetop edge height of the top rail, or equivalent

member, shall be increased an amount equalto the height of the stilts.

(2) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediatevertical members, or equivalent inter-mediate structural members shall be in-stalled between the top edge of the guardrailsystem and the walking/working surfacewhen there is no wall or parapet wall at least21 inches (53 cm) high.

(i) Midrails, when used, shall be installedat a height midway between the top edge ofthe guardrail system and the walking/work-ing level.

(ii) Screens and mesh, when used, shall ex-tend from the top rail to the walking/work-ing level and along the entire opening be-tween top rail supports.

(iii) Intermediate members (such as balus-ters), when used between posts, shall be notmore than 19 inches (48 cm) apart.

(iv) Other structural members (such as ad-ditional midrails and architectural panels)shall be installed such that there are noopenings in the guardrail system that aremore than 19 inches (.5 m) wide.

(3) Guardrail systems shall be capable ofwithstanding, without failure, a force of atleast 200 pounds (890 N) applied within 2inches (5.1 cm) of the top edge, in any out-ward or downward direction, at any pointalong the top edge.

(4) When the 200 pound (890 N) test loadspecified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section(§ 1926.502) is applied in a downward direc-tion, the top edge of the guardrail shall notdeflect to a height less than 39 inches (1.0 m)above the walking/working level. Guardrailsystem components selected and constructedin accordance with the appendix B to subpartM of this part will be deemed to meet this re-quirement.

(5) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediatevertical members, solid panels, and equiva-lent structural members shall be capable ofwithstanding, without failure, a force of atleast 150 pounds (666 N) applied in any down-ward or outward direction at any point alongthe midrail or other member.

(6) Guardrail systems shall be so surfacedas to prevent injury to an employee frompunctures or lacerations, and to preventsnagging of clothing.

(7) The ends of all top rails and midrailsshall not overhang the terminal posts, ex-cept where such overhang does not con-stitute a projection hazard.

(8) Steel banding and plastic banding shallnot be used as top rails or midrails.

(9) Top rails and midrails shall be at leastone-quarter inch (0.6 cm) nominal diameteror thickness to prevent cuts and lacerations.If wire rope is used for top rails, it shall beflagged at not more than 6-foot intervalswith high-visibility material.

(10) When guardrail systems are used athoisting areas, a chain, gate or removableguardrail section shall be placed across the


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access opening between guardrail sectionswhen hoisting operations are not takingplace.

(11) When guardrail systems are used atholes, they shall be erected on all unpro-tected sides or edges of the hole.

(12) When guardrail systems are usedaround holes used for the passage of mate-rials, the hole shall have not more than twosides provided with removable guardrail sec-tions to allow the passage of materials.When the hole is not in use, it shall be closedover with a cover, or a guardrail systemshall be provided along all unprotected sidesor edges.

(13) When guardrail systems are usedaround holes which are used as points of ac-cess (such as ladderways), they shall be pro-vided with a gate, or be so offset that a per-son cannot walk directly into the hole.

(14) Guardrail systems used on ramps andrunways shall be erected along each unpro-tected side or edge.

(15) Manila, plastic or synthetic rope beingused for top rails or midrails shall be in-spected as frequently as necessary to ensurethat it continues to meet the strength re-quirements of paragraph (b)(3) of this section(§ 1926.502).

(c) Safety net systems. Safety net systemsand their use shall comply with the fol-lowing provisions:

(1) Safety nets shall be installed as close aspracticable under the walking/working sur-face on which employees are working, but inno case more than 30 feet (9.1 m) below suchlevel. When nets are used on bridges, the po-tential fall area from the walking/workingsurface to the net shall be unobstructed.

(2) Safety nets shall extend outward fromthe outermost projection of the work surfaceas follows:

Vertical distance from working level to horizontal plane of net Minimum required horizontal distance of outer edge of net fromthe edge of the working surface

Up to 5 feet .................................................................................. 8 feetMore than 5 feet up to 10 feet .................................................... 10 feetMore than 10 feet ........................................................................ 13 feet

(3) Safety nets shall be installed with suffi-cient clearance under them to prevent con-tact with the surface or structures belowwhen subjected to an impact force equal tothe drop test specified in paragraph (4) ofthis section [§ 1926.502].

(4) Safety nets and their installations shallbe capable of absorbing an impact forceequal to that produced by the drop test spec-ified in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section[§ 1926.502].

(i) Except as provided in paragraph(c)(4)(ii) of this section (§ 1926.502), safetynets and safety net installations shall bedrop-tested at the jobsite after initial instal-lation and before being used as a fall protec-tion system, whenever relocated, after majorrepair, and at 6-month intervals if left in oneplace. The drop-test shall consist of a 400pound (180 kg) bag of sand 30+ or ¥2 inches(76+ or ¥5 cm) in diameter dropped into thenet from the highest walking/working sur-face at which employees are exposed to fallhazards, but not from less than 42 inches (1.1m) above that level.

(ii) When the employer can demonstratethat it is unreasonable to perform the drop-test required by paragraph (c)(4)(i) of thissection (§ 1926.502), the employer (or a des-ignated competent person) shall certify thatthe net and net installation is in compliancewith the provisions of paragraphs (c)(3) and(c)(4)(i) of this section (§ 1926.502) by pre-paring a certification record prior to the net

being used as a fall protection system. Thecertification record must include an identi-fication of the net and net installation forwhich the certification record is being pre-pared; the date that it was determined thatthe identified net and net installation werein compliance with paragraph (c)(3) of thissection (§ 1926.502) and the signature of theperson making the determination and cer-tification. The most recent certificationrecord for each net and net installation shallbe available at the jobsite for inspection.

(5) Defective nets shall not be used. Safetynets shall be inspected at least once a weekfor wear, damage, and other deterioration.Defective components shall be removed fromservice. Safety nets shall also be inspectedafter any occurrence which could affect theintegrity of the safety net system.

(6) Materials, scrap pieces, equipment, andtools which have fallen into the safety netshall be removed as soon as possible from thenet and at least before the next work shift.

(7) The maximum size of each safety netmesh opening shall not exceed 36 squareinches (230 cm) nor be longer than 6 inches(15 cm) on any side, and the opening, meas-ured center-to-center of mesh ropes or web-bing, shall not be longer than 6 inches (15cm). All mesh crossings shall be secured toprevent enlargement of the mesh opening.


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(8) Each safety net (or section of it) shallhave a border rope for webbing with a min-imum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2kN).

(9) Connections between safety net panelsshall be as strong as integral net componentsand shall be spaced not more than 6 inches(15 cm) apart.

(d) ‘‘Personal fall arrest systems.’’ Per-sonal fall arrest systems and their use shallcomply with the provisions set forth below.Effective January 1, 1998, body belts are notacceptable as part of a personal fall arrestsystem.

NOTE: The use of a body belt in a posi-tioning device system is acceptable and isregulated under paragraph (e) of this section(§ 1926.502).

(1) Connectors shall be drop forged, pressedor formed steel, or made of equivalent mate-rials.

(2) Connectors shall have a corrosion-re-sistant finish, and all surfaces and edgesshall be smooth to prevent damage to inter-facing parts of the system.

(3) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall have aminimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds(22.2 kN).

(4) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600pounds (16 kN) without cracking, breaking,or taking permanent deformation.

(5) Snaphooks shall be sized to be compat-ible with the member to which they are con-nected to prevent unintentional disengage-ment of the snaphook by depression of thesnaphook keeper by the connected member,or shall be a locking type snaphook designedand used to prevent disengagement of thesnaphook by the contact of the snaphookkeeper by the connected member. EffectiveJanuary 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooksshall be used.

(6) Unless the snaphook is a locking typeand designed for the following connections,snaphooks shall not be engaged:

(i) directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;(ii) to each other;(iii) to a dee-ring to which another

snaphook or other connector is attached;(iv) to a horizontal lifeline; or(v) to any object which is incompatibly

shaped or dimensioned in relation to thesnaphook such that unintentional disengage-ment could occur by the connected objectbeing able to depress the snaphook keeperand release itself.

(7) On suspended scaffolds or similar workplatforms with horizontal lifelines whichmay become vertical lifelines, the devicesused to connect to a horizontal lifeline shallbe capable of locking in both directions onthe lifeline.

(8) Horizontal lifelines shall be designed,installed, and used, under the supervision ofa qualified person, as part of a complete per-

sonal fall arrest system, which maintains asafety factor of at least two.

(9) Lanyards and vertical lifelines shallhave a minimum breaking strength of 5,000pounds (22.2 kN).

(10)(i) Except as provided in paragraph(d)(10)(ii) of this section [§ 1926.502], whenvertical lifelines are used, each employeeshall be attached to a separate lifeline.

(ii) During the construction of elevatorshafts, two employees may be attached tothe same lifeline in the hoistway, providedboth employees are working atop a false carthat is equipped with guardrails; thestrength of the lifeline is 10,000 pounds [5,000pounds per employee attached] (44.4 kN); andall other criteria specified in this paragraphfor lifelines have been met.

(11) Lifelines shall be protected againstbeing cut or abraded.

(12) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyardswhich automatically limit free fall distanceto 2 feet (0.61 m) or less shall be capable ofsustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000pounds (13.3 kN) applied to the device withthe lifeline or lanyard in the fully extendedposition.

(13) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyardswhich do not limit free fall distance to 2 feet(0.61 m) or less, ripstitch lanyards, and tear-ing and deforming lanyards shall be capableof sustaining a minimum tensile load of 5,000pounds (22.2 kN) applied to the device withthe lifeline or lanyard in the fully extendedposition.

(14) Ropes and straps (webbing) used in lan-yards, lifelines, and strength components ofbody belts and body harnesses shall be madefrom synthetic fibers.

(15) Anchorages used for attachment ofpersonal fall arrest equipment shall be inde-pendent of any anchorage being used to sup-port or suspend platforms and capable of sup-porting at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) peremployee attached, or shall be designed, in-stalled, and used as follows:

(i) as part of a complete personal fall ar-rest system which maintains a safety factorof at least two; and

(ii) under the supervision of a qualifiedperson.

(16) Personal fall arrest systems, whenstopping a fall, shall:

(i) limit maximum arresting force on anemployee to 900 pounds (4 kN) when usedwith a body belt;

(ii) limit maximum arresting force on anemployee to 1,800 pounds (8 kN) when usedwith a body harness;

(iii) be rigged such that an employee canneither free fall more than 6 feet (1.8 m), norcontact any lower level;

(iv) bring an employee to a complete stopand limit maximum deceleration distance anemployee travels to 3.5 feet (1.07 m); and,


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(v) have sufficient strength to withstandtwice the potential impact energy of an em-ployee free falling a distance of 6 feet (1.8 m),or the free fall distance permitted by thesystem, whichever is less.

NOTE: If the personal fall arrest systemmeets the criteria and protocols contained inAppendix C to subpart M, and if the systemis being used by an employee having a com-bined person and tool weight of less than 310pounds (140 kg), the system will be consid-ered to be in compliance with the provisionsof paragraph (d)(16) of this section [§ 1926.502].If the system is used by an employee havinga combined tool and body weight of 310pounds (140 kg) or more, then the employermust appropriately modify the criteria andprotocols of the Appendix to provide properprotection for such heavier weights, or thesystem will not be deemed to be in compli-ance with the requirements of paragraph(d)(16) of this section (§ 1926.502).

(17) The attachment point of the body beltshall be located in the center of the wearer’sback. The attachment point of the body har-ness shall be located in the center of thewearer’s back near shoulder level, or abovethe wearer’s head.

(18) Body belts, harnesses, and componentsshall be used only for employee protection(as part of a personal fall arrest system orpositioning device system) and not to hoistmaterials.

(19) Personal fall arrest systems and com-ponents subjected to impact loading shall beimmediately removed from service and shallnot be used again for employee protectionuntil inspected and determined by a com-petent person to be undamaged and suitablefor reuse.

(20) The employer shall provide for promptrescue of employees in the event of a fall orshall assure that employees are able to res-cue themselves.

(21) Personal fall arrest systems shall beinspected prior to each use for wear, damageand other deterioration, and defective com-ponents shall be removed from service.

(22) Body belts shall be at least one andfive-eighths (15⁄8) inches (4.1 cm) wide.

(23) Personal fall arrest systems shall notbe attached to guardrail systems, nor shallthey be attached to hoists except as specifiedin other subparts of this Part.

(24) When a personal fall arrest system isused at hoist areas, it shall be rigged toallow the movement of the employee only asfar as the edge of the walking/working sur-face.

(e) Positioning device systems. Positioningdevice systems and their use shall conformto the following provisions:

(1) Positioning devices shall be rigged suchthat an employee cannot free fall more than2 feet (.9 m).

(2) Positioning devices shall be secured toan anchorage capable of supporting at leasttwice the potential impact load of an em-ployee’s fall or 3,000 pounds (13.3 kN), which-ever is greater.

(3) Connectors shall be drop forged, pressedor formed steel, or made of equivalent mate-rials.

(4) Connectors shall have a corrosion-re-sistant finish, and all surfaces and edgesshall be smooth to prevent damage to inter-facing parts of this system.

(5) Connecting assemblies shall have aminimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds(22.2 kN)

(6) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600pounds (16 kN) without cracking, breaking,or taking permanent deformation.

(7) Snaphooks shall be sized to be compat-ible with the member to which they are con-nected to prevent unintentional disengage-ment of the snaphook by depression of thesnaphook keeper by the connected member,or shall be a locking type snaphook designedand used to prevent disengagement of thesnaphook by the contact of the snaphookkeeper by the connected member. As of Jan-uary 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooksshall be used.

(8) Unless the snaphook is a locking typeand designed for the following connections,snaphooks shall not be engaged:

(i) directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;(ii) to each other;(iii) to a dee-ring to which another

snaphook or other connector is attached;(iv) to a horizontal lifeline; or to depress

the snaphook keeper and release itself.(v) to any object which is incompatibly

shaped or dimensioned in relation to thesnaphook such that unintentional disengage-ment could occur by the connected objectbeing able to depress the snaphook keeperand release itself.

(9) Positioning device systems shall be in-spected prior to each use for wear, damage,and other deterioration, and defective com-ponents shall be removed from service.

(10) Body belts, harnesses, and componentsshall be used only for employee protection(as part of a personal fall arrest system orpositioning device system) and not to hoistmaterials.


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Clipped end connections are connectionmaterial on the end of a structural memberwhich has a notch at the bottom and/or topto allow the bolt(s) of the first memberplaced on the opposite side of the central

member to remain in place. The notch(es)fits around the nut or bolt head of the oppos-ing member to allow the second member tobe bolted up without removing the bolt(s)holding the first member.

Staggered connections are connection ma-terial on a structural member in which all of

the bolt holes in the common member webare not shared by the two incoming members


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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–01 Edition)§ 1926.800

in the final connection. The extra hole in thecolumn web allows the erector to maintainat least a one bolt connection at all timeswhile making the double connection.

Subpart S—Underground Con-struction, Caissons,Cofferdams and CompressedAir

AUTHORITY: Sec. 107, Contract Work Hoursand Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 333);secs. 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational Safetyand Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657);Secretary of Labor’s Orders 12–71 (36 FR8754), 8–76 (41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), 1–90 (55 FR 9033), or 6–96 (62 FR 111), as applica-ble.

§ 1926.800 Underground construction.(a) Scope and application. (1) This sec-

tion applies to the construction of un-derground tunnels, shafts, chambers,and passageways. This section also ap-plies to cut-and-cover excavationswhich are both physically connected toongoing underground construction op-erations within the scope of this sec-tion, and covered in such a manner asto create conditions characteristic ofunderground construction.

(2) This section does not apply to thefollowing:

(i) Excavation and trenching oper-ations covered by subpart P of thispart, such as foundation operations forabove-ground structures that are notphysically connected to undergroundconstruction operations, and surfaceexcavation; nor

(ii) Underground electrical trans-mission and distribution lines, as ad-dressed in subpart V of this part.

(b) Access and egress. (1) The employershall provide and maintain safe meansof access and egress to all work sta-tions.

(2) The employer shall provide accessand egress in such a manner that em-ployees are protected from beingstruck by excavators, haulage ma-chines, trains and other mobile equip-ment.

(3) The employer shall control accessto all openings to prevent unauthorizedentry underground. Unused chutes,manways, or other openings shall betightly covered, bulkheaded, or fencedoff, and shall be posted with warningsigns indicating ‘‘Keep Out’’ or similar

language. Completed or unused sec-tions of the underground facility shallbe barricaded.

(c) Check-in/check-out. The employershall maintain a check-in/check-outprocedure that will ensure that above-ground personnel can determine an ac-curate count of the number of personsunderground in the event of an emer-gency. However, this procedure is notrequired when the construction of un-derground facilities designed forhuman occupancy has been sufficientlycompleted so that the permanent envi-ronmental controls are effective, andwhen the remaining construction ac-tivity will not cause any environ-mental hazard or structural failurewithin the facilities.

(d) Safety instruction. All employeesshall be instructed in the recognitionand avoidance of hazards associatedwith underground construction activi-ties including, where appropriate, thefollowing subjects:

(1) Air monitoring;(2) Ventilation;(3) Illumination;(4) Communications;(5) Flood control;(6) Mechanical equipment;(7) Personal protective equipment;(8) Explosives;(9) Fire prevention and protection;

and(10) Emergency procedures, including

evacuation plans and check-in/check-out systems.

(e) Notification. (1) Oncoming shiftsshall be informed of any hazardous oc-currences or conditions that have af-fected or might affect employee safety,including liberation of gas, equipmentfailures, earth or rock slides, cave-ins,floodings, fires or explosions.

(2) The employer shall establish andmaintain direct communications forcoordination of activities with otheremployers whose operations at the job-site affect or may affect the safety ofemployees underground.

(f) Communications. (1) When naturalunassisted voice communication is in-effective, a power-assisted means ofvoice communication shall be used toprovide communication between thework face, the bottom of the shaft, andthe surface.

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