1919thth and 20 and 20thth Century history, Century history, politics and culturepolitics and culture

• Hungarian ruleHungarian rule

• World War IWorld War I

• Serbian Serbian DominationDomination

• World War IIWorld War II

• Tito’s CommunismTito’s Communism

• The war for The war for IndependenceIndependence

Catholicism in CroatiaCatholicism in Croatia

Ban JelacicBan Jelacic

Russian Czar and his familyRussian Czar and his family

Fin de Siecle Fin de Siecle into 20th centuryinto 20th century

Austro-Hungarian Austro-Hungarian Empire, Empire,

Franz Josef, EmperorFranz Josef, Emperor

Fin de Siecle into 20th Fin de Siecle into 20th centurycentury

•1895: Students burned the 1895: Students burned the Hungarian flag in ZagrebHungarian flag in Zagreb

•Overseas immigration was very Overseas immigration was very highhigh

•Anti-Hungarian movement revivedAnti-Hungarian movement revived

•Law to establish Hungarian Law to establish Hungarian language on the railroadslanguage on the railroads

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIREAUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE1867 - 19161867 - 1916

Fin de Siecle into 20th centuryFin de Siecle into 20th century Major WritersMajor Writers

• Matos, “Cameo” Matos, “Cameo”

• Kamov, “On Native Ground”Kamov, “On Native Ground”

• Krleza, “The Cricket Beneath the Water Krleza, “The Cricket Beneath the Water Fall”Fall”

• Nazor, “The Goddess” Nazor, “The Goddess”

• Tadijanovic, “An Open Window” Tadijanovic, “An Open Window”

• Ivana Brlic Mazuranic “The Croatian Ivana Brlic Mazuranic “The Croatian Anderson”Anderson”

1914 - 19181914 - 1918

• In 1914 Franz In 1914 Franz Josif’s nephew was Josif’s nephew was killed in Sarajevo killed in Sarajevo Bosnia setting off Bosnia setting off the beginning of the beginning of World War IWorld War I

• . .

• After World War I, many Croatian, After World War I, many Croatian, Slovenian, & Serbian politicians, Slovenian, & Serbian politicians, including Mestrovic emigrated and including Mestrovic emigrated and founded the Yugoslav Committee to founded the Yugoslav Committee to persuade the Entente to prevent persuade the Entente to prevent Italian annexation of parts of Croatia Italian annexation of parts of Croatia as promised in a secret London as promised in a secret London agreementagreement

Emigration of Croats to the Emigration of Croats to the USUS

After World War I, many After World War I, many Croatian, Slovenian, & Croatian, Slovenian, & Serbian politicians, Serbian politicians, including Mestrovic including Mestrovic emigrated and founded emigrated and founded the Yugoslav the Yugoslav Committee to persuade Committee to persuade the Entente to prevent the Entente to prevent Italian annexation of Italian annexation of parts of Croatia as parts of Croatia as promised in a secret promised in a secret London agreement.London agreement.

Bust of Nikola Tesla in Bust of Nikola Tesla in 19391939

1918 - 19411918 - 1941• Attempts were made to unite the Attempts were made to unite the

South Slaves which included in Serbs South Slaves which included in Serbs and Slovenes. They believed they and Slovenes. They believed they could be more successful than their could be more successful than their parentsparents

• The attempt at unification ended in The attempt at unification ended in terrible animosity and bloodshed.terrible animosity and bloodshed.

• In this state of internal turmoil, their In this state of internal turmoil, their neighbors were able to take over.neighbors were able to take over.

THE WAR FOR THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

In 1991, Croatia declared In 1991, Croatia declared independence from Yugoslaviaindependence from YugoslaviaFranko Tudman, PresidentFranko Tudman, President

The War for Independence 1991-1996The War for Independence 1991-1996

• The European Commission urged a 3 The European Commission urged a 3 month moratorium month moratorium

• Serbian forces (from the former Serbian forces (from the former Yugoslav army) held one third of the Yugoslav army) held one third of the country and most of the weaponrycountry and most of the weaponry

• ““Ethnic cleansing” ensued.Ethnic cleansing” ensued.

• By December, several countries By December, several countries recognized Croatia’s independencerecognized Croatia’s independence

• In 1992, a UN Protection force came In 1992, a UN Protection force came in to enforce a cease fire.in to enforce a cease fire.

• The army moved to Bosnia and The army moved to Bosnia and Herzegovia to take over that areaHerzegovia to take over that area

• Croatia joined the UN in May 1992 Croatia joined the UN in May 1992

• The conflict ended with the Dayton The conflict ended with the Dayton Accord in 1995Accord in 1995

Christmas 1991 Slavko MihalicChristmas 1991 Slavko MihalicChristmas eve, silence in the crib.Christmas eve, silence in the crib.If the people were real I would say that in suchIf the people were real I would say that in suchA night a standstill of time is quite natural. OrA night a standstill of time is quite natural. OrThey are all convulsed at the scream of the sirens, of the firstThey are all convulsed at the scream of the sirens, of the firstExplosions of the shells that are falling on the town again.Explosions of the shells that are falling on the town again.But no, these are only pieces of wood carvedBut no, these are only pieces of wood carvedWith the unskilled peasant’s hand: Jesus, Mary, Joseph,With the unskilled peasant’s hand: Jesus, Mary, Joseph,Three Wise Men, shepherds with their kettle, and high upThree Wise Men, shepherds with their kettle, and high upA few angels fastened to the ceiling.A few angels fastened to the ceiling.One could not say of them that they are dyingOne could not say of them that they are dyingOf fear. They are only nobly watching our Of fear. They are only nobly watching our Sorrow, even our inability, the vast emptiness of the roomSorrow, even our inability, the vast emptiness of the roomAround the Christmas tree, the forlornness of the apples,Around the Christmas tree, the forlornness of the apples,Of the figs for which nobody is reaching.Of the figs for which nobody is reaching.I feel that even the candle does not want to light.I feel that even the candle does not want to light.And in this silence, in this stillness, I know wellAnd in this silence, in this stillness, I know wellThat somebody will speak. That some wood in the cribThat somebody will speak. That some wood in the cribWill cry my tears and that there will still be Will cry my tears and that there will still be Christmas tonight.Christmas tonight.