192076579 the Multicultural Patrimony of Romania – European Synthesis Between the Latin Occident...

5/24/2018 192076579 the Multicultural Patrimony of Romania European Synthesis Between the Latin Occident and the Byzantine Orient by ...

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The Multicultural Patrimony of Romania European Synthesis between the Latin Occident and the Byzantine Orient

oan!"urel Pop

ntroduction

The term patrimony is deri#ed from the Latin root pater$ with the meanin% of father or

parent& n other words$ patrimony is the herita%e left by our parents$ a herita%e that must be 'ept$

enriched and carried forward&

Romania holds$ in this respect$ a herita%e uni(ue within Europe& )e mainly refer to a certain

part of Romania$ a re%ion that borders the confluence of )estern and Eastern Europe$ a re%ion

%enerically referred to as Transyl#ania*& The historical destiny of Transyl#ania can only be

comprehended on the bac'%round of a wider area$ comprisin% se#eral countries$ amon%st them the

other two nei%hborin% principalities +,ara Rom-neasc. or /)alachia borderin% 0un%ary1 2

3n%ro#lahia and Moldo#a or /)alachia borderin% Russia1 2 Ruso#lahia4$ characterized by the

intertwinin% of #arious elements of culture and ci#ilization& The name Transyl#ania +ha#in% as first

i Ul l 4 i i d ld l h h i i f i L i f i d


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i Ul il 4 i i d ld l h h i i f i L i f i d

presence of #arious reli%ious edifices$ from Byzantine and eo!Byzantine domes of Orthodo5

churches to ?othic towers that scrape the s'y and from round arches of Romanes(ue churches toBaro(ue facades of other places of worship& n some areas$ o#er a surface of se#eral hundred

s(uare meters$ one may notice Orthodo5 and ?ree'!9atholic churches$ ne5t to Roman!9atholic$

9al#inist$ Lutheran or 3nitarian churches$ situated in the #icinity of a syna%o%ue& @or instance$ in

the city of 9luF!apoca +9lus$ Iolozs#Dr$ Ilausenbur%4$ the traditional capital of the pro#ince$

presently reside fi#e 9hristian prelates who ha#e at least the ran' of a bishop +an Orthodo5

metropolitan bishop$ a ?ree'!9atholic bishop$ a 9al#inist$ a Lutheran and a 3nitarian bishop4$

alon%side an episcopal #icar +Roman!9atholic4$ while within the /BabeJ!Bolyai1 3ni#ersity +with

o#er =8$888 Bachelor 7e%ree$ Masters 7e%ree or Ph&7& Students$ and professors etc&4 there are four

theolo%ical faculties +uni#ersity departments4$ two of which ha#e the teachin% lan%ua%e Romanian$

while and the other two 0un%arian&

Transyl#ania is the only place in Europe with such a comple5 cultural and confessional

structure$ the only place where monuments representin% the Romanes(ue and ?othic styles coe5ist

with those built in the styles Renaissance$ Byzantine$ Baro(ue or e#en the one referred to as

Secession +"rt ou#eau$ Modern Style$ Ku%endstil4& Beyond Transyl#ania$ towards the East$ the

Romanes(ue style disappears completely$ while the ?othic melts into the Molda#ian style$ of an old

Romanian world$ which was spiritually torn between 9onstantinople +the ew Rome4 and the Third

R +M 4 h h f /B i f B i 1 + di h i f


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The nhabitants of Transyl#ania

The Romanians of Transyl#ania$ Fust as the other Romanians located South and East of the

9arpathians$ are part of the Romanic people and spea' a eo!Latin lan%ua%e$ same as the talians$

the @rench$ Spanish$ Portu%uese$ 9atalan etc& They are 9hristians of Eastern of Byzantine rite$

9hristened %radually$ in the Latin lan%ua%e$ startin% with their 7aco!Roman ancestors$ but

or%anized canonically from an ecclesiastical point of #iew only at the end of the first millennium$

under the influence of the first Bul%arian 9zarate$which temporarily e5tended its rei%n north of the

7anube and e#en north of the 9arpathians:&

The 0un%arians$ of @inno!3%ric descent and ha#in% come from the East$ were con#erted to

9hristianity in )estern manner around the year *888$ mar'ed by the baptism of their 7u'e QaF'$

who became Iin% Stephen +GG4& 9hristian 0un%ary %radually e5tended its domination o#er

#ast surroundin% territories$ includin% Transyl#ania$ con(uered and or%anized accordin% to the

)estern model of the **th and *thcenturies& @ollowin% an initial indecision between Rome and

9onstantinople$ the orientation of the 0un%arian country towards the Roman faith became more and

more clear& 7urin% the con(uest if surroundin% re%ions$ 0un%ary used its status of /apostolic

'in%dom1$ founded within the /patrimony of Saint Peter1$ moti#atin% its warrior ad#ancement

d h b h d fi h i / h i d hi i 1= 3 d h


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9riJana +Byhar4$ then on the T-rna#e +around **=84$ only to find them around the year **G8!*688

in the east and south!east of Transyl#ania$ where they still li#e today

H

&The Sa5ons +who were mostly ?erman4 came as /Royal %uests1 +hospites regales4 from

9entral and )estern Europe$ predominantly from the ?erman area$ in the *6 thand *th century&

Their first colonies are attested in **:>$ in the re%ion of "lba +@ehr$ )eiss4& O#er the ne5t decades

they settled in the south of Transyl#ania between Or.Jtie Ji Baraolt +pushin% some of the Sze'lers a

little towards the east4$ in ,ara B-rsei +BUrzenland4 and the re%ion of BistriVa +Wsen$ in the north!

west of Transyl#ania4


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Some authors$ such as Samuel 0untin%ton$ in the 68 th century$ this /frontier1 as a precise and

ri%orous separation line alon% the arch of the 9arpathians$ a line which had supposedly set foreternity the non!European destiny of Romanians& On one part of the /line1$ to the west$ there

seemed to be the peoples +nations4 who were 9atholic and Protestant$ ?ermanic and Romance$

creators of ci#ilization and culture$ enterprisin% and tenacious$ European by e5cellence$ while on

the other side$ towards the east and south!east$ there were supposed to be the Orthodo5 peoples$

who were Sla#ic$ sta%nant and traditionalist$ /oriental1$ a sort of connection /isthmus1 to "sia& )e

consider this Fud%ment to be simplistic and superficial$ with no real support& n fact$ Romanians$

0un%arians$ "lbanians$ Baltic peoples and others can only fit #a%uely in this structure& @or instance$

Romanians are not Sla#ic$ yet they are Orthodo5$ while the Polish are Sla#ic$ yet they are 9atholicY

The frontier the Romanians are placed on really does e5ist$ but it is not a line$ but a stretch of land a

few hundred 'ilometers wide$ which starts from the Baltic Sea and ends with the Lower 7anube

and "driatic Sea& n this #ast re%ion$ )estern and Eastern spirituality ha#e constantly interfered$

from an official and elitist le#el to the le#el of e#eryday life of the commoners& 0istorical e#idence

show that in this area$ durin% Medie#al times$ there were people and communities that adopted

concurrently$ for a period of time$ a double identity +Byzantine and Latin$ Orthodo5 and 9atholic$

9hristian and slamic$ Kewish and 9hristian etc&4$ in order to be able to manifest themsel#es within

the society$ to assert themsel#es$ to sur#i#e or to adFust to re(uirements& Therefore$ in 'in%doms$

i i li i d h 0 P l d Li h i h R i P i i li i


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lar%e Latinity mass$ the only European Roman people whose lan%ua%e has a Sla#ic superstratum*8$

the only Roman people of Eastern 9hristian rite +Orthodo54$ the only Roman people whose elites inthe Middle "%es had Sla#onic as lan%ua%e of reli%ion$ chancery and culture$ the only European

Roman people who li#ed under communist dictatorship and isolation$ the Roman people with the

least 'nown history by the )est$ the European people often lin'ed to the name of a #ampire

7racula and to an odious dictator 9eauJescu etc& e#ertheless$ throu%h a fundamental part of their

identity$ Romanians claim their herita%e from the )est$ and throu%h another from the East and

South!East Europe&

The issue of the cultural Sla#onism in Medie#al Romanians**is a matter which can clarify a

series of these apparent parado5es$ can ma'e Romanian identity more comprehensible and can

throw li%ht o#er the cultural!reli%ious rapport of the 9atholic )est and the Orthodo5 East& t is not

easy to clarify the issue of this cultural Sla#onism$ tied to the name of a people of Romanic ori%in$

spea'er of a eo!Latin lan%ua%e$ with an ethnic name +ethnonym4 which comes without a doubt

from that of the Eternal 9ity Rome and the tri!continental state it created *6& 9ultural Sla#onism

cannot howe#er be totally separated from Orthodo5y in the case of Romanians$ as Orthodo5y was

to a %reat e5tent the #ector of Sla#onism*& Therefore$ the first (uestion which must be answeredA

how did the Romanians ! a Romanic and Latinophone people ! come to embrace the Orthodo5

@aithZ


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n the Middle "%es as 'nown one cannot ima%ine written culture outside the church& The

church was the hi%h patron of culture$ of all its compartments$ of spiritual institutions and creationsin %eneral& Once the Sla#onic litur%y was adopted by the church namely Sla#onic as a lan%ua%e of

reli%ion the other written materials were also adapted to the Sla#onic model& Therefore$ e#en

thou%h ethnic Sla#onism disappears north of the 7anube in the *6th!*thcenturies$ the Romanians

'ept as a precious tradition the reli%ious and political culture of the Sla#s for about another four

centuries$ as well as the 9yrillic alphabet until the first half of the *G thcentury& "n important

testimony re%ardin% this medie#al dualism of Romanians$ who had a written reli%ious lan%ua%e

+Sla#onic4 and a spo'en #ernacular lan%ua%e +Romanian$ of Latin ori%in4 dates prior to *:


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lan%ua%es +Bul%arian$ Serbian$ Russian4 and of the Romanian lan%ua%e& The Sla#onic lan%ua%e

used by Romanians in church was the same lan%ua%e that 9yril and Methodius employed totranslate reli%ious boo's when the Sla#s were 9hristianized& The main reli%ious te5ts written by

Romanians for Romanians date to the *:th!*$ was also initially in

Sla#onic$ passin% only a few centuries later to boo's printed in Romanian +howe#er still with

9yrillic letters4& n the *


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The 9risis of Sla#onism and the Return to the Latin model

9ultural Sla#onism namely the use of the Sla#onic lan%ua%e within cultural creations$ in

reli%ious$ historical$ literary$ le%al$ philosophical etc& papers$ as well as printed wor's$ as well as

within chanceries of state institutions starts to become anachronistic at the end of the Middle "%es

and the be%innin% of the Modern )orld +in the *Hth!*


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Romanians with the 9hurch of Rome +*HG

Romanian Enli%htenment current brin% the Romanian culture closer to the )est& "s such$

followin% se#eral centuries of cultural and ecclesiastical Sla#onism$ the Romanian people

synchronize their culture to their eo!Latin character& The first /re#olution1 in this respect too'

place by means of the Transyl#anian Romanians$ who became ?ree'!9atholics and promoters of

the Enli%htenment current$ durin% the *>thcentury$ in relation to classic Latinity and Rome& The

Latinist current$ althou%h e5a%%erated at a certain point$ made #isible a%ain$ both amon%st

Romanians and in Europe$ the Roman descent of the Romanians and the Latin character of the

Romanian lan%ua%e$ also contributin% to the permanent and %eneralized enforcement of the Latin

alphabet& t demonstrated the absurdity in the perpetuation of a Sla#ic co#erin% [ wrappin% for a

eo!Latin lan%ua%e& "s a result$ around the first half of the *Gth century$ followin% o#er two

centuries of alphabetic dualism +e#en in the *Hthcentury$ writin% in Romanian was sporadically

performed usin% the Latin alphabet4$ there was official enforcement of use e5clusi#ely Latin letters&

But the most intense and efficient rapprochement of Romanians to the )est$ namely to their

old roots as it was said in the national ideolo%y of the time too' place in the *G thcentury$ than's

to the @rench influence in the 7anubian or Romanian Principalities and later in Romania& "n

interestin% detail is that this influence came partially durin% the Russian occupation of the 7anubian

Principalities +*>6>!*>:4$ to%ether with the @rench!spea'in% Russian di%nitaries and officers$ who

d [ i d b h @ h d l S b l h i i f


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the %reatest part of the communist dictatorship re%ime$ far from the %eneral spirit of Romanians

the dominant orientation of Romania was towards the European western model$ towards the culture

and ci#ilization it promoted& 9ertainly$ this dominant orientation could not erase the specificity or

identity of Romanians$ which were built in time$ on the bac'%round of the interconnectionsbetween

the Latin )est and Byzantine East&

9onclusionsA the 0armony between the )estern and Eastern 9ulture

This is the reason why cultural currents and architectonic styles o#erlap on the territory of

Romania$ in a type of harmony that won its le%itimacy o#er the centuries& On top of the 7acian

traces$ abandoned and %radually buried in the %round$ were built villae rusti%aeand Roman towns$

with temples$ amphitheaters and thermal baths& O#er and between these$ durin% the Middle "%es$

were raised wooden constructions$ modest in proportion and perishable$ for the common people$ but

also stone and bric' edifices$ in Byzantine style$ for the elites& The )estern 9hurch +especially

throu%h its monastic orders4 and the Sa5ons brou%ht$ in the *6 th century$ the Roman fashion$

asserted for some time in the )est& Such a mon' order of Benedictine ori%in the 9istercians

ori%inally from @rance$ brou%ht the ?othic model +initially named /the @rench style14$ spread in

Transyl#ania since the second half of the *thcentury& The 9istercian monastery from 9-rVa was a

f l i f i di i f h ? hi i h i h h lf f T l i d l Thi


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inhabitant peoples$ populations and %roups& Therefore$ the archaic stone churches in the south!west

of historical Transyl#ania +from 7ensuJ$ Strei$ Strei!S-n%eor%iu etc&4 of the *6th!*:thcenturies$ ha#e

certain Roman and ?othic elements$ the cathedral from @eleac has o%i#es at windows and ribbed

#aults$ the hundreds of modest rural churches$ with their s#elte towers$ scrapin% the s'y$ are placed$

accordin% to some e5e%etes$ in a sort of /wooden ?othic style1& Moreo#er$ the churches of

Buco#ina$ belon%in% to the Molda#ian style$ ha#e certain ?othic elements$ or%anically

embedded[%rafted o#er the Byzantine bac'%round$ same as the Branco#enescstyle of )allachia and

Transyl#ania +reflected$ for instance$ in the S-mb.ta de Sus monastery4 is a Romanian Baro(ue

style& n the other direction$ the 0un%arians$ Sa5ons and Sze'lers also borrowed in their creations

certain motifs$ forms$ details from their Romanian nei%hbors& Reciprocals influences are clearly

indicated also between the 0un%arians$ Sa5ons and Sze'lers 9atholic /nations1 +pri#ile%ed

%roups4$ the %reater part of which became$ startin% with the second half of the *Hth century$

Protestant&

The museum$ as a specialized institution$ preser#es and e5hibits the #alue of the inheritance

from the past usin% specific means$ adapted to the re(uirements of the 6* st century& )e would

hereby li'e to draw attention to entire open!air museum!areas$ which$ apart from the e#eryday

dynamic life they shelter$ come to be li#e conser#ation spaces for past #alues& The old medie#al

towns surrounded by walls$ inhabited intra muros$ the still functional churches$ %ates$ wooden

h f S.l F d M h B S i h h h f ,


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ACADEMIA ROMNCentrul de Studii Transilvane

ROMNIIntre Orientul bizantin i Ocidentul latin

Ioan-Aurel POP


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Principatele Romne din secolul al XV-leapn n secolul XIX:

Transilvania, Valahia iMoldova

1878- Mica Romnie n timpul rzboiuluiRuso-Turc.

La terminarea acestuia independenaRomniei a fost recunoscut de comunitateainternaional


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1918, Romnia cu provinciile istorice

1940, Romania i teritoriile pierdute n favoarea Rusiei,Ungariei iBulgariei

Romnian zilele noastre


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ROMNIA ROMNIA


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Lenic (Hunedoara), biseric orthodox

(secolul al XIV-lea)

Alba-Iulia (Alba), catedrala romano-catolic,stil romanic, secolul XIII


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Mnstirea Golia (Iai),secolul XVI

Mnstirea Rme (Alba),vechea biseric(secolul XIII) i noua biseric


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Bazna (Sibiu), biserica evanghelic fortificat,

secolele XVXVI

Bogdan-VodCuhea (Maramure),biseric de lemn, 1718


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Catedrala ortrodox Sf. Nicolae din chei(Braov), secolele XIV-XVIII

Plopi(Maramure), biseric de lemn, secolul XVIII, monument UNESCO


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Ac (satu mare) biserica mnstirii

benedictine, secolul XIII

Poarta Slajului (Slaj), biseric de lemn,secolul XVII


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Biserica Stavropoleos (Bucureti),1724, stil brncovenesc

Herina (Bistria-Nsud), biseric romanic,secolul XIII


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Aghireu (Cluj), biseric ortodox de lemn, 1780Timioara (Timi), catedrala ortodox,

arhitect Ion Traianescu, 1936-1946


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Cluj-Napoca (Cluj), biserica romano-catolic, sec.XIV-XV

Bucureti(Bucureti), biserica ortodox rus, 1909


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Biserica evanghelic(Sibiu),stil gotic, secolele XIVXV

Mnstirea Sucevia, pictur exterioarcu scene din Judecata de apoi (secolul XVI)


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Biseric de lemn din Slaj, secolul XVIII,acum la Muzeul Etnografic al Transilvaniei, Cluj

Alba-Iulia (Alba), catedrala ortodox,arhitect Victor tefnescu, 1921-1922


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Densu(Hunedoara), biseric ortodox,

secolul XIII, vedere general

Catedrala ortodox mitropolitan (Cluj-Napoca),

arhitecii C. Pomponiu i G. Cristinel, 1921-1933


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Mnstirea Smbta (Braov), ridicat de ConstantinBrncoveanu, secolul XVII

Catedrala mitropolitan din Sibiu, stil neobizantin,1902-1906


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Mnstirea Prislop (Hunedoara),ridicat de Nicodim din Tismana, n1404-1405

Mnstirea catolic din Radna (Arad),stil baroc, secolul XVIII


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Oradea (Bihor), catedrala Romano-Catolic,arcitect Franz Anton Hillebrand, 1750-1779

Sinagoga din Cluj,

n prezent templu memorial, 1886


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Clnic (Alba), cetatea medieval cudonjonul, biserica evanghelic i casaparohial, secolele XIII-XIV

Iai, Palatul Culturii i biserica Sf. Nicolae


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Cetatea de Balt, judeul Alba,castelul Bethlen-Haller,

secolul al XVII-lea

Castelul Corvinetilor de laHunedoara, secolul al XV-lea,

vedere general


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Sighioara (Mure), Turnul cu ceas,secolul al XV-lea, monument UNESCO

Ploieti, Turnul cu ceas al Halelor Centrale,1930-1935, arhitect Toma T. Socolescu


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urdeti (Maramure), poartmaramurean, secolul al XVII-lea,Monument UNESCO

Alba-Iulia, fortrea,poarta I, secolul al XVII-lea


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Dobricul Lpuului (Maramure),biserica de lemn Sfinii Arhangheli, poart, 1740

Richi(Sibiu), biserica sseasc fortificat, poartal, 1500


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Sntmrie-Orlea (Hunedoara), altarulbisericii Sf. Fecioar, mai nti catolic

(sec. XIII) apoi ortodox (secolele XIV-XV)

Biserica romano-catolic Sf. Mihail (Cluj-Napoca),1349-1450, arhitectur gotic, interior


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Biserica de lemn din Slciua(Hunedoara), 1799 pictura mural

pe bolta naosului

Sebe(Alba), biserica evanghelic,secolele XIII-XVI, pictura de altar, detaliu


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Biserica de lemn din Slciua(Hunedoara), 1799, altarul

Mnstirea catolic din umuleu-Ciuc,marele altar


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Deseti (Maramure),biserica din lemn, secolul

XVIII, detaliu, monument

UNESCO

Strei (Hunedoara), biseric

ortodox, secolul XIII, detaliual turnului romanic

Castelul Corvinetilor de laHunedoara, detaliu gotic


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Mnstirea Prislop (Hunedoara), ridicat de Nicodimdin Tismana ntre anii 14041405, detaliu

Timioara (Timi), catedrala ortodox, detaliu


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Cldire din Satu Mare, detaliu fereastr, 1900Turn medieval, detaliu fereast


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Cluj-Napoca (Cluj), cas de lemn, detaliuferestre, Muzeul Etnografic al Transilvaniei

Oradea (Bihor), detaliu arhitectural, 1900


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Bucureti, vedere generalBraov, piaa central cuBiserica Neagr

T t l N i l di Ti i (Ti i )


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Teatrul Naional din Timioara (Timi),1923, arhitect Duiliu Marcu

Sat maramurean

192076579 the Multicultural Patrimony of Romania – European Synthesis Between the Latin Occident...

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