1865-19171865-1917Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

ImperialismImperialism

More interest in World More interest in World AffairsAffairs

Need for new marketsNeed for new markets Fear of need for more resourcesFear of need for more resources American industries abroad…(lower American industries abroad…(lower

wages= more $)wages= more $) Growth of trade = an interest in World Growth of trade = an interest in World

Affairs:Affairs: Some wanted coloniesSome wanted colonies Some wanted world power statusSome wanted world power status Some wanted to teach the American WaySome wanted to teach the American Way

ExpansionismExpansionism

Manifest Destiny still workedManifest Destiny still worked Social Darwinism still appliedSocial Darwinism still applied Now: White Man’s Burden tooNow: White Man’s Burden too Colonies would expand markets; Colonies would expand markets;

stimulate U.S. tradestimulate U.S. trade By 19By 19thth Century: Europe controlled Century: Europe controlled

1/3 of the world1/3 of the world By WWII, 85%By WWII, 85%

Supporting LiteratureSupporting Literature

Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion Romance of the WestRomance of the West Wister, TwainWister, Twain Scholarly: The Turner ThesisScholarly: The Turner Thesis

ImperialismImperialism Mahan Mahan The Influence of Sea Power The Influence of Sea Power

Upon History: Upon History: as our navy grows, so as our navy grows, so does the need for colonies as coaling does the need for colonies as coaling stationsstations

Expansion v ImperialismExpansion v Imperialism

Louisiana Purchase…….AlaskaLouisiana Purchase…….Alaska

Texas annexation…………..HawaiiTexas annexation…………..Hawaii

Mexican American War……Spanish-Am. Mexican American War……Spanish-Am. WarWar

Both: Manifest Destiny & Social Both: Manifest Destiny & Social DarwinismDarwinism

AlaskaAlaska

1867 William Seward (Seward’s Folly)1867 William Seward (Seward’s Folly) Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.5 Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.5

millionmillion 2 cents an acre2 cents an acre

Seal furs, gold, other minerals, oil, Seal furs, gold, other minerals, oil, natural gasnatural gas

Naval bases (later air bases)Naval bases (later air bases) 4949thth State State

Conflict with Britain over Conflict with Britain over AlaskaAlaska

U.S. v Canadian seal huntersU.S. v Canadian seal hunters Both agreed to arbitrateBoth agreed to arbitrate U.S. Lost $500,000 in damagesU.S. Lost $500,000 in damages

Boundary agreement reached before Boundary agreement reached before 1898 gold was found1898 gold was found

Much later int’l restrictions on seal Much later int’l restrictions on seal hunting: U.S., Britain, Russia, Japanhunting: U.S., Britain, Russia, Japan

HawaiiHawaii Late 1700’s…was used by Americans as a Late 1700’s…was used by Americans as a

stop for water and suppliesstop for water and supplies Later: missionaries, traders, shopkeepersLater: missionaries, traders, shopkeepers By mid 19By mid 19thth Century over ½ of native Century over ½ of native

population had died (disease, firearms, population had died (disease, firearms, liqueur)liqueur)

By 1854 U.S. citizens in Hawaii only 5% By 1854 U.S. citizens in Hawaii only 5% of population but controlled most of the of population but controlled most of the landland

Others there: Chinese, Japanese, British, Others there: Chinese, Japanese, British, German, PortugueseGerman, Portuguese

U.S. Agreement with U.S. Agreement with HawaiiHawaii

Treaty of Reciprocity:Treaty of Reciprocity: Hawaiian sugar to the U.S. duty freeHawaiian sugar to the U.S. duty free U.S. could use Pearl Harbor as a naval U.S. could use Pearl Harbor as a naval

basebase Hawaii agreed not to yield its territory Hawaii agreed not to yield its territory

to other countriesto other countries

Hawaiian economy tied to sugar exportsHawaiian economy tied to sugar exports THEN…disaster!...McKinley TariffTHEN…disaster!...McKinley Tariff

Hawaii Hawaii continuedcontinued

McKinley Tariff cost Islands $12 millionMcKinley Tariff cost Islands $12 million American planters in Hawaii passed the American planters in Hawaii passed the

losses on to Hawaiian native laborerslosses on to Hawaiian native laborers

1891 Queen Liliuokalani challenged 1891 Queen Liliuokalani challenged growing American controlgrowing American control

Took power from King Kalakauna who Took power from King Kalakauna who allowed Americans to take the Island allowed Americans to take the Island from Hawaiians from Hawaiians

Hawaii Hawaii continuedcontinued

American planters wanted to be rid of the American planters wanted to be rid of the queenqueen

1893 A Revolution…caused by American 1893 A Revolution…caused by American planters pretended that it was a popular planters pretended that it was a popular revoltrevolt

1898 Leaders of the revolt asked U.S. to 1898 Leaders of the revolt asked U.S. to annex islands (If U.S. owned…no sugar tariff)annex islands (If U.S. owned…no sugar tariff)

Cleveland saw through it and tried to restore Cleveland saw through it and tried to restore the queenthe queen

McKinley agreed to annex the Islands McKinley agreed to annex the Islands

Other Pacific IslandsOther Pacific Islands

By 1900 U.S. had acquired over 50 By 1900 U.S. had acquired over 50 Pacific IslandsPacific Islands

1867 Midway1867 Midway 1898 Wake1898 Wake 1878 Samoa…3000 miles south of 1878 Samoa…3000 miles south of

HawaiiHawaii 1889 Pago Pago: Samoan harbor was shared 1889 Pago Pago: Samoan harbor was shared

in a tripartite with Germany and Britainin a tripartite with Germany and Britain By 1899 U.S. and Germany bought Brits out By 1899 U.S. and Germany bought Brits out

ChinaChina

By 1790’s U.S. had established trade By 1790’s U.S. had established trade with Chinawith China

Missionaries, Schools, hospitals, friendlyMissionaries, Schools, hospitals, friendly 1844 Treaty of Wanghia: Americans 1844 Treaty of Wanghia: Americans

enjoyed special trading privilegesenjoyed special trading privileges Soon, so did everyone elseSoon, so did everyone else Other countries encroaching on Chinese Other countries encroaching on Chinese

Territory…formed Spheres of InfluenceTerritory…formed Spheres of Influence

China China continuedcontinued

China could not defend itselfChina could not defend itself Britain in Hong KongBritain in Hong Kong French in IndochinaFrench in Indochina Russia and Japan in ManchuriaRussia and Japan in Manchuria Also others in China: Portuguese, Also others in China: Portuguese,

Germany, etcGermany, etc

U.S. concerned about tradeU.S. concerned about trade

China China continuedcontinued

Chinese to U.S. to build RailroadsChinese to U.S. to build Railroads

1868 Anson-Burlingame Treaty: to aid in 1868 Anson-Burlingame Treaty: to aid in moving Chinese RR workers to come to moving Chinese RR workers to come to U.S.U.S.

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: No more 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: No more Chinese immigrants to U.S. and the Chinese immigrants to U.S. and the Chinese already in U.S. could not become Chinese already in U.S. could not become naturalized citizensnaturalized citizens

China China continuedcontinued

1894 Japan made war on China1894 Japan made war on China Took FormosaTook Formosa Demanded Korea’s independenceDemanded Korea’s independence

Other countries expanded spheresOther countries expanded spheres U.S. alarmed (trade)U.S. alarmed (trade) John Hay (McKinley’s Sec of State) John Hay (McKinley’s Sec of State)

issued Open Door Notes: Asked all issued Open Door Notes: Asked all countries involved in China to respect countries involved in China to respect Chinese Territorial integrity: the Chinese Territorial integrity: the Open Door Policy…ignoredOpen Door Policy…ignored

China China

Note: Note: The Open Door Policy was a The Open Door Policy was a revolutionary departure from traditional revolutionary departure from traditional U.S. isolationist policyU.S. isolationist policy

1901 Boxer Rebellion: Young Chinese 1901 Boxer Rebellion: Young Chinese formed a secret underground society formed a secret underground society “the Boxers” committed to ousting “the Boxers” committed to ousting foreigners. foreigners.

Killed hundreds of foreigners, destroyed Killed hundreds of foreigners, destroyed much foreign-owned propertymuch foreign-owned property

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

900 foreigners held out waiting for 900 foreigners held out waiting for rescue for 7 weeksrescue for 7 weeks

Herbert Hoover (American self-made Herbert Hoover (American self-made millionaire in China working on a dam millionaire in China working on a dam project. He was an engineer)project. He was an engineer)

International military force who had International military force who had citizens in China invaded and citizens in China invaded and defeated the Boxersdefeated the Boxers

All but U.S. demanded reparations All but U.S. demanded reparations from Chinese governmentfrom Chinese government

JapanJapan

Historically shut off from the rest of the worldHistorically shut off from the rest of the world Isolationist: allowed only one Dutch per year Isolationist: allowed only one Dutch per year

to tradeto trade Emperor did not allow citizens to leave islandsEmperor did not allow citizens to leave islands American wanted trade, Supplies, Fresh waterAmerican wanted trade, Supplies, Fresh water 1854 President Fillmore sent Commodore 1854 President Fillmore sent Commodore

Perry to Japan with guns and gifts to convince Perry to Japan with guns and gifts to convince Japan to open its portsJapan to open its ports

Japan Japan continuedcontinued

Other countries did the sameOther countries did the same Japan immediately modernized its Japan immediately modernized its

navynavy Had no natural resourcesHad no natural resources Went after China (Manchuria…Went after China (Manchuria…

clashed with Russia).clashed with Russia). War with China 1894War with China 1894 War with Russia 1904-05War with Russia 1904-05 1905 Japan defeated Russian Fleet!1905 Japan defeated Russian Fleet!

Japan Japan continuedcontinued

Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth Negotiated by TR…later Nobel Peace PrizeNegotiated by TR…later Nobel Peace Prize Japan wanted: Korea, Russian Sphere of Japan wanted: Korea, Russian Sphere of

influence in China, Sakhalin Island and $influence in China, Sakhalin Island and $ Japan got only Korea and Russian sphere Japan got only Korea and Russian sphere

of influenceof influence Japan Angry…Anti-American riots in TokyoJapan Angry…Anti-American riots in Tokyo American Press “Yellow Peril”American Press “Yellow Peril” San Francisco: segregated Japanese San Francisco: segregated Japanese

children in schoolschildren in schools

Japan Japan continuedcontinued

With TR: 1907 Gentlemen’s AgreementWith TR: 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement U.S. would stop segregating Japanese-U.S. would stop segregating Japanese-

American students if Japan would stop American students if Japan would stop Japanese from coming to U.S.Japanese from coming to U.S.

1908 Root-Takahira Agreement: the 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement: the U.S. and Japan agreed to stay out of U.S. and Japan agreed to stay out of each others’ influence in China each others’ influence in China

Taft in ChinaTaft in China

Violated the Root-Takahira AgreementViolated the Root-Takahira Agreement Agreed to participate with other nations Agreed to participate with other nations

to build a RR across Chinato build a RR across China Japan responded with a surprise: Treaty Japan responded with a surprise: Treaty

with Russiawith Russia U.S. backed out of RR thingU.S. backed out of RR thing Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy: Taft: the U.S. would : Taft: the U.S. would

use political (military) influence to protect use political (military) influence to protect American investments overseas American investments overseas

The Hague 1899 and The Hague 1899 and 19071907

Diplomats from numerous nations Diplomats from numerous nations agreed to discuss means to a lasting agreed to discuss means to a lasting peace:peace: Spend $ on food, not weaponsSpend $ on food, not weapons Encourage arbitration to settle disputesEncourage arbitration to settle disputes Rules of civilized warfare Rules of civilized warfare

Note: These were diplomats, not necessarily Note: These were diplomats, not necessarily heads of state (Germany and Japan and Italy heads of state (Germany and Japan and Italy lacked natural resources and colonies) lacked natural resources and colonies)

AfricaAfrica

1904 U.S. citizen and wife were held for 1904 U.S. citizen and wife were held for ransom by a Moroccan bandit! Razuliransom by a Moroccan bandit! Razuli

France and Germany both in MoroccoFrance and Germany both in Morocco

To avoid U.S presence there, Morocco To avoid U.S presence there, Morocco paid the ransompaid the ransom

Treaty of Algeciras: TR mediated a Treaty of Algeciras: TR mediated a dispute between Germany and France dispute between Germany and France in Moroccoin Morocco