THE

Jewish EncyclopediaA DESCRIPTIVE R.ECORD OF

THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUS-TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE

EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY

Prepared by More than Six Hundred Scholars and SpecialistsUNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL BOARD

Cyrus Adler, Ph.D. (Departments of Post-Biblical Antiquities ; ike Jews of America).

Wii.HELM Backer, Ph.D. (Departments of theTalmud and Rabbinical Literature).

Gotthard Deutsch, Ph.D. (Department ofHistoryfrom I4

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA , VOL m COPYRIGHT. IflOS.ur MAYER SULZBERGER. PHILAOEEPHIA

v^^r^e'

^Amri an unpuitij/uJ -fMiin/ttw It/ ll/tUuraft'T (/aHuinl, lO/i.

THE

Jewish EncyclopediaA DESCR.IPTIVE RECORD OF

THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUS-TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE

EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY

Prepared by More than Six Hundred Scholars and SpecialistsUNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL BOARD

Cyrus Adler, Ph.D. (Departments of Post-Biblical Antiquities ; the Jews of America).

Wilhelm Bacher, Ph.D. {Departments of theTalmud and Rabbinical Literature).

Gotthard Deutsch, Ph.D. {Department ofHistoryfrom 14^2 to igoj).

Richard Gottheil, Ph.D. (Departments ofHistory from Ezra to 14^2 ; History of Post-Talmudic Literature).

Emil G. HirSCH, Ph.D., LL.D. (Department ofthe Bible).

ISAAC K. FUNK, D.D., LL.D.Chairman 0/ the Board

Joseph Jacobs, B.A. (Departments of the JewsofEnglandand A nihropology; Revising Editor).

Kauf.mann Kohler, Ph.D. (Departments ofTheology and Philosophy)

.

Herman Rosenthal (Department of the Jews ofRussia and Poland).

Isidore Singer, Ph.D. (Department of ModernBiographyfrom I'J^O to igoj).

Crawford H. Toy, D.D., LL.D. (Departmentsof Hebre-jj Philology and Hellenistic Literature^.

FRANK H. VIZETELLY, F.S.A.Secretary c/ihe Board

William Popper, M.A., Ph.D.Associate Revising Editor; Chief of the Bureau of Translation

ISIDORE SINGER. Ph.D.Projector and Managing Editor

ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS

VOLUME XISAMSONTALMID HAKAM

Copyright. 1905, n\

FUNK & \V A ON ALLS COM TAN VA II rights 0/ translation reser^'ed

Recistered at Stationers' Hall, London, Kngland

I Printed in the United States ofA tnerica \

CollegeLibrary

LITERAKY DTRECTOIIATE

EDITORIAL BOARDCYRUS ABLER, Ph.D.

{DepartmenU of Post-Biblical Antiquities and the Jeim iifAmerica.)

President of the American Jewish Historical Society ; AssistantSecretary, Smithsonian Institution, WashiiiKton, D. C.

WIIiHELM BACKER, Ph.D.Wi'P'irtmcnts nf lln Talmud and Itahlii)iiral Litrraluix.)

Professor in the Jewish Theological Seminary, Budapest,Hungary.

GOTTHARD DEUTSCH, Ph.D.{Department of Histtn-ji from lUi~ to U'U.''.)

Professor of Jewish History, Hebrew Union College. Cincinnati,Ohio ; Editor of " I)el>()rah."

RICHARD GOTTHEIL, Ph.D.{Departments of Histm-y from Ezra to U02 and Historu nf

Post-Tabnudic Literature.)Profe*!sor of Semitic Languages, Columbia University, New Yorli

:

Chief of the Oriental Department, New York Public Libiary.

EMIL G. HIRSCH, Ph.D., LL.D.{Department of the Bible.)

Rabbi of Chicago Sinai Congregation, Chicago, 111.; Professor ofRabbinical Literature and Philosophy, L'niversity of

Chicago ; Editor of " The Reform Advocate."

JOSEPH JACOBS, B.A.{Department'i of the .Jews iff Knulandand Anthropoloijn

;

Revising Editor.)

Formerly President of the Jewish Historical Society of England

:

Author of " Jews of Angevin England," etc.

KAUFMANN KOHLER, Ph.D.{Departments of Iheoloijii and Pliiloxophu.)

President of Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio ; RabbiEmeritus of Temple Beth-ICI, New York.

HERMAN ROSENTHAL.{Department of the Jens of Russia and Poland.)

Chief of the Slavonic Department, New York Public Library.

ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D.MA.NAIilXG Elinolt.

{Department of Modern Bieiyraphij from 17S0 to 19(l'i.)

CRAWFORD HOWELL TOY, D.D., LL.D.{Departments of Hebrew Philohnjn and Hellenistic

Literature.)Professor of Hebrew in Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.;

Author of " The Religion of Israel," etc.

I. K. FUNK, D.D., LL.D.{('hairnian of the Board.)

Editor-in-Chief of the Standard Dictio.nary of the E.vglishLaNGI:AGE, I'll-.

FRANK H. VIZETELLY, F.S.A.{Secretaru of the Board.)

Associate Editor of the Staxdarji Dictionary, "The Colum-bian Cyclopedia," etc.

WILLIAM POPPER, M.A., Ph.D.{Associate Revising Editor: t'hSef of the Bureau of

Translatio}t.)(iustav Gottheil Lecturer in Semitic Languages, Columbia

L'niversity, New York (1903-5); Author of "The Censorshipof Hebrew Books."

AMERICAN BOARD OF CONSULTING EDITORSBERNARD DRACHMAN, Ph.D.,

Rabbi of the Congregation Zichron Ephraim ; Instructor inthe Bible and in Hebrew Grammar, Jewish Theological

Seminary of America, New York.

B. FELSENTHAL, Ph.D.,Rabbi Emeritus of Zion Congregation, Chicago, III. ; Author of

" A Practical Grammar of the Hebrew Language."

GUSTAV GOTTHEIL, Ph.D.(DKCKASKr>),

Late Rabbi Emeritus "f Temple EiTiarm-El, New York.

HENRY HYVERNAT, D.D.,Head of tlie Department of Semitic and Egyptian Literatures,

Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

MARCUS JASTROW, Ph.D.(DKCKASKD),

Late Rabbi Emeritus of the Congregation Rodef Shalom, Phila-delphia, Pa.; Author of " Dictionary of the Talmud."

MORRIS JASTROW, Jr., Ph.D.,Professor of Semitic Languages and Librarian in the L'niversity

of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Author of " Re-ligion of the Babylonians and Assyrians," etc.

J. FREDERIC McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.,Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto,

Canada ; Author of " History, Prophecy, andthe Monuments."

H. PEREIRA MENDES, M.D.,Rabbi of the Shearith IsnicI Congregation (Spanish and Portu-

guese), New York ; President of the Board of JewishMinisters, New York.

MOSES MIELZINER, Ph.D., D.D.(I)K(KASEIl),

Late President of the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio

;

A uthor of " Introduction to the Talmud."

00/-^r>f-

LITERAHY DIRECTORATE

GEORGE F. MOORE, M.A., D.D.,Prufess"! tit Hllillial Ulrraluri- and lljc History i.f Ui-llglons

in Hiirvanl Inlvi-rslly. I aiubrldk'f, Jfiuss.: Autliuruf"A Coinuit'Uljiry tin Ihi* Bottk i>f Judges." etc.

DAVID PHILIPSON, D.D.,UabbI of theCunnn-pilli'ii li'iu' Isr.irl : l'n>fcss(ir nf Homlletlcs.

Hebrew I'niiin lolli-Kc. ciiiiliinail. olilo; I'lvsldentofHebrew Siiblaith Silicwil VnUin of America.

IRA MAURICE PRICE, B.D., Ph.D.,Proti-SMT ..t Si-Miilh I,i.Mk'imi;i> and l.licniluri-s. Uidvi'relty of

CblcaRo, HI.; .\ulhor of " The MonuiiieiiLs andthe Uld Testament," etc.

SOLOMON 8CHECHTER, M.A., Litt.D.,Presldi-ni .it till' Fai-iilly ot tin- .lewLsli Tliriilngliui Seminary of

Anierlea. New York; Autlmr uf "Studies in .lutliilsrn."

JOSEPH SILVERMAN, D.D.,President (if I'eiitnil Cunrereuci- . if Ainerlran liulilils; Kabbl of

Temple Kmanu-KI, New York.

JACOB VOORSANGER, D.D.,Rabbi of tlif Ciink'ret'atiiin Knmim-Kl. Sun Friincl.seo, Cal.; Pro-

fessor of Semitic LaiiKUugi's and Literatures, I'ni-verslty of Califiirnia. lierkeley, Cul.

FOREIGN BOARD OF CONSULTING EDITORSISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A.,

Coedltorof " Tin- Jewlsli quarterly Heview "; Aullior of "Jew-ish Life in the Middle Ages." eU'.; Header in I'alnmdic,

I'BiubridKe rnlTersity, Englami.

M. BRANN, Ph.D.,Professor in tlie Jewisli Tlieologleal Seminary, Breslau, Ger-

many ; Editor of " MonaLs.nohrltt fiir liesehielite undWisseiLschaft des Judenthums."

H. BRODY, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Nachod, Bohemia. Austria; Coeditor of "Zeitscbrlft fOr

HehriiLselie Illlillopraphie."

ABRAHAM DANON,Principal of the Jewish Tlienlnyicai Semituiry, Constantinople,

Turkey.

HARTWIG DERENB0X7RG, Ph.D.,Professor of Literal Arabic ul the .Special School of Oriental

Languages, Paris ; Member of the Instltut de France.

S. M. DTJBNOW,Atllhorof *' Istoriya ^'l'\ceyt-v." Wllna. Russia.

MICHAEL FRIEDLANDER, Ph.D.,Principal of Jews' College, London, Engluiul ; Author of "The

Jewlsli Religion." etc.

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER, Ph.D.,Professor of .Semitic PInlology, t ulverslty of Budapest,

H ungary.

M. GtTDEMANN, Ph.D.,Chief Haiiiii "f Viennii, Austria.

BARON DAVID GTJNZBURG,St. Petersburg, Russia.

A. DE HARKAVT, Ph.D.,Chief of the Hetirew Department of the Imperial Public Library,

St. I*et4'rsburg. Russia.

ZADOC KAHN,Chief Rabbi of Frame; Honorary President of the Alliance

Israelite Unlyerselle ; Olllcer of the Legionof Honor, Paris, France.

M. KAYSERLING, Ph.D.I|)K( tiSKM,

Late Rabbi, Budapest, Hungary ; Late Corresponding Memberof the Royal Academy of History, Madrid. Spain.

MORITZ LAZARUS, Ph.D.(I)k(;k.\skii).

Late Professor Emeritus of Psychology, L'niverslty of Berlin;Mcran, .\ustria.

ANATOLE LEROY-BEAULIEU,Member of the Instltut de Fniiice; Professor at the Free School

of Political Science. Paris, Fnince ; .\uthorof" Israel chez les Nations."

ISRAEL Li;VI,Professor In the Jewish Theological Seminary ; Editor of

"Revue des Kliides .lulves." Paris. France.

EUDE LOLLI, D.D.(Deckaski.

Ijxte Chief Rabbi of Padua; Late Profes.sor of Hebrew at theCnlverslty. I'ailua. Italy.

IMMANUEL LOW, Ph.D.,Chief Rabbi of Szegedin, Hungary; Author of " I>le AromillscheD

Ptianzennamen."

S. H. MARGULIES, Ph.D.,Principal (if the Jewish 'i'lieological Seminary; Ciilef Rabbi of

Florence, Italy.

H. OORT, D.D.,Professor of Hebrew Language und .\rcheology at the State

riilvei^lty, L.-v.len, llolhind.

ABBE PIETRO PERREAU,Formerly Libnirtan of the Iteale BIblloteca Palatlna, Parma,

Italy.

MARTIN PHILIPPSON, Ph.D.,Formerly Profe.ssor of History at the Cnivei-slties of Bonn and

Brussels ; President of the Deutsch-IsraelltisoherCemeindebimd, Berlin, Oennany.

SAMUEL POZNANSKI, Ph.D.,Kiilitii In \V:irv[n\. Kussia.

E. SCHWARZFELD, LL.D.,Secretary-iieueral of the Jewish Colonization Association, Paris,

France.

LUDWIG STEIN, Ph.D.,Professor of Phllowiphy. Inivecsltvof liern. Switzerland; Editor

of " Archlv (fir (ieschichte dcr I'hllosoiihle." etc.

HERMANN L. STRACK, Ph.D.,Professor of Uld Teslanient Exegesis and Semitic Languages,

Inlverslly of Berlin. C.Tmany.

CHARLES TAYLOR, D.D., LL.D.,Master of St. John's College, Cambridge. England ; Editor of

" Sayings of the Jewish Fathers," etc.

SYSTEMS OF TRAXSLTTERATION AND OF CITATIONOF PROPER NAMES*

A.Rules for the Transliteration of Hebrew and Aramaic.All important names which occur in tlie Bible are cited as found in the authorized King Jamesversion; e.g.. Moses, not Mosheh; Isaac, not Yiz.hak ; Saul, not Sha'ul or Shaiil ; Solovion, notShelomoh, etc.

Tlie spellings of names that have gained currency in English books on Jewish subjects, or thathave become familiar to English readers, are generally retained ; cross-references are given whentopics are treated under forms transliterated according to the system tabulated below.

Hebrew subject-headings are transcribed according to the scheme of transliteration ; cross-refer-ences are made as in the case of personal names.

The following system of transliteration has been used for Hebrew and Aramaic :

N Not noted at the beginning or the end of a ivord : otherwise ' or by dieresis; e.g., pe'er or Meir.

2 b T 2 ^ I 3 {tfifh dage.ih), p B* '

i g n /i O in a (without dage.ih), f jp s

id Q t jn V? n tn h ' y D s p k

\ w 3 fc V 1 '

Note : The presence of dagesh lene is not noted except in the case of E. Dagesh forte is indi-cated by doubling the letter.

The vowels have been transcribed as follows :-r- (kamez) a ^ u ^ a -=re 1o-r (kamez hatuf) o-r^ e -77-6

-;r O ' i^- i

-re -^ a } u

The so-called "Continental" pronunciation of the English vowels is implied.

The Hebrew article is transcribed as ha, followed by a hyphen, without doubling the followingletter. [Not hak-Kohen or hak-Cohen, nor Rosli ha-shshanah.]

B.Rules for the Transliteration of Arabic.All Arabic names and words, except such as have become familiar to English readers in otherforms, as Mohammed, Koran, mosque, are transliterated according to the following system :

\ See

viii SYSTEMS OF THANSI.lTEHATIoN AM) OF fITATION OF l'HUPKl{ NAMES

3. The Arabic article is invarialily written nl. no account lieing taken of tlie assimilation of the I tothe following letter: (.(/, Abu iil-Salt. not Aliu-l-Salt : A-n followed by a genitive,at ; e.g.. Jiisdlali ilhut (il-Kiimiiiy. but lli'at al-AJhik.

5. No account is taken of the overhanging vowels which distinguish tlie cases : e.g.. 'Amr, not 'Amriior Ainrun; Va'kub, not ya/cHban; or in a title, I\itab al-Amanal irdl-l-tihulat.

CRules for the Transliteration of Russian.All Russian namesi and words, except such as have become familiar to Engh'sh readers in other

forms, as Czar, Alexander, deciatine, Moscuw, are transliterated according to the following system :

A a

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

[Self-evident abbreviations, particularly those used in the bibliographies, are not included here.]

AbAb. R. N'Ab. Zarah(uiloc;.ii

Alljr. Zeit. des Jiid.Am. Jew. Hist. Soc,Am. Jour. Semit. iLang \

Anglo-Jew. Assoc..ApocApocrApnst. Const'ArArch. Isr

Aronlus, Regesten

A. TA. V

Bacher, Ag. Bab. I_Amor I

Baolier. Ag. Pal. iAmor 1

Baoher, Ag. TanB.BB.CBekBenzinger. ArchBerBerliner Fest-i

sclirift fBerliner's I.Magazin i'

Bibl. RabBikB.KB.MBoletinAcad.Hist.

Brit. Mus

BrulTs Jalirb

Bulletin All. Isr.

CantCat. Anglo-Jew. /

Hist. Exh \Cazes, Notes Bi- 1_

bliograpliiques . \c.Kcb,Cheyneand Black, t

Encye. Bibl ('

Cbwolson Jubilee 3Volume i

C.I. AC.I. Gc. I. nC. I. LC. I. PC.I. scompCurlnier. Diet. iNat 1

dDDe Gubernatis. I

Diz. Biog IDe (iubernatis. 'EcrivalnsduJour \De le Roi. Juden-

1

Mission \Dem

\Derenbourg, HistDe Rossi, Dizio- 1nario I

De Rossi - Ham - 1berger. Hist. VWorterb \

Driver, Introduc- 1tion r

EEcclEcclus. (Siracb)ed'EduyEisenberg, Biog. )Lex i

Encyc. Brit.

.

Eng

.\bot, PirkeAhot de-u'abbi Natau*Abodab Zarahat the place ; to the passage citedin the year of the Hegira,.\llgemeine Zeilung des JudentbumsAmerican Jewish Historical SocietyAmerican Journal of Semitic LanguagesAnglo-Jewish AssociationApocalypse..ApocryphaApostolical Constitutions'Arakin iTalmud)Archives IsraelitesAronius. Regesten zur Gescbichte der Judenin Deutsphland

Das A He Testament.\uthnrizeil Versionben or bar or born

Bacher, Agada der Babylonischen AmoraerBacher, Agada der Paliistinensischen Amo-raer

Bacher. Agada der TannaiteiiRaba Batra (Talmud

i

before the Christian eraBekorot (Talmud!.Benzinger. Hebriiische .\rchaologieBerakot (Talmud)Festschrift zum 70ten Geburtstag Berliners

Berliner's Magazin fiir die Wissenschaft desJudenthums

Bibiiotheca RabbinicaBikkurim (Talmud)Baba Kamma (Talmud)Baba Mezi'a (Talmud)Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia

(Madrid)British MuseumBrail's Jahrbiicher fQr Judische Geschichte

uiid LitteraturBulletin of the Alliance Israelite UnlverselleaboutCanticles (Song of Solomon)(Catalogue of Anglo-Jewish Historical Ex-

hibitionCazes. Notes Bibliographiquessurla Littera-

ture Juive-Tunisiennecommon erachapter or chapters

Cheyne and Black, Encyclopaedia BiblicaRecueil des Travaux R^ig?s en Memoiredu Jubile ScientiflquedeM. Daniel Chwol-son. 184-18S6

Corpus Inscriptionum AtticarumCorpus Inscriptionum GrjecanmiCorpus Inscriptionum HebraicarumCorpus Inscriptiouimi LatinarumCorpus Inscriptionum PeloponnesiCorpus Inscriptionum SemiticarumcompareE. E. Curlnier, Dictiounaire National desContemporains

diedDeuteronoinistDe Gubernatis. Dizionario Biograflco degll

Scrittori ContemporaneiDe Gubernatis, Dictiounaire Internationaldes Eciivains du Jour

De le Roi, (ieschichte der EvangelischenJuden-Mission

Dental (Talmud)Derenbourg. Essai sur PHistoire et la Geo-graphic dc la Palestine, etc.

De Rossi. Dizliirtario suirico degli AutoriEbrei e delle Loro (jpere

De Itossi-Hamherger, Historisches Worter-buch der Judischen Schriftsteller undIhrer Werke

S. R. Driver. An Introduction to the Liter-ature of the (Jld Testament

ElohistEcclesiastesEcclesiasticusedition"Ednyot (Talmud)Ludwig Eisenberg's Grosses BiographischesLexikon der Deutscheu BQhne itu XIX.Jahrhuudert

Encydopcedia BritannicaEnglish

Epipbanius, HaeresErErsch and (,Gruber, Encyc. I

Esdet seqEusebius, Hist. EcclEwald, GeschFrankel, MeboFarst. Bibl. Jud...,Fiirst, Gesch. des (Karaert t

Gaster, Hist, of I.Bevis Marks \

)Geiger, Urschn'ft,Geiger's JQd. Zeit.

-j

Geiger's Wiss. IZeit. Jud. Tbeol. f

GeschGesenius, GrGesenius. ThGibbon, Decline Iand Fall I

Ginsburg's Bible..]

GitGraetz, HistGratz, Gesch

Giidemann,)Gesch 1

HHagagHalHamburger, (

R. B. T fHastings, Diet. I

Bible rHebHebrHerzog - Plitt or

\Herzog-Hauck, -;Real-F.ncyc f

Hirsch, Biog. Lex. -.

Hor.Hul.ill.

idemIsr. Letterbode..

JaarboekenJacobs, Sources.,

jJacobs and Wolf, iBibl.Anglo-Jud. I

Jahrb. (jcsch. der (Jud )

Jastrow, Diet -

Jellinek, B. HJew. ChronJew. EncycJew. Hist. Soc. Eng.Jew. WorldJosephus, .\ntJosephus, B. JJosephus,Contra .\p.JoshJost's .\nnalenJonr. Bib. LitJ. 0. RJ. R. A. SJustin, Dial, cum ITryph i'

Kauf mann Ge- (denkbucb 1

Kautzsch, Apo- Ikryphen )

Kavserline, Bibl. (Esp.-Port.-Jud.. i

Kayserling. Die 1Judischen Frau- ,-en )

KerKet

K. H. CJ

KidKilKin

.Epipbanius, Adversus Haereses'Erubin (Talmud)Ersch and Gruber. Allgemeine F.ncyklopadleder Wissenschafteu und Kunste

Esdrasand followingEusebius. Historia EcclesiasticaEwald, Geschichte des Volkes IsraelFrankel, Mebo YenishalmiFurst, Bibiiotheca JudaicaFiirst, Geschichte des Karierthums

Gastei', Bevis Marks Memorial VolumeGeiger, Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der

Bibel in Ihrer Abbangigkeit von der In-neren Entwicklung des Judenthums

Geiger's Jfldische Zeilschrift fur Wissen-schaft und Leben

Geiger's Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift fiirJiidische Tbeologie

GeschichteGesenius, GrammarGesenius, ThesaurusGibbon, History of the Decline and Fall ofthe Roman Empire

Ginsburg's New .Massoretico-Critical Textof the Hebrew Bible

Gittin (Talmud)Graetz, History of the JewsGratz, (ieschichte der JudenGiidemann, Geschichte des Erziebungs-wesens und der Cultur der Al)endlandi-schen Juden

.Holiness CodeHagpaiHagipah (Talmud)Hallah (Talmud)Hamburger, Realencyeken voor de Israeliten in NederlandJacobs, Inquiry into the Sources of Spanish-Jewish History

Jacobs and Wolf, Bibhotheca Anglo-JudaicaJahrbuch fur die (ieschichte der Juden unddes Judenlhiuns

Jastrow, Dictionary of the Targumim, Tal-mudim. and Midrashim

Jellinek, Bet ha-MidnishJewish Chronicle. LondonThe Jewish EncyclopeiliaJewish Historical Society of EnglandJewish World, LondonJosephus, Antiquities of the Jews.Josephus, De Bello Judaico.Josephus, Contra ApionemJoshuaJost's Israelitische AnnalenJournal of Biblical LiteratureJewish Quarterly ReviewJournal of the Royal Asiatic SocietyJustin, Dialogus cum Tryphone JudaeoGedenkbuch zur Erinnerung an David Kauf-mann

Kautzsch, Die .Ajwkryphen und Pseudepi-graphen des Alten Testaments

Kayserling. BibliotecaEspaiiola-Portugueza-Judaica

Kayserling. Die Judischen Frauen in derGeschichte, Literatur und Kunst

Keritot (Talmud)Ketubot (Talmud)Kurzer Hand-Couimentar zum .\lten Testa-ment, ed. Marti

Kiddushin (Talmud).Kil'ayim (Talnmd)Kinuini (Talmud)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Kohut Memorial I, gemltic Studies In Memory of A. KohiitVolume 1 ..,,.,.

Krausii, U'hn- i Krauss, (irlwlilsclii- uml Luuliiisclie l.eliii-^^(irU^ f wiiru-r liii Talmud. Mlilnisi-h. uml Turiiuiri

Kui-niT), kinlcl- 1 Kuenen, Ilisloriscli-Krltische KinU'lluni; In

tiiuK I ilie liililiiT Ui's AlK'ii IVstuiufUis1 Lnrou.sse, (Irand DUtlonniiln- Inlvi-rsel du

Laixtu^ise. Did, XIXe Slt-^-le

l.c In llie pliwe cited. .

-.

Levy, Chal. (Levy. Clmldttisilics W orlciluuli uber dieWOrterl) 1 TarBundiu

. , 1 Lew. N.'Uliebraistlws und Clmldillsihc-sI.evv, Neuliebr.

.' \v;irreil>mh illicr die Taliiiudim und Mlu-Worterb

, rasihimLewysohn, Z. T. . . . Lewysc.hn, ZooloRle des Tulmudg111 lUeriillv j, . ,

,. > Low, Die Lelwnsiilter In diT .Iddlscben I.i-LOw, I.ebensaller,

tenilurI.XX SeptuuKlntna marriedMa'as Ma'iusenit (Talmud)Ma'as. Sh Ma'aser Slieni (TahnudtMace ManabeesMaimonides, Moivli.Malmonliles. Moreb NebukimMalnionldes, Vad . . Maimonides, Yad hu-HazakabMak Makkol iTalmud)Maksb Maksblrln (Talmud

I

Ha.s MasonihMasse ............ .

. J^[;*r,',[,^.^ ,, strone, Cyolopirdla of Blh-McCllntock and ;

,|,.,j, Theoiogieal, and Eeeleslastieal Liter-Strong. Cye ...

, ^,re

Dec Metfillah (Talmiul)MeM.'.' Me'llah ITalmud)Mek MeklltaMen Menaliot (Tahniid)Mid MIddiil (TaluuHl)MIdr MidriLsbMIdr Teh Mldra.* Tebllllm (INalnisiMlk Mlkwa"ot (TalmudlM "K . . . . Mo'ed Kataii (Taluuid)' '.'""..

( MonaU-isctirlft fiir die Gescbiehte und is-Monatssehrift

-, gens,.|,|ift des .ImlenlhunisMortara, Indice. .. .Mortara, Indlie .MfabetieuMuller. KruK-lllst. I. Muller, Kroirmenta Hlstoruorum lineeo

tinel us. i' the llritish Museum

Zelt. liir A.ssvr Zeitschrift fiir As.syrii)logle

Zelt. (iir Hebr. Blbl.Zeli.schrift fiir Hebraisclie Bib iogniphie

Zelllln. Ulhl. P.wt- 1 Zeitlin, Bibliotheca Hebraica I'ost^Mendtls-Mi-ndels f sohniana

zunz (i S Zunz, (iesanimelte SchriftenZun/'

CONTRIRrTOllS TO VOLUME XI

A Cyrus Adler, Ph.D.,President of the .\ii]eriraii Jewish HistoricalSociety; Piesiiient of the Board of Directorsof the Jewish Theological Seminary of .Amer-ica: Assistant Secretary of the !

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME XI

G. Li Oustave Lindner,Astor Liliniry. New York City.

G. Mo Godfrey Morse,I'Diiiisilor iit Law, Boston, Mass.

G. S Gabriel Schwarz, Ph.D.,.Ajmim. Croatia. lliini.'ary.

H. B. E Hannah B. Einstein,l>ri-slik'nt of Emanu-Kl Sisterhood of PersonalService. New Yorli City.

H. C. Henry Cohen,Ralil>i li'ual Israel ConRi^gallon, Galveston,Te.\.

H. Ga H. Galandauer,Uabbi, Suborten. Bolieinia, Austria.

H. G. F H. G. Friedmann, B.A. ,New Yuri; Cily.

H. Gut H. Guttenstein,New York 4_ity.

H. M Henry Malter, Ph.D.,Profe.ssor of Talnnul anil Instructor In Judseo-Arabic Ptillosopby, Hebrew Union College.Cincinnati, Ohio.

H. R Herman Rosenthal,Chief "t the Slavonic Department of the NewYork Public Library, New York City.

H. S Henrietta Szold,Secretary of the Publication Committee of theJewish Publication Society of America, NewYork City.

I. A. H Isaac A. Hourwich, Ph.D.,Kxiieit special .\Kcut lit the Bureau if theCensus. Department nf Cuinnierce and I^bor.Washint'ton, U. C.

I. Be Immanuel Benzinger, Ph. D. ,Professor of old Testament Exegesis, Uni-versity of Berlin. Gennany ; Jerusalem, Pal-estine.

I. Br Isaac BroydS (Offli-e Kditnr).Dixtorof the University of Paris, France ; for-merly Librarian of the Allianre Israelite Uni-verselle, Paris, France; New Y'ork City.

I. Co Israel Cohen,l.iinilon, Kn^Mand.

I. D Israel Davidson, Ph.D.,Instrucliir in Hetirew Literature, Jewish Theo-loj^ical Seminary of .\merica. New York city.

I. G. D I. George Dobsevage,New York City.

I. H Isidore Harris, A.M.,italibi. West London SynaRogue, London,KniXland.

I. L Israel L6vi,Uabbi ; Profes,sor in the Jewish TheologicalSeminary, Paris: Editor of "Revue desEtudes Juives," Paris, France.

I. L'6 Immanuel Low, Ph.D.,Chief Uabbi. Budapest, Hungary.

I. M. C I. M. Casanowicz, Ph.D.,United States National Museum, Washington,1). C.

I. M. P Ira Maurice Price, Ph.D., LL.D.,Professor of Semitic Languages and Litera-ture. University of Chicago. Chicago, 111.

J Joseph Jacobs, B.A.,l-'iirmiTly Presiilent ut the Jewish HistoricalSociety of England ; Corresponding Memberof the lioyal Academy of History, Madrid;New Y^ork City.

J. C. B J. C. Baer,Strelitz, Mecklenburg, Germany.

J. D. E Judah David Eisenstein,.MUlior. .New Ynrk City.

J. F. McL. ..J. F. McLaughlin, M.A., B. D.,Professiir of Oriental Languages and Litera-ture, Victoria College, Toronto, Canada.

J. Go

J. H

J. H. a.

J. H. H.

J. G. L J. G. Lipman, Ph.D.,Asslsliint Agriculturist. New Jersey State Ex-periment Station. New Brunswick, N. J.

Julius Gottlieb, M.A., Ph.D.,New York City.

J. Hessen,Counselor at Law, St. Petersburg, Russia.

..Julius H. Greenstone,Rabbi. Pliilailelphia. Pa.

.Joseph Hermann Hertz,Rabbi. Witwatersr.ind Old Hebrew Congrega-tion, Johannesburg, S. A.

J. Hy J. Hyams,Bombay. India.

J. Ka Jacques Kahn,Rabbi. Paris, France.

J. Leb Joseph Lebovich,Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

J. So Joseph Sohn,Contribuliir to "The New International En-lyclopetlia " : formerly Musical Critic on theNew Y'ork American and Journal" ; NewY'ork City.

J. L. S Joseph Loeb Sossnitz,Rabbi; Lcctun-r un Jewish Ethics, Educa-tional Alliance. New York City.

J. V Jacob Voorsanger, D.D.

,

Professor of .Semitic Languages and Litera-ture, University of California, Berkeley, Cat.;Uiibbi Congregation Emanu-EI, San Fran-cisco, ("al.

J. z. L Jacob Zallel Lauterbach, Ph.D. l.Offlceh^diliir).

Rabbi. New York City.

K Kaufmann Kohler, Ph.D.,Rabbi Emeritus of Temple Beth-El, NewYork ; President of the Hebrew Union Col-lege. Cincinnati. Ohio.

L. B Ludwig Blau, Ph.D.,Professor. Jewish Theological Seminary; Edi-tor of "Magyar ZaiM Szemle"; Budapest,Hungary.

L. G Louis Ginzberg, Ph.D.,l>rnfes.sor of Talmud. Jewish Theological Sem-inary I if,America, New York City.

L. Grii Lazarus Griinhut,Director of Orphan Asylum, Jerusalem, Pales-line.

L. H. G Louis H. Gray, Ph.D.,Assistant Editor of the " orientalische Blblio-graphle"; formerly on the editorial staff of" The New International Encyclopedia "

;

Newark. N. J.

L. H. L Louis H. Levin,Editor of Jewish Comment," Baltimore, Md.

L. Hii L. Hiihner, A.M., LL.B.,Counselor at Law, New Ymk City.

L. K Lesser KnoUer, Ph.D.,Rabbi: Principal of the Bildungsanstalt fOrJudische Lehrer; Hanover. Germany.

.Lewis N. Dembitz, D.H.L.,Counsi'lor at Law. Louisville. Ky.

.Lud'wig 'Venetianer, Ph.D.,Rabbi. 1 j pest. Hungary.

.Max Cohen,Counselor at Law, New York City.

.Meldola de Sola,

Rabbi, Montreal, Canada.

Michael Friedlander, Ph.D.,Principal. Jews^ College. London. England.

..Maurice Fishberg, M.D.,Surgeon to tlie Heth Israel Hospital Dispen-sary: .Medical Examiner t the United StatesHebrew Charities, New York City.

M. Fr M. Franco,Principal, Alliance Isnu^lite Unlverselle

School, Demotica, Rumelia, Turkey.

L. N. D.

L. V

M. Co...

M. deS

M. F

M. Fi...

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME XI

m. K Meyer Kayserling, Ph.D. (ilccccmeil),Lalt* Italilij. liuil:i[-sl. Huni.'ury.

U. Lan Max Landsber^, Fh.D.,liubtii. Beritb Kodesb Congregation, Rorbe.s-ttr. X. y.

M. L. B Moses Lob Bamberg'er, Ph.D.,liiililii ; Lfciiirer in liatiliinir, Jewish Seml-iiiiiy, Wiirzburg, Bavaria, Germany.

M. Lv Mai'c Levi,Si-hletistadt, Alsace, Germany.

M.Mr M. Margel, Ph.D.,liabbi, Pi.zej.'a. Slavonia, Austria.

M. R Max Rosenthal, M.D.,Visiting Physidan, German Dispensary, NewYnrk City.

M. Ri M. Richtmann, Ph.D.,Iliniapest, Hungary.

M. Sc Max Schloessinger, Ph.D.,I-iiirarian and Lecluier ou IJiblical Exegesis,Helirew I'niou College, Cincinnati, Obio.

M. Sel Max Seligrsohn (Office Edilur),D.ntiir I if tbe University of Paris, France;New ^'ork City.

M. W. M . ..Mary W

.Montgomery, Ph.D.

,

.%. \ink City.N. D Newell Dunbar, B.D.,

.\utlinr, .Newark, N. J.

N. E. B. E . N. E. B. Ezra,Sbani:liai, ( bina.

P. Be Philippe Berg-er,I'rotessfir of Hebraic. Chaldaic, and SyriacLanguages and Literature, College de Fninre

:

Member of the Academie des Inscriptions etBelle< I.'itres, Paris, France.

P. Wi Peter Wiernik,Juruali>t, .New York City.

R. N Regina Neisser,.vutbor, Breslau, Silesia, Germany.

S Isidore Singer, Ph.D.,Makaguno EuiiOK, New Yorli City.

S. H S. Hecht, Ph.D.,Rahlii, lini B'rllh Congregation. I.fis An-pi-li-s, Cal.

S. Ho S. HorovitE, Ph.D.,I'n)tes."ur, .Jewlsb Theological Seoilnary, Bres-lau, (ierniany.

S. Hu S. Hurwitz,New York city.

S. Kr Samuel Krauss, Ph.D.,Pnifcssnr, Normal College, Budapest. Hungary.

S. Man S. Mannheimer, B.L.,Instructor, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati,Ohio.

S. Mun Sigmund Miinz, Ph.D.,Vienna. Austria.

S. O Schulim Ochser, Ph.D. (OJHce Editor),Rabbi, New York City.

S. We Samuel Wessel,Rabbi, Sarajevo. Bosnia.

T Crawford Howell Toy, D.D., LL.D.,Professor of Hebrew, Harvard University,Cambr1d':(\ Mass.

T. K Theodor Kroner, Ph.D.,Rabbi. Stuttgart, Wiirttemberg, Germany.

T7. C TJmberto Cassuto,Editor (jf ' La Rivista Israelitica," Florence,Italy.

V. C Vittore Castigllone,Chief Ral)bl. Rome. Italy.

v. E Victor Rousseau Emanuel,New York City-

W. B Wilhelm Bacher, Ph.D.,Professor. Jewish The\

W. N Wilhelm Nowack, Ph.D.,Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Uni-versity of Strasburg, Germany.

W. Wi Wolf Willner, M.A.,Rabbi, Congregation Beth Israel, Meridian.Miss.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XI

N. B.In the following list subjects liki-ly to be sought for under various headings are repeatedunder each heading. Cross-references in this list are to other items in the list, not to articles inthe Encyclopedia.

PAGEAlbo, .Joseph, Page from the First Eilition of tlie " 'Ikkarim " by, Soncino, 1485 465Algiers, Interior of tlie Old Synagogue at 625Alnieniar of the Old Synagogue at Casimir. near Cracow 636America; see Lndi.\napolis; MoNTnE.\L; New YoitK. Philadelphia; San Fua.ncisco. Semitic

>IUSEIM.Amsterdam, Title-Page from a " Tikkun " Printed in 1666 at 221Autokolski, Mark, Statue of Baruch Spinoza by 518Archeology, see Cromlechs; Dolmens; KafrBir'i.m; Mazzebah; Meron; Seals; Sii.oa.m; Solo-

mon; Tomb.Architecture; see Booths; Semitic JlrsEUM ; Solomon; Synagogues; Tabernacle; Tomb.Ark of the Law in the Synagogue at Sarajevo

.59

Arms of the De Sola Family 430Art: see Archeology, Architecture; Scroll of the Law ; Siiofars; Spinoza; Tables of the

Law; Tallit; Typography.

Booths Used During the Feast of Tabernacles, Eighteenth Century 657-659Breastplates for Scrolls of the Law 130, 133, 135I5reslau, Seal of the Head of the Community of Figs. 85, 36 of plate betireen 136-137

California : see San Francisco.Cases for Scrolls of the Law 126, 133Cemetery, The Old Jewish, at Sarajevo 60Ceremonial; see Scroll OK tueLaw; Seder; Siiofars; SimhatTorah; Slaughtering; Stripes;

Tabernacles, Feast of; Tallit.Costume: see Siiacbethai Zebi ; Smyrna; Susskind of Trimberg; Tallit,Cromlechs, Palestinian 556, 557Cups, Silver, of the Sixteenth Century Used at the Seder 145

Dolmens, Palestinian 557 558Dresden, Communal Seal of Fig. 33 of phite l/etireen 136-137

First Editions: Head-Piece Used by the Soucinos in the 1485 Edition of the Earlier Prophets 462Page from Albo's " 'Ikkarim." Soncino, 1485 465Title-Page from Meir Schilf 's " Hiddushe Halakot." Homburg-vor-der-HOhe, 1737 99

Flagellation ; Inflicting Stripes. From seventeenth- and eighteenth-century prints 569, 570Florence, E.xtcrior of the Synagogue at 637

Galicia : see Zoi.kiev.Gernuiny: see Goeppingen; Heidenheim; Landsberg ; Munich ; Nikolsburg ; Reichenberg; Rot-

terdam ; Stuasburg ; Worms.Goeppingen. Plan of the Synagogue at 634

Haggadah, Page from the Mantua, of 1550, Depicting the Seder Ceremonies.folder betireen 142-143

Halberstadt, Communal Seal of. Seventeenth Century Fig. 11 ofplate betireen 136-137Hamburg, Seal of the Portuguese Community of Fig. 1 of plate between 136-137

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XI

PAGEHtiilcnlieiiii. I'lan of the Synagogue at 634Homburg-vor-iler-HOlie, TitlePage from MeVr Scliiff's "Hidduslie Halakot," Printed in 173T at 99

Incunabula : see Soxcrxo.IndiaL-apolis. Plan of the Synagogue at 635Inscription, The Siloam, with Transcription in Modern Hebrew Characters 340

see also Skai.s; Tomhstdne.Italy, see Fi.oiiEXCE; Rome.

Jerusalem, Inteiior of a Synagogue at 626Seals of Various Communities at 139Supposed Stables of Solomon at 437

Johannesburg, South Africa, Synagogue of the Witwatersrand Old Hebrew Congregation at 478

Kafr Bir'im. Palestine, Ruins of an Ancient Synagogue at . 621Karaite Synagogue at Odessa, Russia ti38

Ground Plan of a 636Tallit 677

Knives Used in Slaughtering 256

Landsberg, Plan of Synagogue at 634Lutomirsk, Russia, Exterior of the Wooden Synagogue at 633LulsU, Russia. Exterior of the Synagogue at 633

Manuscripts: see Scroll of the Law; SELii.iAn; SnicxAniM; Sira, Ben, Siyylm: Slave;.Spixoza; SrssKixi) of Tkimbkrg.

Map of Sicily Showing Places Where .lews Resided 326of Spain and Portugal Showing Places Where Jews Resided Before the Expulsion 491of the World Showing Chief Centers of Jewish Population .j34, 535

Mazzcbah, Pheuician .558Medal Established by the Royal Society in Honor of James Sylvester 614

Struck in Conuncmoration of the Sanhedrin Convened by Napoleon, 1807 46with Elligy of Gershom Mendez Seixas 1.59

Meron, Palestine, Ruins of an Ancient Synagogue at 620Metz, Seal of the Community of 136Montreal, Canada, Interior of the Synagogue of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews at 629Munich, Plan of the Synagogue at 635Music: "Selihot " 177-181

"Shahar Abakkeshka" 226"Shema' Koli" 267"Shirah Hadashah " 293, 294"Shofar" 30.5,300' Shofet Kol ha-Arez " 307-310"Shomron Kol Tiiten" :311

Napoleon, Medal Struck in Commemoration of the Sanhedrin Convened by, 1807 46New York. Interior of Shearith Israel Synagogue 627

Main Entrance to Shearith Israel Synagogue 628Main Entrance to Temple Beth-El 627Plan of Temple BethEl 635

Nikolsburg, Plan of the Synagogue at 0.34

Odessa, Russia. Karaite Synagogue at 638

Main Entrance to the Great Synagogue at 632

Palestine: sec Cromlechs; Dolmexs; Jerijsalem; Kafu Bjri.m, Merox; Saxdals, Sheep;SniLOAU; Siloam; To.mbs.

Phenician Mazzcbah 558Philadelphia, Interior of Mik ve Israel Synagogue 629

LIST OF ILLUSTUATIOXS IN VOLUME XI

Plans of Synagogues 6:i, 634-635I'ogrebisliche, Russia, Wooden Synagogue at 631Portraits, see

Samuel, Hakesi Scbwabz, Joseph Sonxenfels, JosephSapmib. Jacob See, Gebjiaix Soxxe.ntiiai,, aiii>i.fSaPHIR, MORIIZ (iOTTLIEB SEIXAS, tiERSHOM ME.VDEZ SPEKTOR, ISAAC EI.HAXAXSasportas. Haiiam Jacob Seliomax. Jkssk Spixoza, Bari i iiSASSOOX. sir albert SHABBETHAI BEX MEIU IIA-KOUEX STEIXSCIIXKIDER, MORITZSassoox, David Shadbethai Zebi Steixthai.. HermaxSCHEXK, Leopold Shxeor. Zalmax Sterx. AbrahamScHiPE. Jacob Hexrt Simox. Sir Joiix Strashix, MatiiiasSchreiber, Moses Simsox, Martix Eoiard vox Stkals, OscarSCHroT, JoHAXX Jakob Sixzheim, Jusepii David Sclzberoer, MavebSCHCLMAX, KALMAX SLOXIMSKI. HAVVIM SELIG SlLZER, SolomoxSchwab. Low Smolexskix, Peter

Portugal. Jlap of Spain and. Showing Places Where Jews Resided Before the E.xpulsion 491Prague. Seal of the Butchers' Gild of. Seventeenth Century Fig. 32 of pUtte beticeen 136-137

Seal Granted to the Community of, by Ferdinand II. in 1C27 Fig. 13 of plate lietiteen 136-137Procession Carrying Palms During the Feast of Tabernacles, Eighteenth Century 661

Beichenberg', Plan of the Synagogue at 633Home, The New Synagogue at 639Rntterdam, Interior of the Old Synagogue at 624Russia: see LiTOMiRSK : Lutsk; Odessa; Pogrebishche; Wilkowiszki; Zakagokoo.

Salonica, Jews of. Doing Penance During the Sliabbethai Zebi Agitation. From a jirint of 1701.. . . 223

Samson b u Samson. Seal of, Thirteenth Century 4Samuel. AlkgeJ Tomb of. at Mizpah

,5

Samuel. Hacem. Indian Communal Worker 16San Francisco. Interior of the Sutter Street Synagogue 36

Mortuary Chapel of the Home of Peace and Hills of Eternity Cemeteries 35The Broadway Synagogue 34

Sandals Used in Palestine 40Sanliedrin. Medal Struck in Commemoration of the. Convened by Napoleon, 1807 46

Meeting of the. Convened by Napoleon, 1807 49Title-Page from the Prayers Recited at the Meeting of the. Convened by Napoleon, 1807 47

Saphir. Jacob. Rabbi and Traveler 51Moritz Gc/itlieb. Hungarian Humorist 51

Sarajevo. Ark of the Law in the Synagogue at .59The Old .Jewish Cemetery at 60The Synagogue at 58

Sasportas. Haham Jacob. English Rabbi and Cabalist 65Sassoon. Sir Albert. Anglo-Indian Merchant 66

David. Indian Merchant 67Tomb of. at Puna, India 68

Scheiik. Leopold, Austrian Embryologist 95ScliilT, Jacob Henry, American Financier and Philanthropist 98

Meir, Title-Page from "Hiddushe Ilalakot," HomburK-vor-der-Hiihe. 1737 99Schreiber, Mi)ses, German Rabbi lUSchudt. Johann Jakob. German Polyhistor and Orientalist 113Schulmau. Kalinan, Russian Author, Historian, and Poet 114Schwab, Low, Moravian Rabbi 116Schwarz, Joseph, Palestinian Geographer 118Scroll of the Law, Binder for 132

Breastplates for 130, 133. 135Ceremonies Accompanying the Presentation of, to a Synagogue 127from China 128from Tatilet, Morocco. 131Metal and Wooden Cases for 126. 133with Crown, Breastplate, and Pointer 129

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XI

PAOESeal of Samson ben Samson, Thirtocnih Century 4

of Spinoza 136Seals, Ancient Hebrew 136

Communal and Private 136, 138, 139 and plate bettceen 136-137with Representation of the Seven-Branched Candlestick, Third Century ... 136

Seder as Observed by Dutch Jews of the Early Eighteenth Century 143Ceremonies. From the ^Mantua Haggadah of ir^W .folder hctirei n 142-143Pish and Device for Holding the Three Mazzot 146Feast. From a medieval manuscript in the British Museum 144

From the Sarajevo Haggadah of the fourteenlli century 146From a seventeenth-century Haggadah 147Ewer and Basin Used at the 145Silver Cups of the Sixteenth Century Used at the 145

See, Germain, French Physician 153Segovia, Remains of the Ancient Synagogue at 156Seixas, Gershom Meudcz, American Rabbi and Patriot 159

Tablet in Shearilh Israel Synagogue, New York, Erected in Memory of 160 Tombstone of, Chatham Square Cemetery, New York 160

Moses, Tombstone of, Newjiort, R. 1 161Scligman, .Icsse, American Banker and Philanthropist 168Selihah, Page from a Fifteenth-Century Manuscript 173"Selihot," Music of 177-181Semitic Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., Exterior of 198Seville, Communal Seal of. Fourteenth Century Fig. 27 ofplate between 136-137

Old .luderia. Street in AVhieh St. 'Shxnw la Blanca Is Situated 310The Golden Tower at. Used as a Residence by .lewish Financiers of the Kings of Castile 309Tombstone of Solomon ben Abraham Found at 208

Shabbethai ben Me'ir ha-Kohen, Russian Talmudist 217Zebi, Pseudo-Messiah. From contemporary portraits 319, 230

Enthroned. From a print of 1666 231in Festive Attire 332Jews of Salonica Doing Penance During the Agitiition of. From a print of 1701 333a Prisoner at Abydos. From a print of 1701 324

" Shahar Abakkeshka," Music of 226Sheep and Shepherd, Palestinian 351

Palestinian, with Cart Supporting Tail 250" Shema' Koli," Music of 267Shetarini, English .lewish, of the Thirteenth Century 286, 287Shields Depicted on the Assyrian Monuments 288Shiloah (Siloam), Fountain of 289"Shirah Hadashah," Music of 293, 294Shneor. Zalman ben Baruch, Leader of Hasidim 299Shofar Calls, Music of 305, 306Shofars, Various Forms of 302. 303"Shofet Kol ha-Arez," Music of 307-310'Shoniron Kol Titten," Music of 311Sicily, Map of, Showing Phu es Where Jews Resided 326Siloam Inscription, with Transcription in Modern Hebrew Characters 340Simeon the Just, Traditional Tomb of .353

ben Yohai, Traditional Tomb of. During a Pilgrimage 361Simhat Torah, Throwing Cakes to Children on 365Simon, Sir John, English Politician 369Simson, Martin Eduard von, German Statesman 376Sinzheim, Joseph David, Rabbi of Strasburg and Member of the Napoleonic Sanhcdiin 386Sira, Ben, Manuscript Fragments from 391, 394Siyyum, Poem Written on the Occasion of a, Italian, Seventeenth Century 401Slaughtering-Knives 256

Y'ards, German Jewish, of the Eighteenth Century 254. 255

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IX VOLUME XI

TAGE

Slave, Marminissioii of a, Dated Cairo, 1087 -JOo

SldiiiinsUi, Hayyini Selii?, Uussian Author aud Scientist 409

Smoleusldu, Peter, Russian Writer "113

Smyrna, Interior of tlie Principal Synagogue at 415

.lewish Girls of 416

Jewish Hawkers of 41

1

.Jewish Porter of 417

Jewish Quarter of 414

Sola, (le, Abraham 432Benjamin 484David de Aaron 433

Family, Arms of the 430

Solomon, Supposed Stables of, at Jerusalem 437

Solomon's House of the Forest of Lebanon 438

Soneino: Head-Piece Used by the Soncinos in the First Edition of the Earlier Prophets, 1485 463

Piigc from the First Edition of Alho's " 'Iljljarim," Printed by Joshua Solomon Soneino in 1485. . 465

Sonnenfels, Joseph, Austrian Jurist and Novelist 468

Sonnenthal, Adolf, Austrian Actor 469

South Africa: see Joiiannesiiuug.Spain, Interior View of St. ]Mariu la Blanca at Toledo 487

Map of. Showing Places Where Jews Resided Before tlic Expulsion 491Spektor, Isaac Elhauan, Russian Rabbi 503

Spinoza, Barucli, Dutch Philosopher. From an unpublished painting by Vaillant, dated 1672. . Fi-oiilispiece

From a miniature iu the possession of the Queen of Holland 513From a statue by Mark Antokolski 518Diagram Illustrating the Metaphysical System of 515Holograph Letter of 521

Residence of, at Rhi j nsburg 514

Seal of 513

Workroom of, at Rhijnsburg 516Stein.schncider, Moritz, Austrian Bibliograplier and Scholar .545

Steinthal, Herman, German Philologist and Philosopher 547

Stern, Abraham, Russian Inventor and Educator 548Stone and Stone- Worship : Palestinian Cromlechs 5.56, 557

Palestinian Dolmens 557, 558Phenician ^Mazzebah 558

Strasburg, Exterior of the Synagogue at 563Interior of the Synagogue at 563

Plan of. Showing the Gate Leading to tlie Jewry. From an early seventeenth-century print. . . . 561Strashun, Mathias. Russian Talmudist 565Straus, Oscar, American Statesman 566Stripes, Inflicting. From Leusden. 1657 .569

in a Dutch Synagogue of the Early Eighteenth Century 570Sulzberger, Mayer, American Jurist 586Sidzer, Solomon, Austrian Cantor 586Sun, Table Showing tlie Times of Sunset for the Entire Year in Various Latitudes. . . .folder between 5^6-59"!SUsskind of Trimberg Before Church Dignitaries. From a thirteenth-century manuscript 605Swaliia, Seal of the Chief Rabbi of, Eighteenlli Century Fig. 2 of jiUUe between 136-137Sylvester, James, Medal Established by the Royal Society in Honor of 614Synagogues: see Ai.gikus; Flouenck; Goki'I'inoen; Heideniieim; Indianapolis; Jehusalem;

JoiiANNESiiuuG ; Kapu Bik'im; Landsueuo; Lutomiusk; Lutsk; Meuon ; Moxtukai. ; Mu-nich; New Youk; NiKOLSBURO ; Odessa; Philadelphia; PoGUEUisnciiE; Rerhenbeug ;Rome; Rotterdam; San Francisco ; Sarajevo; Segovia; S.myrna; Sti(A6BURG; Szegedis;Toledo; Wilkowiszki; Worms; Zaragohod; Zolkiev.

Szegcdin, Stained Glass Windows with Jewish Syndjols iu the Synagogue at 650

Tabernacle, The, as Restored by Ferguson 654as Represented on the Title-Page of "She'elot u-Teshubot," Printed at Venice, 1694 655

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XI

PACETaboriiaclcs, Feast of, as Observed by Putch Jews of the Early Eighteenth C'cntiiry 659

as Observed by German Jews of the Eighteenth Century 058Booth Used on. From a woodcut of 1G95 657

Procession Showing the Carrying of Palms During tlie 661Tables of tlie Law from an Italian Synagogue, Dated 1671 663Tallit, Embroidered : 678

.Jew with. From a fifteenth-century mahzor 677Jew with. From a drawing by Aljihonse Levj- 677

Karaite, and I5ag 677Title-Page from Meir SchilT's " Hiddushe Halakot," Ilomburg-vor-der-IIOlie, 1737 99

from the Prayers Hccited at the Sanlu'drin Convened by Napoleon, Paris, 1807 47from a " Slieelot u-Teshubot," Venice, 1694 655from a "Tikkun," Amsterdam, 1660 231

Toledo, Spain, Interior View of St. Maria la Blanca at. Formerly a Synagogue 487Tomb of David Sassoon, Puna, India 68

Traditional, of Samuel, at Mizpali 5of Simeon the Just 353of Simeon ben Yohai During a Pilgrimage 361

Tombstone of Gershom Mendes Sei.xas in Chatham Square Cemetery, New York 160of Moses Sei.xas at Newport, R. 1 161of Solomon ben Abraham Found at Seville 208

Typography : see Amsterdam ; HoMBuno-von-DER-HoHE ; Soncino ; Venice.

Venice, Title-Page from a " She'elot u-Teshubot," Printed in 1694 at 655

Wilkowiszki, Russia, E.\terior of the Wooden Synagogue at 633Worms, Plan of the Old Synagogue at 634

Zaragorod, Russia, Exterior of the Synagogue at 630Zolkicv, Galicia, Exterior of the Synagogue at 633

CORRIGENDA.

I'iige 332. col. a, for "C. M. H."read "S. Ho." (S. Horovitz) ais the initials of aiitlior of article "Slfra."Pape 3:i3. col. b, tor "C. M. H." read "S. Ho." (S. Horovitz) as t tie initials of author of article "Slfre."Page 3.34, col. b, for " C. M. U." read " S. Ho." (S. Horovitz) as the initials of author of article "' Sifre Zuta.."

THE

Jewish EncyclopediaSAMSON.Biblical Data: One of the judges

of Israel, whose life and acts are recorded in Judgesxiii.-xvi. At a period when Israel was under the

SamsonSamson ben Joseph THE .IEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

arose ami clashiTl against one anolliur so that tlieycould l)c licard for a lilve distauco (Lev. R. viii. 2).

He was so strong tiiat lie could upliftHis I wo mountains and rub tlieni togetluT

Strength, like two clods of oarlli (ili. ; Sotalj 91().yi't liis superhuman strength, like

Goliath's, brought wo >ipon its possessor (Eccl. H.i., end). In licentiousness ho is compared wilh-Vmnon and Ziuiri, both of whom were punished forIheir sins (Lev. R. xxiii. 9). Samson's eyes were putout because he had " followed them " too often (SotahI.e.). When Samson was thirsty (conip. Judges xv.18-19) God caused a well of water to spring from histeeth (Gen. 1{. /.

THE JKWI8H ENCYCLOPEDIA SamsonSamson ben Joseph

comnipnUiry of Abraham ben David of Posquieres(RalJaD). which lie quotes under the desisnation

"sages of Lunel," '"sages of the Pro-His venre," without mentioning the au-

Writings. thor'sname. An inadequate edition ofSamson's commentary, the manuscript

of wliioli is in the Bndk-ian Library at OxfonL waspublislied at Warsaw in 1866. As Samson thereinexplains numerous Pentateuchal passages, it was er-roneously supposed that he had written a commen-tary on the Pentateuch. He wrote also a few litur-gical poems, and sometimes used rime in his letters.Of Samson's father, Abraham, Me'ir Abidafia

speaks as a pious, saintly, and noble man. Samson'sbrother, Isaac of Dampierre (KIBA or RIZBA),called also Isaac the Younger to distinguish himfrom his teacher Isaac the Elder (Isaac ben Samuel),whom be succeeded as principal of the school ofDampierre, is also one of the prominent tosafists.He wrote, too, some liturgical poems and a commen-tary on the Pcntateu(-h He died about 1210. andSamson attended bis funeral. Both brothers arefrequently mentioned in "Or Zarua," " Jlordekai,""Orhot Hayyim." "SeMaG," "Semak," "Sefer ha-Yashar," "Kol Bo," "Shaare Dura," "HaggabotMaimuniyyot," "Terumat ha-Deshen," and similarworks, and by Asher ben .Tehieland Melrof Hothen-burg. In his " Milhamot Adonai " Abraham ben Mai-mon refers to Samson's presence in Acre and to hisattacks on Maimonides (pp. 16, IT). A son of Sam-son. Jacob, WHS buried at the foot of Mount Tabor:a grandson. Solomon, who lived at Acre about1260. was known as a great scholar. The statementof Griitz ("Gesch." vii. 61) that Closes of Coucy wasa brother-in-law of Samson is refuted by Gross (in"R. E. J." vi. 181, and "Gallia .ludaiea/' p. .5.5.5):he was a brother-in-law of Samson of Coucy.Bibliographt: Aziilai, Shrm ha-GeiJnlim. i. 126b, No. 178.Warean-. 1S76: Kfirsi. Bilil. Jwl. in. 273: (iriitz. Uescli. 1sted.. vi. 2.T.3. a(W : vii. 17, 41, -SU ; (iross, Gallia Juilaica. pp.ItVj. IBS. 169. 477, r&l : idem, in li. E. J. vi. ll-18(!. vii. 40-77 ;Hellprin, Sedir Ua-Diiml. i. M\. Warsaw, l.s:i; Michai'l, Orha-Hainiim.So.12^i'. Mielziner. Jntrndurtitni In Ihe TaUnttt'i. p. t)9, Cincinnati. 18114 : Steinscbneider, Cat. Bodt. cols.263St-2(}4-' : WeisB, Dfir. v. 10, 25, SS; Zacuto. Sefer Yiiftasin.ed. Filipowski, p. 21b.r>. S. Man.

SAMSON BEN ELIEZER : German " sofer "(sriilic) oi till- fourteenth century; generallj' calledBaruk she-Amar, fnmi the initial words of theblessing which he delighted to repeat, even in boy-hood, at the early nioniiiig service. He was born inSaxony, but later went with his parents to Prague.Or])lianed when eight years old, he was adopted byR. Iss:i(har. a learned scribe, who taught him towrite Iclillin, mezuzot. and scrolls of the Law. Sam-son appaiently traveled through Austria. Poland,Lusatia. Thuringia. aixl Bavaria, and finally wentto Palestine to study the work of the soferim of theHoly Land, where he found that the majority of thescribes were ignorant of the correct tradition in re-gard to the form of the letters. He endeavored tocorrect this evil in his work "Baruk she-Amar"(Shklov. 1804). which contains a treatise by R. Abra-ham of Sinzheini, a pupil of MeTr of Roihenburg.on the making and writing of tetilliii. together withSamson's own notes from the " Halakot Gedolot.""ScMaG." "Terumah." " Rokeah." and other works.

This same edition, which is poorly edited, likewisecontains the "Otiyyot de-Rabbi 'Akiba" and vari-ous cabalistic notes on the form of the letters.

According to Azulai ("Shem ha-Gedolim," ii.1!>). the name "Baruk sbe-Ainar" became hereditaryin the family : and .loseph Caro in his " Bet Yosef

"

(Orah Hayyim, p. S7) mentions a certain R. IsaacBaruk she-Amar, probably a descendant of Samson.BiBMOr.R.iPHV : ZuDZ. Z. (J. p. 209 ; Stlnsc)iDeider. Cat. Bmll.

col. 2tm.w. li. M. F.

SAMSON BEN ISAAC OF CHINON : FrenchTalmudist: lived at Chinon between 1260 and 1330.In Talmudic literature he is generallj- called afterhis native place, Chinon (Hebr. pj'p). and sometimesby the abbreviation MaHaRShaK. He was a con-temporaiy of Perez Kohen Gerondi, who, as reportedby Isaac ben Shesbet, declared Samson to be thegreatest rabbinical authority of his time (Responsa,No. 157).Samson was the author of the following works:

(1) "Sefer Keritut" (Constantinople, 1.515). a meth-odology of the Talmud divided into five parts:(rt) "Bet Jliddot." treating of the thirteen rules r)fR. Ishmael; (*) "Bet ha Mikdasli." on the rules fordeductions by analogy and conclusions a fortiori:(c) "Netibot 'Olam." cimtainjng explanations of thethirty two rules of R. Eliezer ben Jose ha-Gelili;(d) " Yemot 'Olam," giving the names of the Tau-naim and Amoraim. and setting forth a method fordeciding Detween the contrary opinions of two doc-tors; (

Samson ben SamsonSamuel THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Seal of Samson benSamson.

(lu the British MuMuiii.)

child to marrj- again wiiliiii tliivi' months of hi-rilivoice, was seviTcly crilitizetl by Jacob Tiiin("Sefeilia-Yashar," p. 5)rii(, etl. Berlin, p. l!. S. Max.

SAMTJDA: Old Spanish and Portuguese family,iilriiiilii d fur some generations with the communalaUairs of the London Jewry. The first mendjcr tosettle in England was the idiysician and scientistIsaac de Sequeyra Samuda. In 1728 lie pro-nounced a funeral ciratinn over the grave of HahamDavid Nicto. In the records of Bcvis Marks he isilescribed as "Medico do Real (lolleges de Londres "and '. Socia da Real Socit'ilade."

In the early part of the nineteenth century DavidSamuda founded the firm of David Samuda it Sons,iif Leman street. Goodman's Fields. London. In1T8U he was a member of the Boaril of Deputies.One of his sons, Jacob Samuda, was an opulent[>ondon broker, anil for some yeais was president ofthe Mahamail of Bevis ilarks.Jacob Samuda: English civil engineer; born at

Loriiloii Aug. 24, 1811; died Nov. 12, 1844; de-scribed on Ills tombstone, in th(^ Sephardic ceme-tery. Mile End, London, as "the first Jewish en-gineer": elder son of Abraham Samuda, an Eastand West India mercbaiit of Lnndoii, by his mar-riage with Joy, daughter of II. d'Aguilar of EnfieldChase, Middlesex. On completing his apprentice-ship with John Hague, an engineer, Jacob startedbusiness on liis own account in partnership with his

brother Joseph d'Aguilar; and the firm of .SamuilaBrothers thereafter advanced steadily in wealth andiiiMuence.Samuda ilisplayed considerable inventive geidus,

which led to impoitant discoveries. One of these,the atmosiiherii: railway, received at first with con-siderable opposition, was subsiHiuently adoptetl as ameans of transit by several important companies.The Dublin and Kingstown Railway was the liist torecognize its advantages and to utilize them (Aug.,1842). Sir Robert Peel later recommended its adop-tion to the House of Commons and the Board ofTrade. The first English line formcil was from Kp-soni to London; and later the South Devon Railwayailopteil the principle of the new invention.Another invention of Samuda s was his improve-

ment in marine engines, a type of which he con-structed on a novel jnittern |.os.sessing many advan-tages. In 1843 he contracted to build the "GypsyQueen," an iron boat to bt^ fitted with his improvedengine. On the trial trip, which took jdaceon Nov.12, 1844, Samuda, with six persons who had accom-panied him, met his death through an explosion.BiBLioGRArnY : Vnicr iif Jaciili. Nov. 2!), 1W4.

J. G. L.Joseph d'Ag-uilar Samuda : English civil en-

gineer and politician; l.'orn at London May 21, 1813;died there April 27, ISS.'j; younger son of AbrahamSamuda. He gained his first experience f)f businessin his father's cimnting-house; but in 1832 he leftit to join his elder brother, Jacob Samuda.Joseph and his brother Jacob established them-

selves as marine and general engineers and sjiip-b diders. and their operations were of the most ex-tensive and important character. For the first tenyears of the existence of the firm tlu^y confinedthemselves principally to tht; building of marine en-gines. Then they engaged iu the construction ofrailway lines on the atmospheric principle. In 1843they entered the ship-building business, and fromthat time onward, uolwiihstanding the tragic deathof Jacob in the following year, the firm was uiniiter-ruptcdly engaged in constructing iron steamshipsfor the navy, merchant marine, and passenger andmail services of England as well as of other countries,besiiles royal yachts and river-boats. Many of thesevessels were built under Samuda 's personal superin-tendence.

In 18(50 Sammla helped to establish the Instituteof Naval Architects, of which he was the first treas-urer and subseiiueutly a vice-president, contributingfrequently toils "Transactions." Acoiiple of yearslater he becamea member of the Institution of CivilKngineers, to whose "Proceedings" he likewi.se con-tributed. He was the author of " A Treatise on theAdaptation of Atmospheric Pressure to the Purposesof Locomotion on Railways."Samuda created for himself also an important

parliamentary career. He had been a member ofthe Metropolitan Board of Works from 1800 to ISO.i,and in the latter year he entered Parliament in theLiberal interest for Tavistock. He sat for thatconstituency until 1808. when he was relumed forthe Tower Handets, which he continued to repre-sent until 1880. He then lost his seat owing to thesupport which he gave to Lord Beacousfield's for-

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Samson ben SamsonSamuel

tign policy. While in the House he spoke withmuch authority on all niattcrs connected with hisprofession. Some of his speeches are described as"treasure-houses of technical and political knowl-edge." Having, with his family, seceded from theJewish community, lie was interred in Kensul (IreenCemetery. He married, in 1837, Louisa, daughterof Samuel Halliu of Holloway.

BIBLiOGKAPnv : Jetr. World. May 1, 1885; Celehrilicii of theDau. Julv, ISbl : Diet, of JVndoiiaJ BUigraphjI. s.v.; TlieTimcii (LODdun), April 2S, 1885.J. L H.

SAMTJEL. Biblical Data : Samuel was the sonof Elkanah anil Hannah, of Hainathaim-zo[)liiin, inthe hill-country of Ephraim (I Sam. i. 1). He wasborn while Eli was judge. Devoted to Ynwii infulfilment of a vow made by his mother, who had

times in succession Samuel heard the summons andreported to Eli, by wh

Samuel THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Israel." As u incniorinl of (lie victory Samuel set upa stone between Mizpuh uiui Slien, ciilling it " Eben-ezer" (=r "liitliertu liiilli tlie Lorii h(l]H

THK JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Samuel

In Kabbinical Literature : Samuel was aLi-vitc (Lev. K. xxii. (i) of ilic fiuiiily of Korali(Num. I{. xviii. IT), and was also a Nazarite (Naz.66a). AsacliiM lie wascxtri-mely (lelicate(Hag. 6a).but highly ilevclnped iulellectually. Tlius, when liewas weaned and liioiight by his mother to Sliiloh,he noticed that the priests were most careful thatthe sacriticial victims should be slain by one of theirnuml)er. Samuel, however, declared to the prieststhat even a layman miirht offer sacrifice, whereuponhe was taken before Eli. who asked him the groundsof his statement. Samuel answered : " It is not writ-ten that the priest shall slay the victim, but onlythat he shall bring the blood " (Lev. i. 5; comp. Zeb.32a). Eli acknowledged the validity' of his argu-ment, but declared that Samuel merited the penaltyof death for giving legal decisions in the presence ofa master; and it was only the entreaty of Samuel'smother which saved the child (Ber. 31b). When(lod revealed Himself to Samuel for the iirst timeand called his name, he cautiously answered only"Speak " (I Sam. iii. 10) and not, as Eli commandedhim. "Speak, O God" (Shab. 113b).Samuel was very rich. On his annual journeys

as judge to various cities (comp. I Sam. vii. 16-17)he was accompanied by his entire household, andwould accept hospitality from no one (Ber. 10b; Ned.3Sa). While Moses commanded the people to cometo him that he might declare the Law to them (comp.Ex. .xviii. 14-16), Samuel visited all the cities of theland to spare the people weary journeys to liim

;

and while Samuel was considered equal to Mosesand to Aaron (Ber. 31b; Ta'an. ob), he was favoredabove Moses iu one respect; for the latter wasobliged to go to the Tabernacle to receive a revela-tion from God, whereas God Himself came to Sam-uel to reveal His will to him (Ex. R. xvi. 4). Forten years Samuel judged Israel; but in the tenththe peo])le asked for a king. Samuel anointedSaul; and when the latter was rejected by God.Samuel grieved bitterly and aged prematurely(Ta'an. 5b). Cruel though he was in hewing Agagto ]iieces, yet this was a righteous punishment forthe Amalekite, who had been equall)' barbarous tothe children of Israel (Lam, K. iii. 43).Samuel wrote the books of Judges and Ruth, as

well as those bearing his own name, although thelatter were completed by the seer Gad (B. B. 14b-15a). He died at the age of fifty-two (M. K. 28a).When he was raised from the dead by the witch ofEndor at the request of Saul (comp. I Sam. xxviii.T-19), he was terrified, for he believed that he wassunnnoned to appear before the divine judgment-seat ; he therefore to

Samuel, Books of THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

cist'ly for this ri-ason tlie Book of Chronicles laysstri'ss upipii his Lcvitical desocnt. In cli. iii. 20Sainutl appears as tiie prophet of Ymvil, known assuch from Dan to Heer-sheba. In cli. xix. 18 el seo.Samuel is at the head of prophet bands (dilTerin^from i.\. 1 et seq., wliere these roving bands of"slioiiters" [' nebi'im "] appear to be independentof him) Again, eh. vii., viii., and i.\. represent liimas the theocratic chief of the nation. Ch. vii. 7 elaeq. must l)e lield to be pure fiction, unless it is oneof tlicmany variants of S.aul's victory over the Phi-listines (conip. .xiii. 1 et seq.). Nor is there concord-ance in the conceptions of the rise and nature of themonarchy and the part Samuel played in its found-ing. In i.\.-x. IG Yiiwii le.gitimatizcs the nondiia-tion of the king, but in ch. viii. the view of Deut.xvii. 14 et xeq. predominates. This chapter couldnot have been written before Hos. x. 9, and thereign of Solomon and some of his successors.The fact is, the monarchy developed without the in-tervention of Samuel. Such deeds as those per-formeil at Jabesh caused the peojile to olfer Saul thecrown at Gilgal (xi, 1 et neq.), an act which SaiiuKd,who at first may have welcomed the yoiuig leaderas chief only, expecting him to remain under histutelage, was comiielled to ratify.The story of David's elevation (xvi. 1-13) pre-

sents itself as an offset to that of Saul's (I Sam. x.l"! et neq). the historical kernel in it being the factthat Samuel, disappointed in Saul, transfericd hisfavor to the rival tribe of .ludali, and intrigued tobring about the raising of a counter-king in theyoung freebooter David. Ch. xv. is a propheticapotheosis of Samuel, which rings with the accentsfamiliar in the appeals of Amos, and which makesSamuel a wortliv foreruiuier of Eli.jah. The Lcvit-ical genealogy of I Chron. vi. is not historical.

Btbi.ioi;rapmv : (i uthe. Ge.teli. (fi * VnlkcK Isrtifl, pp. tiw et sc/.,Freiljiirt', 1^99: idem, Bihelwrirterlmrh, Tubiniren and Leip-sii-, lOtB: H. I'. Riiilth. OUl Tcstaminl HiUini. p. 106. New-York. 10(0.

E. O. H.

SAMUEL, BOOKS OF.Biblical Data : Twobooks in the second great division of the canon, the"Nebi'im," or Prophets, and, more s]iecifically,in th(-former of its subdivisions, the "Nebi'im Rishonim,"or Earlier Prophets, following upon .Joshua andJudges; the third and fourth of the historical wri-tings according to the arrangement of the Masoretictext. Originally the two books of Samuel formed asingle book, as did the two books of Kings. In theSepiuagint Samuel and Kings were treated as onecontinuous and complete history of Israel and Ju-dah, and the work was divided into four booksunder the title B/,J/;n Hani/ciuv ("Books of King-doms"). This division was accepted in the Vulgateby Jerome, who changed the name to "Books ofKings." Thence it passed into the editions of theHebrew Bible published by Daniel T5omber,gof Ven-ice in the sixteenth century : and it has since reap-peared in every Hebrew printed edition, though theindividual books retained the captions they had inthe Hebrew manuscripts, viz.. "I Samuel" and "IISamuel " for the first two of the four Kings, and " IKings" and " II Kings " for the last two. But the.Masorah continued to be place(i>/s iinr'the Stori/ of Eli : Birth of Samuel and his dedicatiorto Yiiwtt (i.); Hannah's song (ii. 1-10); Samuel'sservice in the sanctuary (ii. 11-iv. 1).

Tlie Sliiry of the Ark : Loss of the Ark an

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Samuel, Books of

(xiii. 1); war breaks out : the people in distress hidefor their lives (xiii. 2-7a): Said's failure; his rejec-tion at Gilgal (xiii. Tb-l.")); J'hilislines in possessionof the mountains of Epliraini (\iii. 16-18, 23); thepeople

Samuel, Books of THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 10

tween Abneraiul Ish-bnslictb disturbed by suspiciouson the lulter's part (iii. 7-11;; Abiier malies trea-sonable overtures to David, inducing Idm to de-mand his wife Miclial from Isb-boslietli. who takesher away from iter second husband, Palliel, andsends her to David (iii. I'-i-lG); Abuer urges theelders of Israel to go over to David; he himself paysa visit lo liim and promises to deliver over to himall Israel (iii. 17-21); Abuer is treacherously slainby .Joab (iii. 22-30) ; David mourns for Abuer; herefuses to eat until sunset, which pleases the people(iii. 31-39) ; Ish-bosheth is assassinated ; and his headis taken to David, who, however, causes the assas-sins to lie killed (iv. 1-3. 5-12: verse 4 is a glossgiving an account of the escape of Mephiboshcth,,)onathan's son, when live years old, and of his fallfrom the arms of a nurse, which resulted in hislameness).Ihind (tnd Jerusalem: David is made king over

all Israel (v. 1-3); his age and length of reign (v. 4,5); he takes Jerusalem from the Jebusites; conunenton David'sgrowing power (v. 6-10); Hiram of Tyresends materials and workmen and builds David ahouse (v. 11-12); David increases his harem; namesof his sons born in Jerusalem (v. 13-16); war withthe Philistines leading to their defeat (v. 17-2,5).

Meiiioral of t/ie Ark: The Ark is brought on a newcart out of the house of Abinadab, David and theIsraelites playing before it on all sorts of instru-

ments; itsarrivalat the thiashiiig-lioorThe Ark of Naelion ; Uzzah, to save the Ark

Brought to from falling when the o.xcn stumbled,Jerusalem, puts forth his hand, for which act he

is smitten dead (vi. 1-8); David, afraidto remove the Ark to Jerusalem, carries it aside tothe house of Obededom, the Gittite, where it re-mains for three months (vi. 9-12); hearing thatObededom has prospered in consequence, Davidbrings the Ark to Jerusalem, offering sacrifices alongthe way ; David dances before the Ark, which causesMichal to despise him; the Ark is set in the midstof a tent, David offering '"olot" and "shelamira"before Yiiv, ii. and the people receiving a share ofthe sacritieial meal; Michal's censure of David; herreproof and punishment (vi. 13-23).Plans to liirild Temple: Nathan and David; the

prophet recalls that no permanent sanctuary has ex-isted during Israel's history, and bids David desistfrom his plan to build one (vii. 1-12); the prophetpromi.ses that David shall have a successor, whowill be permitted to carry out his (David's) plans(vii. 13-17); David's prayer of thanks for his ownelevation and for the divine promise that his dynastyshall continue to rule (vii. 18-29).

D'ltii CoiH'erriintj Ditrid's Beign: David's wars(viii. 1-6); the spoils of gold and silver vessels dedi-cated to Ynwii (viii. 7-12); other military records(viii. 13-14); D.ivid as a just ruler; details of theadministration and the names of his chief officers(viii. \n-m.

(2) David and His Crown Princes : The Slm-y ofDan'd mill Jonathan's Son: Ziba, a servant, uponDavid's inciuiry. reveals the existence and place ofsojourn of Me|)hibosheth (i.x. 1-.5); David sends forhim. receives him graciously, assigns him Zibafor a body-servant, restores lo him all of Saul's

lands, and accords him a place as a daily guest atthe royal table (ix. 6-lOa); Ziba, his fifteen sons, andtwentj' retainers serve Mephiboshcth and his sonMicha (ix. lOb-13).

The Expeditions Against Ammon and Syria : Thefirst campaign; the provocation: Amnion's kinghaving died. David sends a deputation to presenthis condolence to Ilanun, the son and successor: hisenvoys are grossly insulleil, and are sent back withone half of their beards shaved off. and their clothescut off in the middle, so that they have to wait atJericho until they obtain fresh garments and theirbeards are grown (.X. 1-5); the first battle: Amnionhires Syrian mercenaries, against whom David sendsJoab and an army of mighty men ; with fine strategyJoab and his broilier Abishai defeat the enemy(x. 6-14); the second battle: Hadarezer leads theSyrians, against whom David in person takes thefield, marching to Helam. where he defeats them (x.15-19); war against Ammon is renewed, but David

remains at Jerusalem; lie sins withDavid and Bath-sheba, wife of Uriah the Hittile,Uriah. who is with the army (xi. 1-.")); to

hide his sin David commands Uriah toreturn home, but is foiled in his designs (xi. 6-13);Uriah delivers to Joab a letter from David contain-ing an order to place Uriah in the forefront of thebattle so that he may be killed; this is done, andUriah falls (xi. 14-17); Joab sends a report to David(xi. 18-25); David takes Bath sheba into his house,where she gives birth to the first son born unto himwhile king; Yiiwii is displeased (xi. 26, 27); Na-than's parable: "Thou art the man"; Nathan re-bukes the king; David confesses (xii. 1-1.")); thechild sickens: David fasts; death of the child;David, to the surprise of his servants, now eats; hisexplanation (xii. 16-23); Solomon born of Bathsheba; Nathan gives him the name " Jedidiah " (xii.24-25); Joab calls upon David to join the army leslall the glory of the victory fall to his (Jnab's) name;David captures Rabbah, taking the king'scrown forhimself, and treating the prisoners most cruelly;end of the war (xii. 26-31).

Aninoninid Abmdnni : Amnon, in love with Tamar.the sister of his half-brother Absalom, upon thecounsel of his cousin Jonadab feigns .sickness andsecures his father'sconseiit for Tamar to nurse him;he outrages her, and sends lier off with insults (xiii.1-19); Absalom, seeing her grief, consoles her, takesher to his house and awaits an opportunity to takerevenge (xiii. 20-22): two years later Absalom in-vites the king and his sons to a sheep-shearing feastin Baal-hazor, in which Amnon, after the king'srefusal to attend, takes part ; at the biddin.c of Absa-lom, Amnon is killed at the table (xiii. 23-29a); theking's sons fleeing, David hears that all have beenkilled; Jonadab reassures him, revealing to himAbsalom's plot; Absalom takes refuge with Talmai,King of Geshur, remaining in exile three years (xiii.29b-38); the king yearns for Absalom; Joab's rusein sending for a wise woman from Tekouh, whofeigns to be a widow and to having had an experiencewith her two sons similar to that of the king; ex-tracting a promise from David that the avenger ofblood shall destroy no more, she invokes the promisein Absalom's case: she confesses to be in league

II THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Samuel, Books ot

with Joab (xiii. 39-xiv. 20); Absalom is grantedcomplete iiiimuiiitj' ; Joab is sent to bring him borne

;

Absalom is bidden to stay in his own house withoutseeing tlie king (xiv. 21-24); Absalom's beaut)-; hissons and daiiglitei(xiv. 25-27); Absalom, after livingtwo years in Jerusalem without seeing the king, inorder to force an interview with Joab sets tire to theletter's held; Joab meets Absalom, and at bis bid-ding intercedes in his behalf with David ; Davidpardons Absalom (xiv. 28-33).

Absnlorn'n liebelUoii : Outbreak of the rebellion atHeliron (xv. 1-12); David has to leave Jerusalem

;

iiieideuts of the flight; Ittai; Zadok and tlieArk;Ahitliopliel and Husliai ; Ziba reveals Mephibosheth'spint against David, and is rewarded ; Shimei cursesDavid, wlio, however, will not have him punished(xv. 13-xvi. 14); Ab.salom at Jerusalem; Hushaijoins him; Ahithopliel advises Abs;ilom to seize theharem (in token of his being the ruling sovereign), andasks to be allowed to pursue David ; Hushai counselsthat Ah.sjilom should go out in person at the head ofall Israel; Hushai's advice is followed; Hushaisends to Zadok and Abiathar asking them to warnDavid ; Jonathan and Ahimaaz. the messengers, are.seen by a lad who betrays them, but they are hiddenin a well by a woman, and Absalom can not findthem; they warn David, who passes over the Jor-

dan ; Ahitliophel commits suicide (xvi.David and l.'j-xvii. 23); David at Mahanaim;Absalom. Absalom crosses the Jordan with

Amasa as his general; Shobi. Machir,and Barzillai provide beds and food (xvii. 24-29).

T/ii- Jiallk null Aliniiloiii 's Decl/t: David not allowedto go into battle; he gives orders to deal gentlywith Absalom; the battle in the forest of Ephraim;Absahim is defeated ; he is caught by his hair inthe boughs of an oak while his mule passes fromunder him; Joab, learning of this, takes threedarts and thrusts them into Absalom's heart; thisends the pursuit (xviii. 1-16); glos-ses concerningAbsalom's monument and grave (xviii. 17-18); Joabsends the Cushite to the king; Ahimaa/., after hav-ing been refused by Joab, is allowed to follow theCushite, whom he outruns; Ahimaaz informs theking of the victorj' ; David inquires after Absalom,and receives from Ahimaaz an evasive answer; theCushite arriving, David learns of his son's fate;David's lamentation ( xviii. 19-33); the people mourn,the soldiers entering the city as though thej' hadheen defeated; Joab forces David to show himselfto the people (xix. 1-9); David returns at the solici-tation of the people and the priests; Shimei sup-plicates for pardon; Mephibosheth, whose appear-ance shows grief, pleads that his servant deceivedhim; Ziba and he are told to divide the land ; Bar-zillai invited to live at court; he declines, plead-ing old age, and begging that Chimham may takehis place; jealousv between Judah and Israel (xix.10-44).

S/itht's Uprising and Amasa's Violent Death

:

Slieba instigates a rebellion on the part of Israel(XX. 1-2); David's return to Jerusalem; treatmentof his concut)ines (xx. 3); Amasa, bidden to call theJudeans together, exceeds the prescribed limit ofthree days; Abishai given command to pursueSheba; at the great stone in Gibeon, Amasii meets

them; Joab in full equipment salutes him, andthrusts a sword into his bowels, killing him; kind-ness of a young man to the dying Amasa (xx. 4-13)

;

Sheba besieged in Abel; the wise woman's parleywith Joab to save the city ; Joab a.sks that Sheba bedelivered up, and the woman promises that his headshall be thrown to Joab over the wall; she inducesthe people to kill Sheba, and his head is cast out toJoab; the siege is raised (xx. 14-22); repetition ofviii. l(i-l.s (.\x. 23-21!)

(3) Complementary Appendixes : Famine and the e.v-termination of Saul's house (xxi. 1-14); the fourgiants and their capture (xxi. 15-22); David's songof triumph (xxii.); his last words (xxiii. 1-7); histhirty-three "mighty men" (xxiii. 8-:?9); census(xxiv. 1-9), plague (xxiv. 10-17), and erection of thealtar (xxiv. 18-25).

Critical 'View : Rabbinical tradition assigns toSaniuil the prophet the authorship of ch. i.-xxiv.(his own biography up to his death), while, on thestrength of I Chron. xxix. 29, it credits Gad andNathan with having written the remainder of thebook (I and II forming one book in the Jewishcanon; B. B. 14b, I5a; see Biblic.xi, D.\t.\, above).In so far as tradition recognizes that the books ofSamuel are not by one author, it accords with theconclusions of the critical schools. It is, however,needless to add that modern scholars reject the the-ory of the joint authorship of Samuel, Gad, andNathan. As preserved in the canon, the books ofSamuel are clearly not the work of men contempo-rary with the events chronicled. Behind these doc-uments lie various and conllicting traditions which,

in keeping with the method of earlyComplex Hebrew historiography, the compilerDocumen- has to a certain extent incorporated in

tary his work without making any attemptSources, to harmonize discrepancies. Thus, in

recording liow Saul was chosen king,the first book in ch. ix., x. 1-16, xi. 1-11. 15. xiii..and xiv. 1-46 proceeds on the theorj- that '\'iiwnhad appointed a king over the people in order to lib-erate them from the yoke of the Philistines, com-manding the .seer to anoint young Said, who had cometo him while seeking his father's asses (ix. X^etxeq.).In the war against the Ammonites. Saul jiroveshimself a hero and is chosen king by the people(xi.),after which he leads them against the Philistines(xiii. et neq.). It is for this war that he enlists youngDavid's services (xiv. .52). An altogether differentsequence of events and ideas is unfolded in vii 2 etseq.,\\n.,\. 17-24a, xii.. and XV. Samuel the judge isremembered as having finally and conclusively drivenoff the Philistines. Ungrateful Israel, in order to belike the other peoples, compels Samuel in his oldage to yield to their clamor for a king; and YiiwH.though greatly incensed, at la.st gives His consent(viii., V. 17 et seq.). With due solemnity Samuel re-linquishes the office which he has administered sofaithfully, but reserves for himself the post of cen-sor and counselor, and interceder with Ynwii (xii.).At the first test Saul is discovered to be disobedientand is rejected by Ynwn (xv.).

In the story of David a similar duplication and di-vergence are easily established. In xvi. 14-"23 Davidis called to Saul's court to dispel the king's evil

Samuel, Books ofSamuel ben Abba THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDU 13

moods by playing on tlie harp. Ho is a youug buttik'd warrior, and is at once appointed armor-bearerto the monarch. In cli. xvii. David is a lad who,up lo the time when the story opens, tended hisfather's tlock. He is not inured to war and killsGoliath wit ha stone from his shepherd's sling. Thisfeat of valor attracts to him the attention of Saul,who has hini trained sulisequenlly for a warrior'scareer. Analysis with reference to both the contentand the reliiiious conception thereliy disclosed, andalso to .stylistic and linguistic peculiarities, makes itapparent that the books of Samuel in their presentform are a compilation from various written andoral sources, their last editor being postDeutero-nomic.Undoubtedly, the oldest literary documents are

Davids elegies (on the death of Saul and Jonathan.II Sam. i. 18 et mg. : on Abner, a fragment, II Sam.iii. 33-34). Next in age are those portions which

are assigned to the ".Jerusalem " cycleOldest of stories. This cycle takes its name

Literary from the fact that the scene of theStrata. happenings it purports to describe is

alwa_vs Jerusalem. It gives a historyof David and his house, and is probably the workof a Judeau writing shortly after Solomon (II Sam.V. .i-lfi, vi. 9-20). To the ninth century, and to aJudean, or perhaps a Hen jamite, author, are cred-ited the fragments of Saul's (I Sam. i.\. 1-x. 16, xi..xiii., xiv.jand David's histories (I Sam. xvi. 14-23;xviii. G-ll, 20, 27; xx. 1-3, 11, 18-39; xxiii.-xxv.

;

xxvii.-xxxi. ; II Sam. i.-iv. ; v. 1, 2, 17-2,"); xxl.1.1-2-.J; "axm. 8-39).The story of the Ark (1 Sam. iv. 1-vii. 1) displays

a character of its own; it interrupts the story ofSamiud begun in the preceding chapters; the pun-ishnicni of Eli and his sons, which, according to ch.

iii., might be expected to be the cenStory of mil event, is treated as a mere inci-the Ark. ilent, the wholeof Israel beinginvolved

in the catastrophe. Moreover, thefate of the Ark does not emphasize the misfortuneof Israel nearly as much as it does the triumph ofEloliiui. and the episode seems to have been writtento bring the latter idea into bold relief. In this ac-count the Ark is regarded as a tribal or national pal-lailium, not as a mere case for thetiiblets of the Dec-alogue. This part exhibits the coloring of a situationin wliich a resident of the Northern Kingdom, beforethe cruder conceptions of the Deity had given wayto higher ones, would most likely be interested.For tins reason it has been held to be a fragmentfrom a history of sanctuaries of northern origin.The remaining portions of the book reflect the

views of proplietism. The histories of Saul andSamuel are rewritten from a very rigid, propheticpoint of view (I Sam. i.-iii. ; viii.; x. lT-24; xv.[perhapsl ; xvii. 1-xviii. H [for the most part],12-19. 28-30; xix. [most); .xxi. 2-10; xxii.; xxvi.

;

II Sam. i..(j-IO. 13-l(i). Ch. xv. seems to be plannedto connect the older Said story with this newer pro-phetic reconstruction. It presupposes the details ofthe former (xv. 1, 17 [Saul's anointment] refers toX. 1 ; the phraseology of xv. 19 recalls xiv. 32), hutthe prophetic reconstruction of this chapter ap-pears not to have been known when the old Saul

story was incorporated. Otherwise there wouldhave been no occasion for the elaborate jnstiticationof Samuel's right to couiKsel and command Saul.Still, the point of view is similar to that of the pro-phetic reconstruction. Samuel is the king's superior.He is not the seer, but tlie i)rophet, of the type ofAmos and Hosea. The story emphasizes the teach-ing that obedience is more precious than sacrilice(comp. Jer. vii. 2l-2(i).These various components were probably gath-

ered into one compilation shortly before the Exile.The reilactor (Hd) traces of whose

Supposed hand are found mainly in I Sam. ii.Time of 27-36, vii. 2b-16, xii., and II Sau!. vii..

Redaction, is held to have been under Di-uterono-mic intluences. and thus lo have been

antecedent to the redactor who.se views rellect thoseof the Priestly Code and through whose handsall ofthe historical books passed, though in Samuel lliereare few indications of his revisions, among them theglosses in I Sam. ii. 22b and the introduction of theLevites in I Sam. vi. l;") and II Sam. xv. 24. Addi-tions in loose connection arc noticeable that can notbe classified ; for instance. I Sam. xix. 18-24 and xx.They break the sequence of the nariativc and in-troduce several contiadictions. Oh. xix. 18-24 isan attempt to explain a proverbial idiom ("Saulamong the prophets "), and, as such, is a double to ISam. X. 11. According to ch. xv. S.!, Sanuul neversaw Saul again, but here Saul appears before hiin.Ch. XX., an accoimt of David's flight, is similar toxix. 1-7. Among such additions, gleaned from pop-ular traditions or merely literary embellishments, arereckoned I Sam. xxi. 11-16 and II Sam. ii. 13-16,viii., xxi.-xxiv. The song of Ilaimah (I Sam. ii. 1et seq.), the psalm in II Sam. xxii., and David's " lastwords " (II Sam. xxiii. 1 et se

13 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Saznuelf Books ofSamuel ben Abba

Samuel, while the Ale.xandrinus itself shows tooiiiauy cmenilatious of the Greek after the extantilebrew to be of much aid.

BlBi.ioiiKAPiiv : Textual (ritiii.sm : Friedrlch Bottcher, Xeuekjiilili'ili-Kiilii'ilie Aihniiksi turn A. T. \Xii.\o\. i.; Ju-lius \Vellliau'113t; Hamburg,1092).

BlBi.ionRAPHv: Steinschneider, Cat. Biidl. col. 2403.K. C. S. O.

SAMUEL BEN ABBA ; Palestinian amora ofthe latter half nf ilie thiicl reiitury. Although a pu-pil of Johanan. he did not receive ordination (Yer.Bik. 6.5c). He declined to permit Hela and Jacobto do him honor by rising before him (ih.). Heappears to have been a pupil al.so of R. Assi andZeera. to whom he addressed several halakic ques-tions (Kid. .59b: Yer. M. K. 82d ; Yer. Hag. 76a;Yer. Yeb. 2c: Yer. Naz. .52c; 'Er. 9a: Yoma 47a).He is sometimes confounded with the great Samuel(Tan., Bo, 10; Midr. Teh. to Ps. xix. 4).

BIBLIOGRAPHT: Fnmkel. Afebo, p. 12.ib: Bacher, Ao- Pal.Amur. p. 619.W. B. S. O.

Samuel ben AbbahuSamuel, Baron Denis de THE JEWISH

ENCYCLOPEDIA 14

SAIffUEI. BEN ABBAHU : Babylonian amoraof the fourth otitun . lie- i-nj;ai;

15 THE J i:\VISII ENCYCLOPEDIA Samuel ben AbbahuSamuel, Baron Denis de

(WiiUi accomplish uotliins in tlie face of sucli stead-fiistuess. Tliciu are a few verses liaiided down byditfereiit Aral)iau writers in which Samuel ibn'Ailiya refers to this (lec). who confuses it withSolomon's Temple. It is related of this poet that,being captured together with other Arabs, lie wastaken as a prisoner to the castle at Tainia, at thattime belonging to Samuel's son Shuraih, withouthis captor's knowing that he was in the company.Wailing until Sliuraih was within hearing, A'shabegan to recite a poem extolling the deed of hisfather, and calling on the .son to emulate liis exam-ple by rescuing liim (.V'slia). Shuraih procured tln^poet's relea.se, antl allowed him to depart, first pre-.senling him with a swift camel. Shuraih himself,his brntlier Jarid, and Samuel's grandson Sa'bawere all poets.

Samuel ibn 'Adiya's reputation as a poet restsupon one of the first poems in the collection called

the "Hamasa." It is full of warlikeHis vigor and courage, and manifests a

Poems. highideal of honor. There is nothingin it to distinguish it from the work of

any other Arabian poet ; and it has been doubteduhether Samuel was really its author, as the verse(0), upon which the compiler of the " Hamasa " baseshis ascription to Samuel, is not wholly convincing.Since, however, old, reliable authorities attributeparts of the poem, at any rate, to him, it is prob-able that most of it was written by Samuel. Anotherpoem attributed to him has been published in Arabicand Hebrew, with an English translation, by H.Hirschfeld (".J. Q. K." .xvii. 431-140).

BiRi.ioiJRAPnY : Caussin

Samuel ben EnochSamuel ben Qofni THE JEWISH EX(;YC"L()PEDIA IS

of England ; but early in life he establisheil himselfill business at Uio de Jiuieiro, Brazil. There hesoon ueciuircd liiijli standing as a merehaiit, andattained considerable iuHueiiee at court, enjoyingthe coulideiK'e of some of the highest personages.Through his iiislrumentalily the English were per-mitted ill lS-1 to erect a churcli at Rio, and to en-gage publicly therein the Protestant worship, whichliad previously been forbidden. The letter of thankswritten to him by the leading Protestants at Hiowas read in Parliament in 1(:!48.

After a stay of seventeen years in Brazil. Samuelreturned to London, where he married and spent theremainder of his life. He continued to be held infavor at the Brazilian court, as is evidenced by hisdecoration with the Order of the l{ose. He receivedthe title of baron at a later jieriod from tlu; Portu-guese government, in recognition of eminent serv-ices rendere.K. r. A, Pe.

SAMUEL OF EVBEUX : French tosafist ofthe lliirteeiith century. He is ideiitilied by Gro.sswith Samuel ben Shneor(not ben Yoni-Tob, as givenby Zuiiz in "Z. G." p. 38), whose ex|ilanations ofXazirare cited by Solomon ben .Vdret (Hesponsa, iii.,No. 34o), and whose authority is invoked by .JonahGcroiidi. Samuel directed a rabbinical school atOhatean-Thierry, and had for disciples I{. Hayyim( brother of Aslicr ben Jehiel of Toledo), K. Pc'ic-z, andU. Isaac of Corbeil. He carried on a conespondenceon scientitic subjects with .lehiel of Paris ("OrhotHayyim," i. 110c) and with Nathaniel the Elder(

-Mordekai " on Hul. vii.. No. C81). Samuel's Tal-mudie interpretations are often quoted in the Tosa-fot(l!ezali 14b, 20b, 24b; Kid. 27b, :j'Ja; Ned. !)0b;'All. Zarah OSa; Tem. l!b). From the fact that theauthor of the tosafot to Sotah mentions there thename of Moses of Evreiix as being his brother, itis inferred that these tosafot were written by Samuel.BiRi.KXiRAPiiv : Micliael, Or ha-JJauilint. p. 593, No. 1203;

(in)ss. fJaUia Jut/diV'd. p. 258.K. c. I. Br.

SAMUEL, HAEEM : Lidian communal work-er; born at Alibag, near Bombay, in 1S30; educatedat the Ruliert Jlouey School in Bombay. Samuelentered the service of the government in IH.'jl, andwas ])roinoted lobe second assistant to the inspector-general of ordnance at Puna. He was pensioned in1878. During his period of service' he succeeded ininilucing the government to issue European rates ofbatta to the Beiii-Israel soldiers.

Stimuel founded in ISoS the Bombay Beni-IsraelBenevolent Society, and in 1881 the Israelite HighSchool of the.Vnglo-Jewish Association i 1of London. Of thisschool he has be; nthe honorary presi-dent, secretarj-, andtreasurer for twen-ty-four years. Tosupplement theschool Samuelopc'iied a prayer-hull in 1888, an act

for which be wasexcommunicated bj-the three Beni-Israelsynagogues of Boin-liay. He introducedthe .system of seat-holders and the de-livery of sermons inthe prayer-hall. Owing to his efTorls a building,with a spacious playground, was erected (Nov.,1898) for the school. Samuel published a sketchof the history of the Beni-Israel.

SamiK'l's eldest son, Samuel, who died in 1884,was editor of the periodical "Israel." In 1883 he,with his eldi'st uncle, saved the community from thecoiisei|iieiicesof a blood accusation by explaining tothe cazi of the .Juma Masjid the restrictions placedby the Mosaic law on the eating of blood. He pub-

Uueelii Siiliiuel.

17 TlIE J KWISH EN