MECB-AODV: A Modified Energy Constrained Based Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks
125BEPM, 125MOEB, MECB - cvut.cztzb.fsv.cvut.cz/files/vyuka/125meb,125mec/... · elements and...
Transcript of 125BEPM, 125MOEB, MECB - cvut.cztzb.fsv.cvut.cz/files/vyuka/125meb,125mec/... · elements and...
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2012/2013
© ČVUT v Praze, FSv K125 prof.Kabele
Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Microenvironmental and Building Services Engineering
Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Microenvironmental and Building Services Engineering
Building energy performance modelling Modelování energetických systémů budov
prof.Ing.Karel Kabele,CSc.
A227b
Lecture 1 Building and energy fundamentals
125BEPM, 125MOEB, MECB
• http://tzb.fsv.cvut.cz
• Pwd: cover
• Lectures + seminars, classified credit
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 2
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© ČVUT v Praze, FSv K125 prof.Kabele
Building Operation and Environment
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 4
Agency flows modelAgency flows model
–– OUTOUT –– WasteWaste gasesgases SOSO22 , CO, CO22 , N, NOOxx … …
((chimneychimney))
–– ININ –– WaterWater ((drink, drink, hygienehygiene, , washingwashing--upup, ,
cleaningcleaning, , flowersflowers, technology,, technology,rainrain……))
–– Energy: Gas, coal, timber, electricity.. Energy: Gas, coal, timber, electricity.. ((heating, cooling, cooking, lighting, heating, cooling, cooking, lighting, engins…engins…))
–– Air Air ((ventilation, cooling, combustionventilation, cooling, combustion))
–– Waste water (drainage) Waste water (drainage) –– Heat transmission (building envelope)Heat transmission (building envelope)
–– Waste airWaste air ((ventilation of the building)ventilation of the building)
Building and energy – Indoor environmental
quality (temperature, indoor air quality, lighting)
– Hygienic requirements (sanitary, hot water)
– Energy distribution (wiring, gas supply, technical gases)
– Operating and regulating systems in buildings (EPS, EZS, control, security)
– Systems of transport (elevators, escalators, travelators, tube post)
– Technological equipment (central vacuum cleaner, kitchen, laundry, pool)
125BEPM,MEB,MEC 5 prof.Karel Kabele
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© ČVUT v Praze, FSv K125 prof.Kabele
Introduction – Building and Energy
125BEPM,MEB,MEC 6 prof.Karel Kabele
Annual energy use in the hotel (322 beds)
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200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
1 400
Mar
-01
Apr-0
1
May
-01
Jun-
01
Jul-0
1
Aug-0
1
Sep-0
1
Oct
-01
Nov
-01
Dec
-01
Jan-
02
Feb-
02
GJ/month
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
gu
es
ts/m
on
th
Guests Space heating
Hot water AHU heat
Steam Kitchen
Laundry Cooling
Other technologies Lighting
Lifts
Annual energy use pie
Space heating
8%
AHU heat
14%
Hot water
14%
Cooling
11%Kitchen
6%
Laundry
11%
Steam
8%
Lifts
3%
Lighting
16%
Other
technologies
9%
Building energy performance assesment? „Low energy building“ 50 kWh/m2/a … heating only? New approach needed…
Average month temperatures in 2001
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Mar
-01
Apr
-01
May
-01
Jun-
01
Jul-0
1
Aug
-01
Sep
-01
Oct-0
1
Nov
-01
Dec
-01
Jan-
02
Feb-
02
Te
.mo
nth
av
era
ge
°C
What are we going to calculate?
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele ©Sowa, 2001
Unit approach, UUnit approach, U-- valuevalue Heat losHeat loss/gains s/gains NNet energy for heatinet energy for heating/coolingg/cooling
Delivered energyDelivered energy Overlall eOverlall energy usenergy use COCO2 2 emissionsemissions
CO2
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Reality
Real size models
Fig. 3. ESP-r model of the building
Fig. 3. ESP-r model of the building
Virtual models
Scaled models
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 9
Components of a mathematical model
(Beck and Arnold1977, cited in ASHRAE 2009)
Input variables:
Variables that act on the system. May be controllable
by the experimenter or uncontrollable (i.e. climate)
System structure and parameters/properties:
Provide the necessary physical description of the system (e.g. mechanical properties of the elements and thermal mass)
Output variables:
Describe the reaction of the system to the input variables (e.g.
energy use)
125BEPM,MEB,MEC 10 prof.Karel Kabele
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© ČVUT v Praze, FSv K125 prof.Kabele
Modelling and simulation tools clasification
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 14
Building performance
modelling & simulation Method
Steady state
Dynamic
Scope
System Integrated
Data
Forward
Data - Driven
Purpose
Energy Comfort
Environment Sustainability
Steady – state methods
Forward
• Modified degree-day method – Based on fixed reference
temperature of 18.3°C.
• Variable-base degree-day method, or 3-P change point models – Variable base reference
temperatures
Data driven
• Simple linear regression – One dependent parameter, one
independent parameter. May have slope and y-intercept
• Multiple linear regression – One dependent parameter,
multiple independent parameters.
• Change-point models – Uses daily or monthly utility
billing data and average period temperatures
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 15
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© ČVUT v Praze, FSv K125 prof.Kabele
Dynamic methods Forward
• Simplified dynamic methods
– Regresive result analysis from multiple steady-state model run with variable boundary condition
• Weighting-Factor Method
– With this method, space heat gains at constant space temperature are determined from a physical description of the building, ambient weather conditions, and internal load profiles.
• Response factor
– Simple systems dynamic response is possible to describe by diferential equation. Fourier analysis. Frequency domain analysis convertible to time domain time. Analagy with electrical circuits – resitance, capacity, transformer. Thermal and electricity.
• Heat balance method
– Set of equations, describing energy flow paths between nodes (volumes), solved by numerical methods – finite diference method, finite element method
Forward
• Simplified dynamic methods
– Regresive result analysis from multiple steady-state model run with variable boundary condition
• Weighting-Factor Method
– With this method, space heat gains at constant space temperature are determined from a physical description of the building, ambient weather conditions, and internal load profiles.
• Response factor
– Simple systems dynamic response is possible to describe by diferential equation. Fourier analysis. Frequency domain analysis convertible to time domain time. Analagy with electrical circuits – resitance, capacity, transformer. Thermal and electricity.
• Heat balance method
– Set of equations, describing energy flow paths between nodes (volumes), solved by numerical methods – finite diference method, finite element method
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 16
Data-driven Artificial neural networks
Connectionist models.
Data-driven Artificial neural networks
Connectionist models.
Heat balance method • Wall • Wall
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 17
Outside face heat balance
Absorbed incident solar
Convection to outside air
LW radiation
Wall conduction
Inside face heat balance
SW radiation from lights
Transmitted solar LW radiation with other surfaces
LW radiation from internal sources
Convection to zone air
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© ČVUT v Praze, FSv K125 prof.Kabele
Heat balance method Wall with window Wall with window
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 18
Outside face heat balance
Absorbed incident solar
Convection to outside air
LW radiation
Wall conduction
Inside face heat balance
SW radiation from lights
Transmitted solar LW radiation with other surfaces
LW radiation from internal sources
Convection to zone air
Window
Reflected incident solar
Glazing
Heat balance method
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 19
Zone airZone air
Zone air heat balanceZone air heat balance
Infiltration
Ventilation Ventilation (HVAC)
Convection from internal sources
Convection from internal sources
Convection from wall 2 Convection from wall 2
Convection from wall 1 Convection from wall 1
Convection from wall … Convection from wall …
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Tools clasification
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 20
Building Building SimulationSimulation
Whole Whole Building Building AnalysisAnalysis
ComponentsComponents
Other Other ApplicationsApplications
Energy Energy SimulationSimulation
Load Load CalculationCalculation
Renewable Renewable EnergyEnergy
Retrofit Retrofit AnalysisAnalysis
SustainablSustainable e BuildingsBuildings
Envelope Envelope SystemsSystems
HVACHVAC Lighting Lighting SystemsSystems
Atmospheric Atmospheric PollutionPollution
Energy Energy EconomicsEconomics
Indoor Air Indoor Air QualityQuality
VentilationVentilation AirAir flowflow
ESP-r ENERGY+ IES ECOTEC…
TRNSYS PVSol…
CFD…
Tools overview
125BEPM,MEB,MEC prof.Karel Kabele 21
http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/ http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/
http://http://www.ibpsa.orgwww.ibpsa.org http://http://www.ibpsa.orgwww.ibpsa.org
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Design Builder for Energy+
Modeling and simulation of buildings (and systems)
Different levels of model detail
3D realistic model
Commercial tool/ free calculation kernel
prof.Karel Kabele 22 125BEPM,MEB,MEC
TRNSYS
Simulation buildings and energy systems
Open structure
Elements library
Commercial product
prof.Karel Kabele 23 125BEPM,MEB,MEC
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© ČVUT v Praze, FSv K125 prof.Kabele
IDA
Modeling and simulation of Buildings and systems
Databases
Standard climate data files
Commercial tool
prof.Karel Kabele 24 125BEPM,MEB,MEC
Computational Fluid Dynamics
• Modeling of indoor environment - air flow patterns, temperature distribution, polutantat concentration
– Aerodynamics of interior or exterior – Navier- Stokes equations – Temperature, pressure, air flow velocity and direction, radiatin – Convergence calculation – turbulent fows, symetry, sensitivity – Tools: Fluent, Flovent,ESP-r…
prof.Karel Kabele 25
125BEPM,MEB,MEC