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Lighting

Architectural lighting design

� Required illuminance level

� Well-balanced luminance distribution

� No glare

� Good contrast

� Proper colour rendering

� Shadows

� No uncomfortably noise, heat & flicker

� Comprehensive maintenance schedule

� Compatibility with daylighting2

Lighting requirements

[source: Jens Christoffersen, Sbi, Denmark]

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1. General lighting

2. Localised lighting

3. Ambient lighting

4. Task lighting

5. Decorative lighting

6. Accent lighting

7. Architectural lighting

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Lighting design basics

> Luminaires uniformly distributed> Great flexibility> High energy use> Reflected glare is a common problem

General lighting

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.11a, p. 422; Karlen M & Benya J (2004) Lighting Design Basics. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey]

direct

0-10%

90-100%

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Localised lighting

> Distribution according to need> Less flexibility> More energy-efficient> Reduced glare by reflection

direct

0-10%

90-100%

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[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.11b, p. 422]

Ambient lighting

> Walls and ceiling are part of the system > Should be completed by task lighting> Great flexibility> Little or no glare

0-10%

indirect

90-100%

40-60%

40-60%

direct-indirect

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[source: Stein & Reynolds (2000) Mechanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.4, p. 1215]

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Types of luminaires

> Should be completed by ambient lighting> Great flexibility for the occupant> Great energy efficiency> Glare can be controlled

direct

0-10%

90-100%

40-60%

40-60%

direct-indirect

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[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.11f, p. 423 + Stein & Reynolds (2000) Mechanical and Electrical…,fig. 20.3, p. 1214]

Task lighting

� Luminaires or lamps used as an element of architecture

� Glare must be controlled

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Decorative lighting

[source: Karlen M & Benya J (2004) Lighting Design Basics. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey; Stein & Reynolds (2000) Mechanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.17 + 20.10, p. 1219+1224]

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Cove lighting

> Spatial impression

> Good ambient lighting

> Avoid direct view of light source

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Architectural lighting

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14a, p. 427]

> Large coffers illuminated with cove lighting

Using this type of solution in a skylight will result in loss of light towards the exterior (thus loss of energy).

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Architectural lighting

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14b, p. 428]

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> Large coffers illuminated with cove lighting

Impression of skylights

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Architectural lighting

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14c, p. 428]

Luminous ceiling

> impression of an overcast sky

> very diffuse lighting, not very pleasant

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Architectural lighting

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14d, p. 428]

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Valance lighting

> increase wall luminance

> avoid direct view of light source

> not closer than 30 cm from ceiling

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Architectural lighting

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14e, p. 429]

Cornice (soffit) lighting

> ceiling can lookdark

> direct view of the light source can be problematic

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Architectural lighting

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14f, p. 429]

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Types of luminairesAccent lighting> Used to accentuate an architectural or

decorative element or an information> Energy efficient> Glare must be controlled

direct

0-10%

90-100%

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[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.11g, p. 423 + Stein & Reynolds (2000) Mechanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.3, p. 1214]

Lighting

Electric light sources

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Lamp

Luminaire (light fixture or light fitting)

Difference between lamp and luminaire

[source: Stein & Reynolds, 2000, Mecanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.10 p. 1219]

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A luminaire is a complete lighting system. It consists of:

� a housing � lampholders� lamps, (possibly a ballast or transformer) � the optical system � the reflector, and either a lens, louver or diffuser for

controlling brightness.

it may also include some type of electrical control… dimmers, switching, daylight sensors, etc.

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[source: www.lightolier.com]

Luminaire, definition

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Incandescent CFL

Fluorescent High Intensity Discharge

Halogen LED

Electric light Sources

[source: via Jens Christoffersen, Sbi, Denmark]

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Incandescent lamps

> Tungsten (filament)> Tungsten-halogen

Discharge lamps (luminescence)> Fluorescents (standards, compacts or CFL, induction)> High intensity discharge (HID)

- mercury- metal halide- high pressure sodium

LED (light emitting diodes)

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Electric light Sources

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Many types availableBanned in Europe since 2009

Incandescent lamps: tungsten (filament)

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.3a, p. 410 + wikipedia.org]

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Incandescent lamps: tungsten-halogen

[source: www.lightolier.com + Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.3g, p. 412]

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A more concentrated beam allows illuminating objects in a more efficient way.

5,5-12 V

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> Low cost> Immediate start> Dimming to low cost> Simple installation, compact> Low cost luminaires> Can retrofit incandescent> Great optical control (focusing)> Excellent colour rendering (warm)> Flexibility (types and power, W)> No lead or mercury.

Advantages

Incandescent lamps

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting + http://www.gelighting.com/eu/resources/learn_about_light/pop_color_booth.html]

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> Short life (750-3000 hrs)> Low luminous efficacy> Traditional incandescent

phased out in Europe

Disadvantages

Incandescent lamps

[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003). La maison des négawatts]

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Luminous efficacy

Incandescent

Halogen

Compact fluo

Fluorescent

Incandescent lamps

[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003). La maison des négawatts]

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Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.4, 14.5c, p. 412, 414 + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg]

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Applications:�General and ambient lighting�Energy savings�Places that are difficult to access

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T2

¼ “

T8

1”

T5

5/8”

T12

1 ½”

Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.5a, p. 413]

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Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.4, 14.5c, p. 412, 414 + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg]

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> Long lamp life> High luminous efficacy> Good colour rendering

Advantages

Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps

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� High initial cost (ballast)� Flashing, noise� Low optical control� Sensitive to temperature (do not

use under very cold or very warm conditions, >10ºC)

� Contain mercury, which is highly toxic

� Light output decay

Disadvantages

One fluorescent tube contains enough mercury to pollute 30000 litres of water

Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting]

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Compact lamp allowing a good optical control

Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.5b, p. 413]

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Applications:�Desk top lamps�Suspended lamps�Decorative lamps�Garden lamps

Colour renderingType of lamp Power(W) Luminous

efficacy (lm/W)

Colour temperature (K)

Incandescent 25-100 11-14 2600 (warm)

Halogen 60-500 14-19 3000

Halogen low-pressure

10-50 13-19 2900

Fluorescent 10-60 50-80 4000 (white)

3000 (warm white)

2700 (gold white)

Fluo compact 3-23 55-65 2700 (warm)

Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps

[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003) La maison des négawatts]

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� Long lamp life (6000-15000 hrs)� High luminous efficacy� Good optical control� Good colour rendering (warm)

Advantages

Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps

[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003) La maison des négawatts]

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� Health aspects� Higher initial cost� Contains mercury, which is very

toxic� Sensitive to temperature

(cannot be used under very warm or cold conditions >10ºC)

� Long start time� Light output decay

Disadvantages

Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps

[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003) La maison des négawatts]

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�Mercury�Metal halide� Low- and high-pressure sodium

•

ballast

High intensity discharge (HID) lamps

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.6b, p. 416 + Salomon & Bedel (2003). La maison des négawatts]

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High intensity discharge (HID) lamps

[source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp]

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�Mercury vapor lamps�Metal halide (MH) lamps�Ceramic MH lamps�Sodium vapor lamps�Xenon short-arc lamps

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> Very long lamp life> Very high luminous efficacy(90 lm/W)

> Relatively good optical control

Advantages

High intensity discharge (HID) lamps

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� Slow start

� Relatively poor colour rendering

� Contain mercury

Disadvantages

High intensity discharge (HID) lamps

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Fluorescent lamps that use radio waves instead of electric arc.

Induction lamps

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[source: Karlen M & Benya JR, 2004, Lighting design basics, New Jersey : John Wiley & sons]

LED : Light Emitting Diode

[source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RBG-LED.jpg]

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LED : Light Emitting Diode

[source: www.lightolier.com]

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� Temperature dependenceDisadvantages