13 Jean Watson

8/12/2019 13 Jean Watson

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GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF

NURSING AHMEDABAD

SUB:- ADVANCED NURSING

PRACTICE

TOPIC: JEAN WATSONS THEORYOF NURSING

SUBMITTED TO :

MRS. MINAXI D. PATEL

LECTURER SR. SCALE CL-I

GOVT. COLLEGE OF NURSING

AHMEDABAD

SUBMITTED BY:

MUKESHKUMAR P.TANK

F. Y. M.Sc. NURSING

YEAR 20 -20 !


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Jean Watson's Philosophy and theory ofNursing

Introduction

Born: West Virginia Educated: BSN, University of Colorado, 1964, S, University of Colorado,

1966, !"#, University of Colorado, 19$%

#istinguis"ed !rofessor of Nursing and endo&ed C"air in Caring Science att"e University of Colorado 'ealt" Sciences Center(

)ello& of t"e *+erican *cade+y of Nursing(

!reviously, #ean of Nursing at t"e University 'ealt" Sciences Center and!resident of t"e National eague for Nursing

#r( Watson "as earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing and -syc"iatric.+ental "ealt" nursing and !"# in educational -syc"ology andcounselling(

&idely -u/lis"ed aut"or and reci-ient of several a&ards and "onors,.international 0ellogg )ello&s"i- in *ustralia, )ul/rig"t esearc" *&ard inS&eden and si2 36 'onorary #octoral #egrees, including % 5nternational'onorary #octorates 3S&eden, United 0ingdo+, ue/ec, Canada (

'er researc" "as /een in t"e area of "u+an caring and loss(

7"e foundation of 8ean Watson s t"eory of nursing &as -u/lis"ed in 19$9 innursing: 7"e -"iloso-"y and science of caring;

5n 19


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! Caring consists of carative factors t"at result in t"e satisfaction of certain"u+an needs(

" Effective caring -ro+otes "ealt" and individual or fa+ily gro&t"(

# Caring res-onses acce-t -erson not only as "e or s"e is no& /ut as &"at "e ors"e +ay /eco+e(

$ * caring environ+ent is one t"at offers t"e develo-+ent of -otential &"ileallo&ing t"e -erson to c"oose t"e /est action for "i+self or "erself at a given

-oint in ti+e(

% Caring is +ore "ealt"ogenic; t"an is curing( * science of caring isco+-le+entary to t"e science of curing(

& 7"e -ractice of caring is central to nursing(

The ten primary carative factors

1( 7"e for+ation of a "u+anistic. altruistic syste+ of values(>( 7"e installation of fait"."o-e(

%( 7"e cultivation of sensitivity to one s self and to ot"ers(

4( 7"e develo-+ent of a "el-ing.trust relations"i-

?( 7"e -ro+otion and acce-tance of t"e e2-ression of -ositive and negativefeelings(

6( 7"e syste+atic use of t"e scientific -ro/le+.solving +et"od for decision+a=ing

$( 7"e -ro+otion of inter-ersonal teac"ing.learning(

( 5nstilling@ena/ling )ait" 'o-e( >( Being aut"entically -resent to@ ena/ling

@sustaining@"onouring dee- /elief syste+ andsu/ ective &orld of self@ot"er(


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%( Cultivation of Sensitivity to one s selfand ot"er(

%( Cultivating of one s o&n s-iritual -racticesFdee-ening self. a&areness, going /eyond egoself;(

4( #evelo-+ent of "el-ing.trusting,"u+an caring relations"i-(

4( #evelo-ing and sustaining a "el-ing.trusting, aut"entic caring relations"i-(

?( !ro+otion and acce-tance ofe2-ression of -ositive and negativefeelings(

?( Being -resent to, and su--ortive of, t"ee2-ression of -ositive and negative feelings asa connection &it" dee-er s-irit of self and t"eone./eing.cared.for(

6( Syste+atic use of scientific 3creative4 -ro/le+. solving caring -rocess(

6( Creatively using -resence of self and all&ays of =no&ing@+ulti-le &ays of Being@doing as -art of t"e caring -rocessFengaging in artistry of caring."ealing

-ractices(

$( !ro+otion of trans-ersonal

teac"ing.learning(

$( Engaging in genuine teac"ing.learning

e2-eriences t"at attend to &"ole -erson, t"eir+eaningF atte+-ting to stay &it"in ot"er sfra+e of reference(


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5s essential to /ot" t"e carative and t"e curative -rocesses( W"en +odern science "as not"ing furt"er to offer t"e -erson, t"e nurse can

continue to use fait"."o-e to -rovide a sense of &ell./eing t"roug" /eliefs&"ic" are +eaningful to t"e individual(

" Cultivation of sensitivity to one.s self and to others

E2-lores t"e need of t"e nurse to /egin to feel an e+otion as it -resents itself( #evelo-+ent of one s o&n feeling is needed to interact genuinely and

sensitively &it" ot"ers(

Striving to /eco+e sensitive, +a=es t"e nurse +ore aut"entic, &"ic"encourages self.gro&t" and self.actualiHation, in /ot" t"e nurse and t"ose &it"&"o+ t"e nurse interacts(

7"e nurses -ro+ote "ealt" and "ig"er level functioning only &"en t"ey for+ -erson to -erson relations"i-(

# /sta0lishing a helping-trust relationship

Strongest tool is t"e +ode of co++unication, &"ic" esta/lis"es ra--ort andcaring(

S"e "as defined t"e c"aracteristics needed to in t"e "el-ing.trust relations"i-(7"ese are:

o Congruence 3si+ilarity

o Empathy

o Warmth

Co++unication includes ver/al, nonver/al and listening in a +anner &"ic"connotes e+-at"etic understanding(

$ The e+pression of feelings* 0oth positive and negative

)eelings alter t"oug"ts and /e"avior, and t"ey need to /e considered andallo&ed for in a caring relations"i-;(

*&areness of t"e feelings "el-s to understand t"e /e"avior it engenders(

% The systematic use of the scientific pro0lem-solving method for decisionma ing

*ccording to Watson, t"e scientific -ro/le+. solving +et"od is t"e only+et"od t"at allo&s for control and -rediction, and t"at -er+its self.correction(

S"e also values t"e relative nature of nursing and su--orts t"e need to e2a+ineand develo- t"e ot"er +et"ods of =no&ing to -rovide an "olistic -ers-ective(

7"e science of caring s"ould not /e al&ays neutral and o/ ective(


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& Promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning

7"e caring nurse +ust focus on t"e learning -rocess as +uc" as t"e teac"ing -rocess(

Understanding t"e -erson s -erce-tion of t"e situation assist t"e nurse to -re-are a cognitive -lan

2 Provision for a supportive* protective and ,or corrective mental* physical*socio-cultural and spiritual environment

Watson divides t"ese into eternal and internal varia/les, &"ic" t"e nurse+ani-ulates in order to -rovide su--ort and -rotection for t"e -erson s +entaland -"ysical &ell./eing(

7"e e2ternal and internal environ+ents are interde-endent(

Watson suggests t"at t"e nurse also +ust -rovide co+fort, -rivacy and safetyas a -art of t"is carative factor(

3 4ssistance 5ith the gratification of human needs

5t is grounded in a "ierarc"y of need si+ilar to t"at of t"e aslo& s( S"e "as created a "ierarc"y &"ic" s"e /elieves is relevant to t"e science ofcaring in nursing(

*ccording to "er eac" need is eDually i+-ortant for Duality nursing care andt"e -ro+otion of o-ti+al "ealt"(

*ll t"e needs deserve to /e attended to and valued

Watson.s ordering of needs

o&er order needs 3/io-"ysical needso The need for food and fluid

o The need for elimination

o The need for ventilation

o&er order needs 3-syc"o-"ysical needs

o The need for activity-inactivity

o The need for sexuality

Watson s ordering of needs


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o Higher order needs (psychosocial needs)

o The need for achievement

o The need for affiliation

o Higher order need (intrapersonal-interpersonal need)

o The need for self-actualization

esearc" findings "ave esta/lis"ed a correlation /et&een e+otional distressand illness( *ccording to Watson, t"e current t"in=ing of "olistic caree+-"asiHes t"at:

o Factors of the etiological component interact and produce changethrough complex neuro-physiological and neuro-chemical path ays

o Each psychological function has a physiological correlate

o Each physiological component has a psychological correlate

1( 4llo5ance for e+istential-phenomenological forces

!"eno+enology is a &ay of understanding -eo-le fro+ t"e &ay t"ings a--earto t"e+, fro+ t"eir fra+e of reference(

E2istential -syc"ology is t"e study of "u+an e2istence using -"eno+enological analysis(

7"is factor "el-s t"e nurse to reconcile and +ediate t"e incongruity of vie&ingt"e -erson "olistically &"ile at t"e sa+e ti+e attending to t"e "ierarc"icalordering of needs(

7"us t"e nurse assists t"e -erson to find t"e strengt" or courage to confront lifeor deat"(

Watson.s theory and the four major concepts

1 6uman 0eing

S"e ado-ts a vie& of t"e "u+an /eing as: I(( a valued -erson in and of "i+or "erself to /e cared for, res-ected, nurtured, understood and assistedF ingeneral a -"iloso-"ical vie& of a -erson as a fully functional integrated self(

'e, "u+an is vie&ed as greater t"an and different fro+, t"e su+ of "is or "er -arts;(

! 6ealth


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Watson /elieves t"at t"ere are ot"er factors t"at are needed to /e included int"e W'G definition of "ealt"( S"e adds t"e follo&ing t"ree ele+ents:

* "ig" level of overall -"ysical, +ental and social functioning

* general ada-tive.+aintenance level of daily functioning

7"e a/sence of illness 3or t"e -resence of efforts t"at leads its a/sence 7

" /nvironment,society

*ccording to Watson caring 3and nursing "as e2isted in every society( *caring attitude is not trans+itted fro+ generation to generation( 5t istrans+itted /y t"e culture of t"e -rofession as a uniDue &ay of co-ing &it" itsenviron+ent

# Nursing

*ccording to Watson 8nursing is concerned &it" -ro+oting "ealt", -reventingillness, caring for t"e sic= and restoring "ealt";(

5t focuses on "ealt" -ro+otion and treat+ent of disease( S"e /elieves t"at"olistic "ealt" care is central to t"e -ractice of caring in nursing(

S"e defines nursing asI(( 8* "u+an science of -ersons and "u+an "ealt".illness e2-eriences t"at are +ediated /y -rofessional, -ersonal, scientific,est"etic and et"ical "u+an transactions;(


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Watson.s theory and nursing process

Watson -oints out t"at nursing -rocess contains t"e sa+e ste-s as t"e scientificresearc" -rocess( 7"ey /ot" try to solve a -ro/le+( Bot" -rovide a fra+e&or=for decision +a=ing( Watson ela/orates t"e t&o -rocesses as:

1 4ssessment

5nvolves o/servation, identification and revie& of t"e -ro/le+F use ofa--lica/le =no&ledge in literature(

*lso includes conce-tual =no&ledge for t"e for+ulation and conce-tualiHationof fra+e&or=(

5ncludes t"e for+ulation of "y-ot"esisF defining varia/les t"at &ill /ee2a+ined in solving t"e -ro/le+(

! Plan


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Watson s &or= is logical in t"at t"e factors are /ased on /road assu+-tions&"ic" -rovide a su--ortive fra+e&or=(

Wit" t"ese carative factors s"e delineates nursing fro+ ot"er -rofessions

7"ese carative factors are logically derived fro+ t"e assu+-tions and related to

"is "ierarc"y of needs(

Theories should 0e relatively simple yet generali9a0le

7"e t"eory is relatively si+-le as it does not use t"eories fro+ ot"er disci-linest"at are fa+iliar to nursing(

7"e t"eory is si+-le relatively /ut t"e fact t"at it de.e+-"asiHes t"e -at"o-"ysiological for t"e -syc"osocial di+inis"es its a/ility to /egeneraliHa/le(

S"e discusses t"is in t"e -reface of "er /oo= &"en s"e s-ea=s of t"e tri+; andt"e core; of nursing(

S"e defines tri+ as t"e clinical focus, t"e -rocedure and t"e tec"niDues(

7"e core of t"e nursing is t"at &"ic" is intrinsic to t"e nurse.client interactiont"at -roduces a t"era-eutic result( Core +ec"anis+s are t"e carative factors(

Theories can 0e the 0asis for hypotheses that can 0e tested

Watson s t"eory is /ased on -"eno+enological studies t"at generally as=Duestions rat"er t"an state "y-ot"eses( 5ts -ur-ose is to descri/e t"e

-"eno+ena, to analyHe and to gain an understanding( 7"eories contri/ute to and assist in increasing t"e general /ody &it"in t"e

disci-line t"roug" researc" i+-le+ented to validate t"e+

*ccording to Watson t"e /est +et"od to test t"is t"eory is t"roug" field study(

*n e2a+-le is "er &or= in t"e area of loss and caring t"at too= -lace inCundeelee, Western *ustralia and involved a tri/e of a/origines(

Theories can 0e utili9ed 0y practitioners to guide and improve their practice

Watson s &or= can /e used to guide and i+-rove -ractice( 5t can -rovide t"e nurse &it" t"e +ost satisfying as-ects of -ractice and can

-rovide t"e client &it" t"e "olistic care so necessary for "u+an gro&t" anddevelo-+ent(

7"eories +ust /e consistent &it" ot"er validated t"eories, la&s and -rinci-les /ut &ill leave o-en unans&ered Duestions t"at need to /e investigated

Watson s &or= is su--orted /y t"e t"eoretical &or= of nu+erous "u+anists, -"iloso-"ers, develo-+entalists and -syc"ologists(


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S"e clearly designates t"e t"eories of stress, develo-+ent, co++unication,teac"ing.learning, "u+anistic -syc"ology and e2istential -"eno+enology&"ic" -rovide t"e foundation for t"e science of caring(

:trengths

Besides assisting in -roviding t"e Duality of care t"at client oug"t to receive, italso -rovides t"e soul satisfying care for &"ic" +any nurses enter t"e

-rofession(*s t"e science of caring ranges fro+ t"e /io-"ysical t"roug" t"e intra-ersonal,eac" nurse /eco+es an active co-artici-ant in t"e client s struggle to&ardsself.actualiHation(

7"e client is -laced in t"e conte2t of t"e fa+ily, t"e co++unity and t"eculture(

5t -laces t"e client as t"e focus of -ractice rat"er t"an t"e tec"nology(

;imitations

Jiven t"e acuity of illness t"at leads to "os-italiHation, t"e s"ort lengt" stay,and t"e increasing co+-le2 tec"nology, suc" Duality of care +ay /e dee+edi+-ossi/le to give in t"e "os-ital(

W"ile Watson ac=no&ledges t"e need for /io-"ysical /ase to nursing, t"is areareceives little attention in "er &ritings(

7"e ten caratiive factors -ri+arily delineate t"e -syc"osocial needs of t"e -erson(

W"ile t"e carative factors "ave a sound foundation /ased on ot"er disci-lines,t"ey need furt"er researc" in nursing to de+onstrate t"eir a--lication to

-ractice(


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artin, ( S( 31991 ( Using Watson s t"eory to e2-lore t"e di+ensions of adult -olycystic =idney disease( *NN* 8ournal, 1AAA ( 7"e lived e2-erience of using Watson s actualcaring occasions to treat de-ressed &o+en( 8ournal of 'olistic Nursing, 1 ,

!-1>9.14> artin, ( S( 31991 ( Using Watson s t"eory to e2-lore t"e di+ensions of adult

-olycystic =idney disease( *NN* 8ournal, 1


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Watson defines interactions or 8caring moments> as follo5s=7"e nurse and -atient +a=e contact(7"e nurse enters t"e -atient s roo+,; a feeling of e2-ectation is created(;

Watson 0elieves that through the nurse.s attitude and competence ,

a -atient s &orld can /eco+e:. arger or s+aller . Brig"ter or dra/. ic" or dull. 7"reatening or secure

Watson also /elieves t"ese +o+ents transfor+ /ot" t"e -atient and nurse and t"at t"ey arelin=ed toget"er(

AA1 7"e *rt Science Gf Nursing Care 4t" ed(!"iladel-"ia, i--incott(

6( !otter * !atricia, !erry J *nne 3199> )unda+entals Gf Nursing Conce-ts!rocess !ractice %rd ed( ondon os/y Lear Boo=(

$( Vande+ar= ( ( *&areness of self e2-anding consciousness: using Nursing t"eories to -re-are nurse t"era-ists ent 'ealt" Nurs( >AA6 8ulF>$36 : !- 6A?.1?

AA68ulF193% : !- >>?

9( C"eng L( Using 0ingKs Joal *ttain+ent 7"eory to facilitate drugco+-liance in a -syc"iatric -atient( 'u i Ma M"i( >AA6 8unF?%3% :!-9A.$(

1A(#elaune SC,( adner !0, )unda+ental of nursing, standard and -ractice, >ndedition, 7"o+son, NL, >AA>(


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