1861-1865Civil War: Causes

• STATES’ RIGHTSThe 10th Amendment to the United States Constitution states that all powers not given to the Congress by the Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) are reserved to the states,

• Because the power to decide issues regarding slavery is not given to the Congress in the Constitution, the southern states felt that it was within their power to determine the issue.

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• NORTHERN STATES agreed with the Federal Government and wanted to abolish slavery.

• Their economy was based on industry and did not rely on slavery.

• Very few families owned slaves.

• The Northern States formed the Union.

Civil War: Causes

Northern States

Northern States

The Union©2012, TESCCC

• SOUTHERN STATES did not agree with the Federal Government.

• They believed in STATES’ RIGHTS (states having the power to govern themselves).

• Their economy was based on agriculture (farming and raising livestock) and relied heavily on slavery.

• Many plantation owners used slaves to work in their homes and fields.

Civil War: Causes

The Confederacy©2012, TESCCC

Civil War: CausesTARIFFS

• The South was producing cotton and selling it to the North as well as to England.

• Northern manufacturers were producing cloth they wanted to sell in the South. However they charged more than England did for those manufactured goods.

• The North wanted a protective tariff placed on imported goods thus raising England’s prices on goods.

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Civil War: CausesTARIFFS (continued)

• Southerners and Northerners both would have to pay more for manufactured goods imported from overseas, which would help sales of products made in the U.S.

• The South protested that the government did not have the right to do this.

• However, the Constitution gives the Congress the power to pass import taxes (export taxes are forbidden), so this was not really a states’ rights issue.

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Political Impact on Texas• PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN,

Throughout the Civil War, developed several plans during to bring the nation back together and to give the enslaved African Americans their freedom.

• The Executive Order known as the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, which freed slaves in the slave-holding Southern states, went into effect January 21, 1863.

Image from: http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/02/abraham_lincoln_j

umped_out_of.html

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• SOUTHERN STATES, including TX, SECEDED (pulled out of) the U. S. in 1861.

• The Southern states formed the CONFEDERACY (states have more power than the Fedederal Gov’t.)

Civil War: Political Impact

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REASONS FOR JOINING CONFEDERACY

• SECTIONALISM - TX supported its "sister slave-holding States.”• Most Texans were originally

from the South and had connections to friends and families there.

• These Texans believed in slavery although most did not own slaves.

• Economically, politically and socially Texans were connected to the South by PEGS.

Civil War: Political Impact

MORE REASONS

• The Federal gov’t. had not been helping Texas prevent Indian attacks, slave-stealing raids, and outlaws in TX.

Civil War: Political Impact

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GOVERNOR• Texas GOVERNOR, SAM

HOUSTON, did not agree with secession from the union and resigned after Texans voted overwhelmingly to secede in February of 1861. (booted out)

Civil War: Political Impact

Image from: http://www.biography.com/people/sam-houston-

9344806

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Civil War: Political Impact

OTHER POLITICAL IMPACTS• Texans fought in many battles in the Civil War on

the Confederate and Union side• CONSCRIPTION ACT (had to join the Confederate

army) - Over 60,000, Texans joined the Confederacy

• This caused the Great Hanging - Those that opposed the Confederate side tried to flee Texas to join the Union side in the North. They were caught by the Confederates and hung for treason

• Many former slaves and Texas immigrants (Germans) were able to fight for the Union.

SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE

Leader of Confederate Hood’s Brigade; Fort Hood TX named after him

Governor of TX in 1861 after Sam Houston resigned

Commander of the 5th Volunteer Calvary Confederate forces in TX

JOHN BELL HOOD

FRANCIS LUBBOCK

THOMAS GREEN

SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE CONTINUED

SIGNIFICANT BATTLES

July 1861 – The Union Navy began to block Texas ports; 1863, Confederate troops convert steamboats to gunships and take back the port

2. September 1863 - Union plans to invade Texas with 5000 troops and attack Houston; Lieutenant Richard Dowling and his men defended Ft. Griffin for a complete victory

BATTLE OF GALVESTON

BATTLE OF SABINE PASS

SIGNIFICANT BATTLES CONTINUED

CIVIL WAR BATTLES - TEXAS

ECONOMIC IMPACT• NORTHERN BLOCKADES cut off food,

supplies, war material to the south • Created shortages of…

• Coffee, Medicine, Clothing, Salt, AND Paper

• TRADE along the Mexican border continued

• DEMAND for cotton was down because of the war, but demand for corn and wheat up due to food shortages

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Economic Impact

• Freed SLAVES left for the North and few were left on the farms to work

• Lower PRODUCTION of agriculture and business due to men being at war

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SOCIAL IMPACT• With so many Texans fighting in

the war, WOMEN AND CHILDREN had to be responsible for the businesses, farms, and homes.

• Many SUFFERED the loss of family members.

• UNION SUPPORTERS were treated with hostility.

• LIFE was difficult in TX. Image found at:

http://welcomebacktopottersville.blogspot.com/2010/07/i-could-just-see-this-now.html

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END OF THE WAR• The war ended in April 1865, but because of Texas’s

location, the news of the war ending did not reach Texas until June 19, 1865.

• The last Civil War battle was in Brownsville, Texas at Palmito Ranch

• The North, or Union forces, had already won the war.

• Confederate General Robert E. Lee had signed the surrender agreement one month before.

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• A week after the end of the Civil War, President LINCOLN was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.

• His successor, President JOHNSON continued on with the process of Reconstruction, or rebuilding the country.

Image found at:http://www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/Library/newsletter.asp?

ID=14&CRLI=91

RECONSTRUCTION: 1863-1874

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IMPACT• Many Texans were not happy about losing the

war because their life had changed drastically• There was a shortage of free labor to farm

their fields.

• There was inadequate production in agriculture and business.

• Transportation was disrupted.

RECONSTRUCTION:

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• MARTIAL LAW – The U.S. military police must come to Texas to help keep peace

• Government removes NATIVE AMERICANS from frontier

RECONSTRUCTION:POLITICAL IMPACT

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• Texas adopted the CONSTITUTION OF 1876

• RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS Texas had to adopt in order to be accepted back into the U.S.• 13th Amendment - forbids slavery• 14th Amendment – citizenship to freed slaves, equal

rights, regardless of race• 15th Amendment – gave black men right to vote

Reconstruction: Political Impact

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• There was a great increase in…

• TENANT FARMING – people live on and farm land owned by a landlord increased

• SHARECROPPING – people farming another man’s land for a share of the profit increased

Reconstruction:ECONOMIC IMPACT

Image from: http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org//face/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-4585©2012, TESCCC

Reconstruction: Economic Impact

• Expanded the RAILROAD

• CATTLE INDUSTRY boomed

• This led to an increase in PEOPLE moving to TX

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Reconstruction: SOCIAL IMPACT

• FREEDMEN’S BUREAU was established in 1865 by the Federal Government to provide the following for freed slaves:• Food, Shelter, and Medicine • Opened the 1st schools for African Americans in

TX, which were in operation for whites for over 100 years

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Reconstruction: Social Impact

• On June 19, 1865, General Gordon Granger arrived in Texas in Galveston Bay with 2,000 federal troops announcing and enforcing the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.

Juneteenth celebration Austin, Texas 1900Image taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth

• June 19th became known as JUNETEENTH, which became a celebration of slaves being set free.

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BLACK CODES• Because some did not agree with the new laws of

the U.S., some states passed JIM CROW LAWS to enforce segregation (separating races).

• It became illegal for Black Texans and sometimes Hispanic Texans to …• eat in the same restaurants• stay in the same hotel• attend the same schools• be treated in the same hospital as the Anglo Texans

Reconstruction:

Social Impact

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• The KU KLUX KLAN was a group that was formed to force segregation and to keep African Americans from taking part in politics.

• This was a time of great conflict, as Texans made their way through a new era.

Reconstruction: Social Impact

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