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1Chun Qin Zhang 1520374

SoilChristchurch

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Contents03 - 01.Research

12 - 02.Formal Investigation

04 - POST EARTHQUAKE IN CHRISTCHURCH

05 - LIQUEFACTION PROCESS

06 - EAST - WEST SECTION OF CHRISTCHURCH07 - LAND DAMAGED BY LIQUEFACTION

08 - LIQUEFACTION HAZARDS

09 - GROUND/SOIL SURFACE ELEVATION CHANGE

10 - LIQUEFATION DAMAGE ON STRUCTURE

11 - WHAT CAN BE DONE TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF LIQUEFACTION

43 - DESIGN INFLUENCE

44 - FORMAL PROCESS

45 - MAXIMUM SUNLIGHT

47 - FINAL PROGRAM ON SITE

48 - PROGRAM IN SECTION

49 - PLANS - GROUND FLOOR AND FIRST FLOOR

50 - PLANS FLOOR 2 & 3

51 - JUNCTION DETAIL

52 - EXPLODED VIEW

53 - CORE - VISUAL CONNECTION

54 - OPEN SPACE ON GROUND LEVEL

55 - FINAL PERSPECTIVE

13 - PHYSICAL EXPERIMENT - POLYSTYRENE AND ACIDTONE14 - PHYSICAL EXPERIMENT - CONCEPT ONE

15 - PHYSICAL EXPERIMENT POLYSTRENE AND ACID TONE 2

16 - PHYSICAL EXPERIMENT - MICRO SCALE 1



19 - GRASSHOPPER DEFINITION

20 - GRASSHOPPER DECOMPOSITION PROCESS

21 - GRASSHOPPER DECOMPOSITION PROCESS ON SITE

22 - DIGITAL CONCEPT 1



25 - Developing a Grasshopper Denition

26 - GRASSHOPPER DECOMPOSITION LINKAGE PROCESS

27 - GRASSHOPPER DECOMPOSITION LINKAGE PROCESS ON SITE

28 - LINKAGE CONCEPT 1

29 - LINKAGE CONCEPT 2

31 - CURRENT TRAVEL PATTERN

32 - TRAFFIC CONGESTION

33 - PUBLIC TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY LEVELS

34 - TRANSPORTATION PLAN FOR FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH

35 - EXISTING BUS ROUTE AND RAILWAY

36 - POTENTIAL GROWTH IN THE WIDER CHRISTCHURCH

37 - POPULAR ATTRACTIONS NEAR PROPOSED SITE

38 - POPULA R TOURIST ATTRACT IONS ALONG RAILWAYS

39 - PROGRAM PROPORATIONS

40 - SITE STRATEGY

41 - PROGRAM PROPOSAL ON SITE

liqueaction

liquid, orce, material, reaction

30 - 03. Site & Programs transportation, accomondation, retails, oces

42 - 04.Schematic Design

46 - 05.Plans & Details

massings, programs and circulations

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POST EARTHQUAKE IN CHRISTCHURCH

One o the interesting aspects o the earthquakes impact

on Christchurch has been the phenomenon o liqueaction,

where soil and sand is compacted and water is orced to the

surace. There have been many reports o sand volcanoes, water

ountains and severe cracking o the ground all the result o

soil liqueaction.

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soil particle

before earthquake during earthquake after earthquake

settlement of ground

LIQUEFACTIONLiqueaction occurs when soil loses strength and behaves as a liquid during an earthquake.Loose soil compacts (increasing in density and reducing in volume) when subjected toearthquake vibration. Christchurchs soil is highly susceptible to liqueaction because

it is saturated, loose, well sorted silt and sand, or sandy gravels. Liqueaction is alsoassociated with settlement, which causes urther compaction and expulsion o liqueiedsoils through the topsoil. Peat soil beneath Christchurch did not liquey or lose strengthduring the vibration, but it is likely that it consolidated, which caused ground settlement.Soil property varies in shape, size (in both mechanical and physical properties) and inthe extent to which the void between soil particles are illed with water or air, whichcreates a multiphase o solid, air, and liquid. Soil can be classiied as either cohesive orcohesiveless: sand and gravel are cohesiveless, in other words they r esist shear orces onlyby riction. Clay and like soils are cohesive, they resist shear by both cohesion and riction.

THE LIQUEFACTION PROCESS

Air

Water

Solids Solids

Water Air

Solids

Water

Solids

Partially Saturated

Three Phase Soil

Saturated

Two Phase Soil

Dry

SOIL COMPACTION

Liqueaction induced structural damage occurred in the southern CBD and in areasadjacent to rivers. Most o the structures in the CBD that ailed due to liqueactionwere the super structures. Approximately, 1000 residential houses in Kaiapoi and

5100 houses in Dallington, Richmond, Avondale and Bexley had oundation damageor oundation settlement. This was related to the common use o heavy concreteoundation slabs, which imposed additional load dur ing the earthquake. The map oliqueaction overlaid with the swamp map rom 1850 indicates the areas o liqueacti onwere either swamp, or wetland in 1850. This correlation is reinorced by the areas boreholes, which show a layer o peat in those locations which used to be s wamps.

When the ground shakes during an earthquake the soil particles are rearranged, its soil mass compacts

and decreases in volumn. This decrease in volumn causes water to be ejected to the ground surface.

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Area of observed Liquefaction

. .

.

.I

.

.

I

Area of observed Liquefaction

Land damage rom liqueaction during the 4th September 2010 earthquake Land damage rom liqueaction during the 22nd February 2011 earthquake

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The map indicates areas of Liquefaction ground damage

potential dened for Christchurch.

High Liquefaction Potential

Areas in Christchurch rated High Liquefaction potentialmay

be aected by lateral spreading and signicance ground

subsidence that is likely to be greater than 300mm.

Moderate Liquefaction Potential

Areas in Christchurch rated High Liquefaction potentialmay

be aected by 100-300mm of ground subsidence.

Low Liquefaction Potential

Areas in Christchurch rated Low Liquefaction Potentialmay

be aected up to 100mm of ground subsidence.

High Liquefaction potential may be expected

Areas in Christchurch rated High Liquefaction potential maybe expectedare very likely to be aected by Liquefaction,

with the data that was provided at this stage it is dicult to

determine the accurate information.

Low Liquefaction potential may be expected

Areas in Christchurch rated Low Liquefaction potential may be

expectedare very unlikely to be aected by Liquefaction, with

the data that was provided at this stage it is dicult to

determine the accurate information.

No Liquefaction not predicted

Areas in Christchurch rated No Liquefaction not predictedare

areas that unlikely for Liquefaction to occur

Liquefaction Hazard

High Liquefaction potential

Moderate Liquefaction potential

Low Liquefaction potential

High Liquefaction potential may be expected

Low Liquefaction potential may be expected

No Liquefaction not predicted

Major Roads

Rivers

Christchurch City Boundary

Port Hills - No Liquefaction expected

Legends

Port Hills

Parklands

Brooklands

Belfast

SH1

PapanuiAirport

SH1

SH1 Hornby

SH73

Avon-HeathcoteEstuary

Ferrymead

LinwoodRiccarton

Wainoni

Waimakariri

River

Waim

akaririRiv

erN

8km6420

Scale: 1:100,000

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T h i nf r m i n i c i n h i m h n r if r m num r u urc . I m n c m l , c r r cr u . T hi m i l ic n L n c r rchn n " i " n " i l l " i n i h u n

r r n f n ki n , ih r r r i m li .

L n c r rch h ll n li l n n l l ii ncl u in i h u l imi i n n l i n c n r l

clu ll li i li f r l r m h r nh n r c u u r f hi m .

n r r h imi .i n n r r i mm n ri i n ri i r k . i n .

m r r m T . r n ri h r .

-1.0 --

-1.0 -- -0.5

-0.5 -- -0.4

-0.4 -- -0.3

-0.3 -- -0.2

-0.2 -- -0.1

-0.1 -- 0.1

0.1 -- 0.2

0.2 -- 0.3

0.3 -- 0.4

0.4 -- 0.5

0.5 -- 1

1.0 -- 1.5

1.5+

Legend

Elevation Change (m)

20km151050

Scale:1:500,000

Ground/Soil Surface Elevation ChangeData was collected for post 22nd February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake to

determine the ground surface change. Signicant ground and soil surface elevation

changes are identied, areas where there is a high risk of liquefaction the ground

surface is settles as areas where liquefaction is unlikely to occur, its land rises due to

lateral forces.

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densied sand

dense soil

loose sand

dense soil

before earthquake after earthquake

dense soil

before earthquake

dense soil

densied sandloose sand

after earthquake

pipe line

dense soil

densied sand

dense soil

loose sand

before earthquake after earthquake

SINKING AND TILTING OF BUILDING

DAMAGE TO PIPES AND TANKS

COLLAPSE OF ROAD OR RAIL EMBANKMENT

DAMAGE MAY OCCUR TO STRUCTURES IN AREAS THAT

LIQUEFY

Loss o soil strength can cause large buildings and other structures to sink into the ground, tilt,

topple over or partly collapse. Where there is dierential subsidence, oundation o small buildings

may crack and settle, causing deormation o the structure and cracking o walls.

Buried structures such as large pipes, tanks and manholes can become buoyant and foat to the

ground surace. Pipes are likely to be damaged. Other buried services are oten damaged at the

transition rom a liqueed soil into a non-liqueued soil.

Deep oundations such as bridg e piers can break where there area alternating layers o liqueed

soils. Approaches to bridges and stopbanks are particularly vulnerable. Roads, railway tracks and

other structures built on ll can be damaged

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WHAT CAN BE DONE TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF LIQUEFACTION

There are three main ways to reduce the eects o liqueaction - by stabilising the ground, by specic oundationdesign or by strengthening structures to resist predicted ground movements.

There are various methods available to stabilise a soil. These methods generally increase the density o the soil

thereby increasing the resistance o the soilto liqueaction. Most o the methods are expensive and would be

uneconomic or residential structures.

De-watering (drainage) and byttressing o lateral spread zones are the ground s tabilisation techniques.

Specic oundation designs reduce the likelihood o damage to the oundation and deormation o the structure.

Stronger oundations, deep piles and piling to non-liqueable soil layers are the more common methods used to

reduce the eect o liqueaction on struc tures.

EXCAVATION AND REPLACEMENT: Uncompacted and unsuitable soil

material is removed and replaced with a compacted structure ll. This

method is resitricted to depths o about 4 to 6m. To achieve adequate

compaction o the hill, the water table may need to be lowered

temporarily

VIBRO-COMPACTION: A large vibrator is jetted into the ground

at regular spacings across a site. The vibrations liquey the soil,

orming a more dense soil structure that is less likely to liquey during

earthquakes.

COMPACTION:Compaction o the soil is achieved by repeately

dropping a heavy weight (about 15 to 35 tonnes) rom a height o 15

to 25m at regular spacings across a site. Large vubrations are created

by this method. Soils to a depth o about 2m can be compacted by a

heavy roller. Dropping a heavy weight or using a heavy roller may be

economic or resiential development.

STONE COLUMNS: A steel casing is driven into the ground using a

vibrator. The casing is then lled with gravel and compacted while

withdrawing the casing. The vibrations which are generated densiy

the soil and the stone columns also reinorce the soil mass.

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02. Formal Investigationliquid, orce, material, reaction

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PHYSICAL EXPERIMENT - POLYSTYRENE

AND ACIDTONE

For the ormal investigation, I took on the principal o liqueaction and

applying its principal o distribution in a physical experiment with

ploystyrene and acidtone. Images are resulted rom a Macro-scale

experiment and later will move into its micro-scale reaction and its

behaviour.

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Following the polystrene pattern to generate an idea o its reaction. Veronoi was used to generate the smiliar reaction.PHYSICAL EXPERIMENT - CONCEPT ONE

Nodes

Veronois

Form

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PHYSICAL EXPERIMENT - MICRO SCALE 2Capturing the logic o decomposition o acidtone on polystyrene.

-50% WATER-50& ACIDTONE

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Grasshopper decompositon process on site

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DIGITAL CONCEPT 1Using grasshopper to apply the same principal in my physical experiment to generate digital concepts

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Developing a Grasshopper defnition to defne the logic o my physical experiment in a larger scale. As shown in the physicalexperiment that when the acidtone molecules touches the micro scale air polystyrene balls it starts to decompose and linkingto the nearest neighbour to create a stronger linkage. Each o the nodes in the grasshopper defnition is considered as each othe molecule rom the acidtone, when the nodes are touched on the surace o the grid we can determine the area o decompo-sition.

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Grasshopper decompositon process on site

Developing a Grasshopper Denition

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LINKAGE CONCEPT 1

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03. Site & Programstransportation, accomondation, retail, oce

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Private vehicles 72%

Public transport 4%

Walking & cycling 24%

Less than 2km 40%

3km - 5km 28%

5km plus 32%

Work trips 37%

Social trips 31%

Shopping & personal trips 32%

Single occupant 95%

2+ occupants 5%

The use of the private vehicles is the dominant travel option in

Christchurch 72% of all trips in 2009. Walking and cycling make

up 24% of all trips with public transport 3% of all trips.

Types of distance driven by the 72% pr ivate vehicle trips

Types of uses of the 72% private vehicle tripsOccupants in vechicle while driving to work of the 72%

private vehicle trips

Christchurch has developed as a lower density, radial city, with many

communities having only 10 housholds per hectare. This type and

orm o land use development has significant impacts on the transport

system. A compact urban orm should be developed in the uture

Christchurch rebuild. Dispersed land use p atterns are typically linked

with high levels o vehicle ownership/use or vehicle dependence,

while compact land use is more commonly linked with lower levelso car ownership/use and higher levels o active transport and public

transport patronage. Trips that are less than 2km by private vehicles are

ideal or walking and journeys o 2-5km ideal or cycling. With journeys

that are 5km more are ideal or publi c transport unless residents are

in rural areas. At the moment public transport in Christchurch is only

used 4% with the majority o the trips being used by private vehicles

at 72%. In order to reduce trac congestions, we need to develop a

Current travel patterns

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Trac is no longer ree-fowing, with increasing delays

Trac fow is nearly at capacity and conditions unstable-potential or large delays

Trac demand exceeds capacity, very large d elays

Private vehicle trips are growing at one per cent a year and reight trips at twice this rate. I cur rent trends continue, by

2041 there could be a 30 per cent growth in the volume o trac compared with the current levels. This will put pressureon the same areas o the network and result in delays similar to or worse than those experienced ater the February 2011

earthquake. As areas o the city are rebuilt and trac is diverted, more congestion is expected. Reducing congestion can

provide a range o benefi ts, in particular savings in travel times and a reduction in vehicle operating costs. This will assist

the economy to recover and unction more eciently and help achieve economic growth and improved productivity.

Trafc congestion

2011 2041

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Excellent

Major Roads

Very Good

Good

Moderate

Poor

Very Poor

PUBLIC TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY LEVELSChristchurch is a large city located in the South Island o New Zealand. It has

a population o about 300,000. This map shows the spatial variation in Public

Transport Accessiblity Levels (PTAL) within the city o Christchurch, New Zealand.

PTAL is a measure o the accessibility to the public transport network.

The model uses bus stop locations, bus routes, bus timetables, bus reliability,

walking speed, and a very detailed walking network model in order to calculate

the PTAL score. PTAL values were calculated across the entire city based on a

100-by-100-meter g rid.

The public transport accessibility level within the CBD area is at excellent level

this is because that the schedule is much more reliable, but the level gets poorer

as it moves out into the outter suburbs.

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A transportation plan that

allows Chrstchurch to scale to

a million or 2 million people

How does it address the changes in

how people live?

How does it address how people

move around the city eortlessly?

Transportation, the most importatnt

part for cities to function

How people move around cities

drastically eects design of build-

ings, where people live and uses of

those building

Plan the city by placing residents as

the most important party, and the

developers, investors, and business

will follow

Fewer cars

Aordable public transport

Cycling

Parkings

Seperate cycle lanes

Rail-trains

Ecofriendly pedestrains

Transportation plan for Future Christchurch

Attractive and ecient public transport corridors to

enable journey reliability on core routes and provide

good connectivity with key destinations and other

modes

Attractive streetscapes for walking, improving safety

and reducing conict with all other modes

Attractive cycling network, improving safety,

connectivity, visibility and reduing conict with all

other modes

Core Route: Provides for high patronage and high frequency

services connecting key activity centres with local services.

Connection Points: Located where there is the ability to safely

and eciently transfer between core and local ser vices.

Connection points are located to enable easy transition to

other modes and provide quality infrastructure.

Central City: provides for the highest pedestrian d emand. Good

pedestrian connections, following desire lines, to surrounding

areas within a 20 min walk.

Centres: Provide good pedestrian access in areas of high

pedestrian demand, especially in key activity centres and

other commercial and retail centres. Good pedestrian

connections, following desire lines to surrounding areas

within a 10 min walk.

Safe routes: Within 15 min walk to schools and other key

destinations to achieve high level of safety and amenity.

Recreational route: O road or quiet routes of recreational

value, linking key destinations and recreational areas.

Major Cycle Routes: High demand cycle routes providing direct

connections to urban centres, where possible following desire

lines from residential areas. Mainly separated from other

modes.

Local Cycle Routes: Provide local cycle connections to major cycle

routes and within a 15 min ride to schools, and key destinations

(community centres, parks, recreational routes). Local cycle routes

often on qu ieter streets, with greater emphasis on speed

management, signage, safety and improving cycle

lane connectivity.

Local Cycle Routes: Provide local cycle connections to major

cycle routes and within a 15 min ride to schools, and key

destinations (community centres, parks, recreational routes).

Local cycle routes often on quieter streets, with greater

emphasis on speed management, signage, safety andimproving cycle lane connectivity.

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Bus Route

Railway track

Railway station

Suitable site or

Transportation hub

A suitable site or a transportation hub or uture Christchurch is discovered

on the boundary o the Central Business District. This is a suitable site

beacuse it provides two possible transportation system, the Railway way

which provides great opportunity or the development o Christchurch,as

well as providing a good location or a bus interchange hub.

The railway becomes the core transport system. It will also infuence the

growth o the city in the wider Christchurch distract.

Existing Bus routes and Railway track

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There is a huge potential or the uture development o Christchurch with the railways. A

healthy city is determined on its transportation. Incorporating and developing the train

system or uture Christchurch will cater the needs or the growth o wider Christchurch

in the uture. Property d amaged rom the earthquakes had resulted in many households

and businesses relocating to wider areas o Christchurch, particularlt the north-western

and south western region. The railways will eventually become the key to urban sprawl in

Christchurch.

PROTENTIAL GROWTH IN WIDER CHRISTCHURCH

IN THE FUTURE

Protential Busin

Protential Resid

Railway

State highway

Christchurch and

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POPULAR TOURIST ATTRACTIONS ALONG

RAILWAYSTwo o the worlds popular Scenic Journeys starts rom the heart o

Christchurch. Transalpine is truly one o the worlds great scenic train trips

through the dramatic contrast o dry beech orests and tussock land on one

side o the Alps and lush green landscapes on the other. From Christchurch,

cross the patchwork armland o the Canterbury plains, ollow the

Waimakariri river, climbing into alpine scenery on a series o spectacular

viaducts. Then, ater stopping at Arthurs Pass, emerge rom the long Otira

Tunnel and descend through sub tropical rain orest past beautiul Lake

Brunner and on to Greymouth.

The Costal Pacic is a memorable journey between Christchurch and Picton

stops at Blenheim and the renowned whale watching town o Kaikoura.

Along 98 kilometres o ruggedly beautiul coastline youll get astonishingly

close to the surging Pacic Ocean and s teeply rising Kaikoura Ranges. Youll

also travel through beautiul wine growing regions, across broad, braidedrivers and the rich patchwork arming landscape o the Canterbury Plains.

Both o the Scenic Journey starts or ends at the Christchurch Trainstation,

it is known to be the most scenic train trip anywhere in the world which

attracts average o tourists when they visit Christchurch. Thereore or

my proposal, it will not just be a transportation hub, but also i ncluding

Accomindations with Retails and oces to cater the needs o tourists.

Other popular attractions along the railway are argriculture elds and

braided rivers towards the south o Christchurch and Skiing elds such as

Porters ski area locates along the Transalpine rail.

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50,000m2

40%

10%

10%

40%

Total site area Program proportions

Green spaces

Oces

Accomondations

Transportations and Retails

PROGRAM PROPORATIONS

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TRANSPORTATION

ACCOMONDATION

RETAILS

OFFICESPROGRAM PROPOSAL ON SITE

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04.Schematic Designmassings, programs and circulations

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SITE

TRANSPORTATION

ACCOMONDATION

RETAILS

OFFICES

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FORMAL PROCESS

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N

MAXIMUM SUNLIGHT

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05.Plans & Details

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TRANSPORTATION

ACCOMONDATION

RETAILS

OFFICES

BIKE HUBTRAIN STATION

BUS INTERCHANGE

HOLIDAY BUSES

LINK BUSES

HIRING BIKES OUT,USERS

CANUSEBIKES TO CONNECT

THECITY

A

B

A

B

FINAL PROGRAM ON SITE

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Train station Bike hub

Retails Retails

Plaza Hagley Park

Train station

Retails

Retails

Accomondations

PlazaRetailsBuses

oces

PROGRAM IN SECTION

Section AA

Section BB

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PLANS - GROUND FLOOR AND FIRST FLOOR

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PLANS FLOOR 2 & 3

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D - 240 x 36mm Pipe

Ring Beam - 457 x 191mm

Custom cast to t crosspipe structure

Pipe glued to cast

Steel plate

D - 240 x 36mm Pipe

Ring Beam - 457 x 191mm

Buble decks steelreinforcement

Steel girder Custom cast to t crosspipe structure

Pipe glued to cast

Steel plate

JUNCTION DETAIL

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52EXPLODED VIEW

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CORE - VISUAL CONNECTION

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121014 Soil Book-cz

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