12_Tunnel and underpass lightin

Philips indoor & outdoor luminaires catalog Inspire your lighting experience 12.1

Tunnel and underpass lighting

Tunnel lighting offers its own set of challengesand requires not only specialist products butalso the proven experience to implement it.Philips Lighting offers you both. In addition toour modular ranges of purpose designed luminaires we can advise on how to light byday, when to light and how much to light.


What you ought to know about tunnel lightingFor smooth traffic flow, in bright daylight and total darkness, and in allweather conditions, tunnel lighting should be such that the driverssense of safety and comfort is not diminished compared with theexperience on the open approach road.This means that driversshould have adequate visual information concerning the behaviour ofother road users, the course of the road ahead and the presence ofany obstacles in the tunnel entrance, to be able to react in time with-in a safe stopping distance (SSD). Guidelines for tunnel lightingaccording to CIE 88 can be found in document CIE 88-1990 “Guidefor the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses”.

When to light by dayBeing adapted to the relatively high luminance outside, drivers willnot be able to see details in a long tunnel, which appears onapproach as a ‘black hole’. For a short tunnel details may be visible innegative contrast when the tunnel appears as a dark frame around abright background.The decision whether a tunnel or underpass has to be lit during theday depends on the length of the tunnel, the visibility of the exit, theamount of natural light in the tunnel and the traffic density.A guideline in this decision is offered by the CIE.

How to light by dayGood tunnel lighting takes care of good visibility conditions for theroad users; this requires lighting levels that are matched with theadaptation level of the users’ eyes.As this adaptation level gradually changes while travelling through thetunnel for lighting purposes the tunnel can be divided lengthwise intofive zones: the access, threshold, transition, interior and exit zone (Fig. 1).


Philips indoor & outdoor luminaires catalog Inspire your lighting experience 12.312.2 Inspire your lighting experience Philips indoor & outdoor luminaires catalog

The access zoneThe access zone is not a part of the tunnel itself, but the approachroad immediately before the tunnel entrance, from where drivers needto be able to see and stop in front of obstacles in the tunnel.Thelength of the access zone is consequently equal to the safe stoppingdistance (SSD).The maximum light adaptation condition of the drivers’ vision in thiszone, determines the luminance in the threshold zone at the beginningof the tunnel.CIE defines the adaptation state as L20, the average luminance in aconical field of view of 2 x 10° centred in the tunnel opening at thesafe stopping distance from the entrance.L20 measurements and recordings for the access zone over a longperiod are the most solid basis for the entrance lighting design (Fig. 2).

The threshold zoneSatisfying all the relevant IEC lamp standards, a broad selection ofelectromagnetic control gear is offered.This programme embraces,among other things, ballasts for ignitor systems such as the semi-parallel(impulser) and series (superimposed) versions.What is more,high-quality HID-HighPower ballasts are available for wattage ratingsof 1000 W and above.

Transition zoneIn the transition zone the lighting level is gradually reduced towards thelevel as required in the interior zone (Fig. 3).The reduction speed isrelated to the adaptation speed of the eyes and thus time dependent.The reduction steps should not exceed a ratio of 3:1.

EntranceL20 Exit

Access zoneTransition

zone

Interior zoneTreshold zone

Exitzone

Lth

Ltr Lint

Lexit

Lsky

Lsurrounding

Lroad

20°cone

L20 ≈ γ Lsky + ρLroad+ εLsurrounding (See CIE 88)

Save stoppingdistance

Ltrans = Lth (1.9 + t)-1.4

Linterior

threshold zone Transition zones

Time

Interior zone

%L20

Interior zoneIn the interior zone, which is often the longest section of the tunnel, therequired lighting levels are related to traffic speed and traffic density asshown in Table 2.

Exit zoneVisual adaptation from low to high level takes place instantaneously, butthere are other reasons for installing an increased lighting level in theexit zone:1 to make small cars following behind large lorries visible when thedaylight at the exit is glaringly bright,2 to make following cars visible in the rear-view mirror of a car leavingthe tunnel and3 to convert the exit into an entrance (at reduced speed) in case of anemergency or for maintenance.

Emergency lightingEmergency lighting is normally part of the night-time lighting, but is fedfrom an uninterrupted power supply.

Fig. 1 The five tunnel zones defined for the purposes of lighting design.

Fig. 2 Sketch showing the 20° conical field of view referred to in the text. Fig. 3 Representation of lighting level in various zones.

Table 1 Recommended threshold/access zone luminance ratiosStopping Symmetrical lighting Counter-beam lighting

metsysmetsysecnatsidL)m( th/L20 Lth/L20

40.050.00650.060.000170.001.0061

Table 2 Recommended interior zone luminances (cd/m2)ytisnedciffarTgnippotS

distance (m) <100 veh/h 100<veh/h<1000 >1000 veh/h60 1 2 3

100 2 4 6160 5 10 15




Lighting system- Symmetrical lighting is used for the entrance and interior lighting.- Asymmetrical lighting (counterbeam) is used for entrance lightingwhen high contrast values are required or when the tunnel is nottoo short.Counterbeam lighting is adapted when high luminance levels arerequired (high Lth/L20 or high stopping distance).

Symmetrical-transversal lightingThe light is mainly radiated at right angles to the axis of the tunnel.Thisresults in good visual guidance, minimum glare, and light between thecars.

Symmetrical-axial lightingThe light is mainly radiated parallel to the tunnel axis, resulting in highefficiency and allowing wide luminaire spacing. However, occasionalshadowing and uneven distance wall luminances can occur.

Asymmetrical-counterbeam lightingThe light is radiated parallel to the tunnel axis, mainly against thedirection of the traffic flow, resulting in high efficiency and improvedcontrast, but with possible shadowing and uneven wall luminances.

Which lamp to useThe entrance of a tunnel needs high lighting levels of SON-T lamps.For other areas needing lower light levels, such as the interior zone orat night, compact fluorescent lamps can be used. Philips Lightingrecommends TL-D and PL-L for the symmetrical-transversal lightingsystem and QL induction lamps for the symmetrical-axial lightingsystem.These white light sources are preferred for their good colourrendering over the more efficient SOX lamps.The light output of(compact) fluorescent lamps however is temperature dependent. Ingeneral, luminaire photometry is conducted at 25 °C, but the averageoperating temperature in a tunnel can be much lower and thereforepositively influence the efficacy.

For detailed information and project support contact your local Philips Lightingrepresentative please.

Mont Blanc tunnel, France-Italy

Birth-Velbert tunnel, Germany.1: threshold zone.2 and 3: transition zones.

Typical light distribution of the luminairemax.

sp/m.h.ratio

1.5 TL-D/PL-L 2.0

1.5 SOX-E 4.0

2.0 SON-T 2.8

2-2.5 4.5SON-T

Preferredlamptype

Efficiencycd/W

(q0=0.1)spacing

spacing

spacing

Symmetrical-transversal

Symmetrical-axial

Asymmetrical-counterbeam

3.5 SOX-E 4.5

3.5 QL 2.4

4 SON-T 3.5 - 4

Fig. 4 Tunnel lighting systems.


What is a ‘short tunnel’?A short tunnel is a road or rail over bridge and underpass of morethan 25 m, for motorized traffic including entrances to multi-storey carparks, for example.The height may vary between 2.5 and 6 m or moreand the width from 5 to 20 m. If the tunnel is shorter than 25 m noadditional tunnel lighting is required.

What is an underpass?When the underpass is longer than 25 m a dark frame or a dark holemay appear around the bright exit. Here an obstacle may completelybe invisible for an approaching driver at a distance equal to the SafeStopping Distance (SSD).

When to light by dayThis depends on a number of factors including the length of the tunnel,visibility of the exit, penetration of daylight, brightness of the walls, andtraffic density. CIE recommends day-time light levels throughout thetunnel of 0 %, 50 % and 100 % of the normal threshold zone lightinglevels for long tunnels. See table 3.

When to light by nightDuring the night, CIE recommends a minimum light level equal to thelight level of the approach roads.


Wallring tunnel, Hamburg, Germany.

Table 3 Recommended day time lighting levels (CIE 88-1990)

Day time lighting.

Dusk/Dawn lighting.

Night time lighting.

Tunnel Is exit fully Is daylight Is the wall Is traffic heavy or light % of normallength (m) visible penetration reflectance (or including threshold zone

when seen good or poor? high bikes and lighting levelderiuqer?)snairtsedep?)2.0<(wolro)4.0>(?DSSmorf

<25 0Light 0

YesHeavy 50

HighLight 0

25-75No 05yvaeHdooG

05woL05rooP

Light 50Yes

Heavy 100

HighLight 50

75-125001yvaeHdooG

No001woL001rooP

>125 100

Remark:BS 5489 and CEN/TC 169 N290 (11th draft) show 4 lighting classes for tunnels.Class 1: No lighting.Class 2: Limited day light lighting of 15 cd/m2 or 3 times the interior light level, as given in above table for long tunnels, whiche-

ver is the greater.To be operated when the ambient luminance has reduced to 10 % of the maximum L20.Class 3: Constant lighting level over the tunnel length, like the threshold zone lighting level for long tunnels.Class 4: A class with complete lighting as for long tunnels. BS recommends a night-time lighting of 3 times and CEN of twice the

outside road light level.





Tunnelite SGX320Tunnelite SGX320

Tunnelite SGX320 Tunnel luminaire SGX320 suitable for use with SON-T 150-400Whigh pressure sodium vapour lamps.

Main applications• Tunnels• Underpasses• Basement parking areas

Features• The housing consists of extruded aluminum body with die cast

end plates• Reflector options:T-pot, asymmetric or symmetric• Detachable gear tray for easy repair and maintenance• Tool-free lamp replacement• 3 types of installation options

Materials and finish• Shock resistant tempered glass cover• One continuous aluminum hinge with a full length closing device• EPDM gasket• E40 ceramic lamp holder

Installation• Luminaire can be installed on ceiling or wall. Luminaire brackets to

be ordered separately. Cable gland PG13.5.

Classifications• IP 65• Class I• Complies with IEC 598

IP 65

SGX320

Dimensions in mm

708 194

34

SGX320 SGX320

Product ID Weight (kg) Comm Code

Preferred selection

SGX320 1xSON-T100W 220V A 12.20 910401962580

SGX320 1xSON-T100W 220V S 12.20 910401962680

SGX320 1xSON-T100W 220V TP 12.20 910401962480

SGX320 1xSON-T150W 220V A 12.20 910401960880

SGX320 1xSON-T150W 220V S 12.20 910401961880

SGX320 1xSON-T150W 220V TP 12.20 910401960580

SGX320 1xSON-T250W 220V A 13.20 910401960980

SGX320 1xSON-T250W 220V S 13.20 910401961980

SGX320 1xSON-T250W 220V TP 13.20 910401960680

SGX320 1xSON-T400W 220V A 15.50 910401961080

SGX320 1xSON-T400W 220V S 15.50 910401962080

SGX320 1xSON-T400W 220V TP 15.50 910401960780

SGX320 1xSON-T400W 230V S 15.50 911400332080

SGX320 2xSON-T400W 230V TP 26.00 911400331780

SGX320 1xSON-T250W 240V A 13.20 911400431980

A = Asymmetric

S = Symmetric

TP = T-pot

Nanjing Xuanwuhu Tunnel, China




Tunnelite SGX220 Tunnel luminaire S/TGX220 suitable for use with SON-T 70-150Whigh pressure sodium vapour lamps, or 36-58W TLD lamps.

Main applications• Tunnels• Underpasses• Basement parking areas

Features• The housing consists of extruded aluminum body with die cast

end plates, painted in black• Asymmetric (A) reflector for SON-T lamp versions and

symmetric (S) reflector for TL-D lamp versions• Detachable gear tray for easy repair and maintenance• Tool-free lamp replacement• 3 types of installation options

Materials and finish• Shock resistant tempered glass cover• Aluminum hinge with a closing device• EPDM gasket• E40 ceramic lamp holder

Installation• Luminaire can be installed on ceiling or wall. Luminaire brackets to

be ordered separately. Cable gland PG13.5.

Classifications• IP 65• Class I• Complies with IEC 598

Tunnelite SGX220 Tunnelite SGX220

Dimensions in mm

SGX220

IP 65

123665

272

Product ID Weight (kg) Comm Code

Preferred selection

SGX220 1xSON-T70W 220V A 11.50 910401963480

SGX220 1xSON-T100W 220V A 11.50 910401963380

SGX220 1xTL-D36W IC 220V S 12.00 910401963680

SGX220 1xTL-D58W IC 220V S 15.00 910401963880

SGX220 1xTL-D58W HFE 220V S 15.00 910401963580

SGX220 2xTL-D36W IC 220V S 14.00 910401963280

SGX220 2xTL-D58W IC 220V S 15.00 910401963980

SGX 220/70 or SGX 220/150

A = Asymmetric

S = Symmetric

12_Tunnel and underpass lightin

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