12 Tamil English

gŸë¡ fšé¤Jiw

g‹åu©lh« tF¥ò khzt®fS¡fhd f‰wš ifnaL

m¿Kf«

kh©òäF jäœehL Kjyik¢r® mt®fë‹ Mizæ‹go

btŸs¤jhš ghÂ¡f¥g£l kht£l§fëš g‹åu©lh« tF¥ò

gæY« khzt khzéaç‹ eyid¡ fU¤Âš bfh©L mt®fŸ

f‰wš ju¤Âid ca®¤Â¤ nj®¢Á éG¡fh£oid

nk«gL¤Jtj‰bfd jäœ, M§»y«, fz¡F, Ïa‰Ãaš,

ntÂæaš, cæçaš, jhtuéaš, éy§»aš, òéæaš, tuyhW,

bghUëaš, tâféaš, fz¡F¥ gÂéaš M»a ghl§fS¡fhd

f‰wš ifna£oid gŸë¡ fšé¤Jiw jah® brŒJŸsJ.

muÁ‹ édh¤jhŸ Â£l tiué‹ mo¥gilæš

khzt®fë‹ nj®¢Á éG¡fh£oid mÂfç¡F« neh¡»š

cUth¡f¥g£LŸs Ï¡ifna£oid khzt®fS¡F e‹Kiwæš

vL¤J¢ br‹W, khzt®fŸ nj®Îfis vÂ®bfhŸs¤j¡f

JâÎ« j‹d«Ã¡ifÍ« ä¡ft®fshf cUth¡FkhW gŸë¡

fšé¤ Jiw mid¤J MÁça¥ bgUk¡fisÍ«

nf£L¡bfhŸ»wJ.

1

12Mk; tFg;G - jkpo; Kjy;jhs;

t.vz; jiyg;G tpdhf;fs; kjpg;ngz;

1 ÁWtpdh 1 – 6

4x2=8

2 ngUtpdh 7 – 11 – 3 ® 12 3x4=12

3x4=12 3 ngUtpdh 12 - 16 - 3 ® 12

4 neLtpdh 20 – 21 1x8=8

5 ghlybtpdh 22 – 6 4x1=4

6 kdg;ghlk; 23 – 4 6+4=10

7 gFgjk; 24 2x2=4

8 ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G 25 3x2=6

9 Gzh;r;rp 26 2x2=4

10 jpiz> Jiw 27 1x4=4

11 mzp 28 1x4=4

12 nghUj;Jf 29 – 32 4x1=4

13 chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf 33 – 48 16x1=16

14 Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf 49 – 50

2x2=4

nkhj;jk; 100

2

t. vz; jiyg;G tpdhf;fs; kjpg;ngz;fs;

1 ÁWtpdh FWtpdh - 16 8

2 ngUtpdh jpUf;Fws; - 5 tho;j;J - 3 8

3 ngUtpdh rpw;wpyf;fpak; - 4 kWkyh;r;rp - 4 12

4 neLtpdh jpUf;Fws; kl;Lk;. - 4 8

5 kdg;ghlg; ghly;

nra;e;ed;wpawpjy; mwpTilik 4

6

gFgjk;> ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G> Gzh;r;rptpjp> 14

7 mzp ,yf;fzk;

ctik mzp>vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikmzp> nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazp 4

8 Âiz, Jiw

nghJtpay;;jpiz> nghUz;;nkhopf; fhQ;rpj; Jiw 4

9 chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf 16

nkhj;jk; 78

3

12Mk; tFg;G - jkpo; ,uz;lhk;jhs;

t.vz; jiyg;G tpdh vz; kjpg;ngz;fs;

1 ngUtpdh 1 – 5 12

2 ngUtpdh 6 – 12 12

3 neLtpdh 11 – 12 6

4 Jizg;ghlk; 13 – 14 20

5 ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly; 15 10

6 nkhopg;gapw;;rp 16 – 21 6

7 gonkhop 22 4

8

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh - nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 23 - 32 10

nkhj;jk; 80

4

t. vz;

jiyg;G kjpg;ngz;fs;

1 ghlk; - 1>2 kl;Lk; 9tpdhf;fs; 8

2 ghlk; - 5>7 kl;Lk; 10 tpdhf;fs; 8

3 ghlk; - 1>7 kl;Lk; 4 tpdhf;fs; 6

4 Jizg;ghlk; - 1>4 kl;Lk; 2 tpdhf;fs; 10

5 Jizg;ghlk; - 6>9 kl;Lk; 2 tpdhf;fs; 10

6 ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly; khjphp - 1 10

7 jkpohf;fk; - 20 6

8 nkhopg;gapw;rp - Gj;jfj;jpw;Fg; gpd; cs;sJ kl;Lk; 8

nkhj;jk; 66

5

jkpo; Kjy; jhs;

1.chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.

gapw;rpfs; nra;Al;fspd; gpd; mike;Js;sd. mtw;wpypUe;Nj tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLk;. mtw;NwhL Áy;Fwpg;G> Mrphpah; Fwpg;G Mfpatw;iwAk; gbj;jhy; 16 kjpg;ngz;fisAk; ngw;wplyhk;. 2. jpiz my;yJ Jiwia tpsf;Ff. nghJtpay; jpiz> nghUz;nkhopf; fhQ;rpj;Jiw Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;fkhf¥ gbj;jhNy 4 kjpg;ngz;fisAk; ngw;wplyhk;. 3. ghlg;gFjpfspy; mike;j mzpfspy; jpUf;Fwspy; mike;j 3 mzpfisg; gbj;jhNy 4 kjpg;ngz;fisAk; ngw;wplyhk;. *mzp ,yf;fzk;, vLj;Jf;fhl;L> mzp mike;j jd;ik Mfpait tpsf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 4. rpWtpdhf;fspy; fPNo cs;s gFjpfSf;F tiuTj;jpl;lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;Js;sJ. *njhif Áy;fs; - 23 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. *jpUf;Fws; - 23 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. *Njk;ghtzp – 14 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. *rpw;wpyf;fpak; - 7 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. *kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs; - 14 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. *topghl;Lg; ghly;fs; - 14 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W tUk;. ,tw;Ws; Njk;ghtzp>rpw;wpyf;fpak;>kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs;> topg;ghl;Lg;ghly;fs; M»a gFjpfis kl;Lk; gbj;jhNy rpWtpdhf;fspy; 8 kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;W tplyhk;. 5. ngUtpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLk; gFjpfs; édh¤jhŸ Â£l tiuÎ mbg;gilapy; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kjy; gFjp:- tho;j;J : 4 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; jpUf;Fws;: 10 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; njhifÁy;fs;: 12 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; Njk;ghtzp 6 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; ghz;bad; ghpR 5 tpdhf;fspy; xd;W vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; ,uz;lhk; gFjp:- rpw;wpyf;fpak; 5 tpdhf;fspy; 2 vOjpdhy; 8 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs; 4 tpdhf;fspy; 2 vOjpdhy; 8 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk; topghl;Lg; ghly;fs; 6 tpdhf;fspy; 1 vOjpdhy; 4 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk;

,U gFjpfspYk; jyh %d;W %d;W tpdhf;fSf;F kl;LNk tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs;> rpw;wpyf;fpag; gFjpfspy; Fiwthd tpdhf;fspy; ,Ue;J 4 tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLtjhy; Mokhff; fw;wpLf. Nkw;fz;l gFjpfis KOikahfg; gbj;jhNy ntw;wp ngw;Wtplyhk;.

6

6. neLtpdhf;fs; 3 gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nfl;fg;gLk;.

1. jpUf;Fws; 2. njhlh;epiyr; nra;As; 3. kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs;

KOikahd kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw tpUk;GNthh; jpUf;Fwspd;

fU¤J¡fis¤ ; njspthf vOJf. vspjhfg; gbf;f tpUk;GNthh;

kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly; tpdhf;fisg; gbf;fyhk;.

7. ghly;mbapd; fPo; cs;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJjy;.

njhifEhy;fs;> njhlh;epiyr; nra;As; gFjpg; ghly; mbfis

ed;F mwpe;J nfhz;lhy; ,g;gFjpapy; 4 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;.

8. ,yf;fzg;gFjp:

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :-

▪ ;j;’ re;jp ‘e;’ MdJ tpfhuk; mikAk; nrhw;fs; .

▪ nganur;rk; / tpidnar;rk; tpFjp mikgit

▪ tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W> Vty; tpidKw;W tpFjp

mikgit.

▪ vspa tpidKw;W tpFjpfs; mikgit

,tw;iw ed;F gbj;jhNy 4 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;.

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G ▪gz;Gj;njhif

▪tpidj;njhif ▪vz;Zk;ik / ck;ikj;njhif ▪msngil ▪cUtfk; ▪nganur;rk; / tpidnar;rk; ,tw;iw ed;F gbj;jhNy 6 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;

Gzh;r;rp tpjp jUf:-

1. ‘cly;Nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng’ 2. ‘caph;thpd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;NlhLk;’ 3. ‘G+g;ngah;Kd; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk;;

4. ‘<WNghjy;’

5. ‘,dkpfy;’; 6. ‘,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk;’

Mfpa tpjpfs; mikag;ngw;w nrhw;fisg; gphpj;Jg; Gzh;r;rptpjp

vOjpg; goFf. KOikahd kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;Wtplyhk;.

7

9. nghUj;Jf:-

nra;As; gFjpapd; gpd; cs;s nghUj;Jf gapw;rpfis ed;F gbj;jhy; 4 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;. 10. kdg;ghlg; gFjp kdg;ghlg;gFjpfis¥ ghtifNahL KOikahfg; gbj;jpLf. vOj;Jg;gpio ,y;yhky; mbgpwohky; vOjpdhy; KOkjpg;ngz;fs; (10) ngw;wplyhk;. 11. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis Vw;w nrhw;fshy; epug;Gf:- jpUf;Fwspd; 40 Fws;fisAk; ed;F gbj;jhy; KOikahd kjpg;ngz;fs; 4 ngwyhk;. njspthd vOj;J tbtk;>gpio ,y;yhky; vOJtJ Mfpatw;iw tpil mspf;Fk; NghJ filg;gpbj;jhy; Áw;Wf;F ÁW kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;.

jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs;

I. Jizg;ghlf; fl;Liufspy; KO kjpg;ngz; ngw tpUk;Gfpd;w khzt>

khztpah;fs; ftdpf;f:

13Mk; tpdhtpw;Fj; Jizg;ghlq;fs; 1 Kjy; 5 tiu cs;s fijfisg; gbj;jhy;

10 kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngwyhk;.

fijj;jiyg;G> Mrphpah; ngah; Kd;Diu fijf;fU fij khe;jhpd; ngah;fs; fijapd; Nghf;if cl;jiyg;Gfs; nfhLj;J vOJjy; fij czh;j;Jk; ePjp KbTiu

,tw;iw KOikahfg; gpd;gw;Wf 14Mk; tpdhtpw;F 6 Kjy; 10 tiu cs;s Jizg;ghlg; gFjpapy; ‘xt;nthU

fy;yha;’> ‘kz;’ Mfpa rpWfijfspy; kl;LNk fij khe;jh; gz;Gfs; tpdh cs;sJ.

vdNt mtw;iw Cd;wpg;; gbf;fTk;.

fijj; jiyg;G> Mrphpah; ngah; Kd;Diu fijr;RUf;fk; fijapd; xU fjh khe;jhpd; gz;Gfisr; rpWrpW gj;jpfspy; tpsf;Ff

,it midj;ijAk; gpd;gw;wpdhy; 10 kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngwyhk;.

8

II. 15Mk; tpdh ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly; gFjpapy; ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ftpkzp>

ehkf;fy;yhh; ghly;fs; kl;LNk toq;fg;gLk;.

nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlypd; fUj;Jfis vspa ciueil tbtpy; vOj Ntz;Lk;. mjidr; RUf;fp ikaf;fUj;jhf vOjNtz;Lk;. ghlypy;> ctik mzp> nrhw;nghUl;gpd;tU epiyazp> ,ay;G etpw;rp mzp>

cah;T etpw;rp mzp Mfpatw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;W mike;Js;sij vLj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Kd;Diu> nghUs;eak;> nrhy;eak;> Nkhid> vJif> re;jeak;> Riteak;> ghly;jiyg;G> KbTiu Mfpait mikj;Jf; fl;Liu vOjTk;.

I, II Mfpa ,uz;L gFjpfis ed;whfg; gbj;jhNy jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhspy;

khzt> khztpah; ntw;wp ngwyhk;.

III. ciueilapd; ghlg; gFjpfSf;Fg; gpd; ,Uf;Fk; nkhopg;gapw;rpfs; kl;Lk; gbj;jhNy

10 kjpg;ngz; fpilf;Fk;.

thf;fpag; gpio ePf;Ff> re;jpg; gpio ePf;Ff kuGg; gpio ePf;Ff> gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;Ff

t*cr; nrhw;fis ePf;Ff Kjypa gFjpfis ed;whfg; gbf;fTk;.

IV. ngUtpdh ,uz;L gphpthff; Nfl;fg;gLk;.

(1 Kjy; 4 ghlk; tiu Kjy; gFjp) 1>2>3 Mfpa ghlq;fs; ed;F gbj;jhNy KO kjpg;ngz;fs; (12) ngwyhk;. (5 Kjy; 8 ghlq;fs; tiu ,uz;lhk; gFjp). 5>6>7 Mfpa ghlq;fspy; cs;s ngUtpdhf;fisg; gbj;jhNy KO kjpg;ngz;fs;

(12) ngwyhk;. V. neLtpdhf;fs; ,uz;L gFjpfshff;; Nfl;fg;gLk;.

1 Kjy; 4 tiu Kjy; gFjp 5 Kjy; 8 tiu ,uz;lhk; gFjp

,tw;Ws; xU gFjpapy; cs;s neL tpdhf;fis KOikahfg; gbj;jhNy

neLtpdhtpy; 6 kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngwyhk;

jkpohf;fk;> tho;tpay; epfo;T gFjpfspy; KO kjpg;ngz; ngWtjw;F ,Jtiu

muR tpdhj;jhs;fspy; Nfl;fg;gl;l jkpohf;fk;> tho;tpay; epfo;T Mfpatw;iw kPz;Lk;

kPz;Lk; gbj;Jg; gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;$wpatw;iw khzt> khztpah;fs; fUj;jpy;nfhz;L ed;F fw;W 80/80

kjpg;ngz;fis nty;f.

9

jkpo; Kjy; jhs;

gFjp – 1 (xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh - tpilfs;)

cupa tpiliaj; Nju;e;njOJf. 1. fk;gu; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Gytu;fSs; xUtu;

m) ef;fPuu; M) xl;lf;$j;ju; ,) ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

2. ‘xd;Nwnad;dpd; ’ vd;Dk; flTs; tho;j;Jg;ghly; mike;Js;s fhz;lk; m) mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; M) Re;ju fhz;lk;; ,) Aj;j fhz;lk;

3. fk;gu; jhk; ,aw;wpa fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ,l;l ngau; m) fk;guhkhazk;; M) ,uhkhtjhuk;;; ,) jpUf;if tof;fk;

4. jkpourp FwtQ;rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; m) rptd;; M) jpUkhy;;; ,) KUfd;

5. “fw;Nwhuhy; GytNuW ” vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg; ngw;wtu; m) tuj eQ;irag; gps;is M) fk;gu; ,) Nrf;fpohu;

6. Gwk;> Gwg;ghl;L vd toq;fg; ngWtJ m) mfehDhW M) gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,) GwehDhW

7. GwehDhw;wpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s jpizfs; m) Ie;J M) gjpndhd;W ,); gj;J

8. jkpoupd; tho;tpay; rpe;jidfisf; fUT+ykhff; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk; Ehy; m) mfehDhW M) Iq;FWEhW ,) GwehDhW

9. GwehDhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Jiwfs; m) 11 M) 65 ,); 75

10. vl;Lj;njhif Ehy;fSs; xd;W m) FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L ,) gupghly; 11. gupghly; vd;Dk; Ehy; m) mfg;ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ

M) mf> Gwg; nghUs; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ ,) Gwg;ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ 12. mfehD}W kzpkpilg; gtsj;jpy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if m) 100 M)120 ,)180 13. mfehDhw;Wg; ghf;fspd; mbtiuaiw m) 4 Kjy; 8 mb tiu M)9 Kjy; 12 mb tiu ,) 13 Kjy; 31 mb tiu 14. ew;wpiziaj; njhFg;gpj;jtd; m) Mupag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad; M) xy;iyA+u; je;j G+jg;ghz;bad; ,) gd;dhL je;j ghz;bad; khwd; tOjp 15. ew;wpizg; ghf;fspd; mbtiuaiw m) 4 Kjy; 8 mb tiu M) 9 Kjy; 12 mb tiu

,) 13 Kjy; 31 mb tiu

16. fgpyiu ‘ tha;nkhopf; fgpyu; ’ vdg; Nghw;wpatu; m) ef;fPuu; M) ngUq;Fd;Whu;f; fpohu; ,) khNwhf;fj;J eg;griyahu; 17. FWe;;njhiff;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghbatu; m) fgpyu; M) tue;jUthu; ,) ngUe;Njtdhu; 18. Fwl;gh vd;gJ m) ehyb ntz;gh M) %tb ntz;gh ,) <ub ntz;gh 19. mwj;Jg;ghypy; cs;s mjpfhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if m) 70 M) 38 ,) 25

10

20 jpUf;Fwspy; mike;Js;s ,ay;fs; m) 4 M) 9 ,) 30 21. nfhz;lhlg;ngWk; jpUts;Stuhz;bd;gb mtu; tho;e;j fhyk; m) fp.K. 31 M) fp.gp. 31 ,) fp.K. 18 <) fp.gp.190 22. nghUl;ghypd; ,ay;fs; m) ghapuk;> ,y;ywtpay;> Jwtwtpay;> Copay; M) murpay;> mq;ftpay;> xopgpay; ,) fstpay;> fw;gpay; 23. jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikia czu;j;JtJ m) gonkhop M) jpUts;Stkhiy ,) ehybahu; 24. ts;Stidg; ngw;wjhw; ngw;wNj Gfo; itafNk vdg; ghbatu; m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) ftpkzp 25. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYs;s fhz;lq;fs; m) %d;W M) MW ,) Kg;gJ 26. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; cl;gpupT m) glyk; M) ,ay; ,) fhij 27. rpyg;gjpfhu ciuahrpupaUs; xUtu; m) ,sk;G+uzhu; M) mUk;gjTiufhuu; ,) er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; 28. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F toq;Fk; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fspy; xd;W m) ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As; M) fz;zfp fhij

,) rpyg;gjpfhuk; 29. NjdpNy Cwpa nre;jkpopd; --- Rit NjWk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;W ghuhl;batu; m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is 30. tup vd;gJ ____ tifaJ m) re;jg;ghly; M) fypg;ghly; ,) ,irg;ghly; 31. fk;g ehlfj;jpd; ahg;G tz;zq;fSf;Ff; $wg;gLk; fzf;fPL m) 96 M) 108 ,) 100 32. cj;ju fhz;lj;ijg; ghbatu; m) xl;lf;$j;ju; M) thd;kPfp ,) GfNoe;jp 33. fk;guhkhazj;jpYs;s fhz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if m) MW M) VO ,) xd;gJ 34. Re;ju fhz;lk; ,uhkhazj;jpy; m) Kjw;fhz;lk; M) Ie;jhq; fhz;lk; ,) Vohq;fhz;lk; 35. Re;jud; vd;Dk; ngauhy; ,uhkhazj;jpy; toq;fg;gLtgu; m) mDkd; M) ,uhtzd; ,) ,yf;Ftd;

36. ‘rpwpa jpUtb’ vd;W miof;fg;gLgtu; m) fUld; M) mDkd; ,) tPlzd; 37. jdia vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; m) mk;kh M) cld;gpwe;jhs; ,) kfs; 38. ,uhkd; nfhLj;jjhfr; rPijaplk; mDkd; fhl;baJ m) fizahop M) mzpkzpfs; ,) fbjk; 39. rPjhg;gpuhl;b jd;id kPl;Lr;nry;y Ntz;b tpjpj;j fhyk; m) xU jpq;fs; M) Xuhz;L ,) xUehs; 40. tPukhKdptupd; jha;ehL m) jkpofk; M) gpuhd;R ,) ,j;jhyp 41. nfhd;];lhd; vd;DQ; nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs; m) nfhd;wtd; M) mQ;rhjtd; ,) Ntw;Wehl;ltd; 42. tPukhKdptu; njhFj;j mfuhjp m) rJufuhjp M) Ngufuhjp ,) mUk;gj mfuhjp 43. jpUf;Fwspd; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy; Mfpatw;iw tPukhKdptu; nkhopngau;j;Jj;

je;jJ m) Mq;fpyk; M) ,yj;jPd; ,) tlnkhop

11

44. Njk;ghtzp E}ypd; ghl;Lilj; jiytu; m) R+irkhKdptu; M) ,NaRngUkhd; ,) jhtPjd; 45. ghujpjhrdhu; ntspapl;l ,jo; m) Njd;kio M) Fapy; ,) njd;wy; 46. Gul;rpf; ftpQu; vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;ltu; m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) fk;gjhrd; 47. ghz;bad; gupirf; ifg;gw;w epidj;jtd; m) tPug;gd; M) Ntyd; ,) eupf;fz;zd; 48. ghujpjhrd; vOjpa Ehy;fSs; xd;W

m) Gjpa tpbay;fs; M) FwpQ;rpj;jpl;L ,) Njd;kio 49. rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkpg; gupR ngw;w ghujpjhrdpd; Ehy; m) gprpuhe;ijahu; M) ghz;bad; gupR ,) mofpd; rpupg;G

50. ‘ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp’> ‘ftpuhl;rfd;‘ vd;nwy;yhk; Gfog;gLgtu; m) fk;gu; M) xl;lf;$j;ju; ,) ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

51. ‘ jpt;tpa ftp ’ vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gLgtu; m) gps;isg;ngUkhs; ma;aq;fhu; M) xl;lf;$j;ju; ,) FkuFUguu; 52. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; fyk;gfk; m) kJiuf; fyk;gfk; M) ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; ,) fhrpf; fyk;gfk; 53. Gyd; -- vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tif m) fyk;gfk; M) gs;S ,) cyh 54. gjpndl;L cWg;Gfshy; ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; m) fyk;gfk; M) cyh ,) gs;S 55. gpuge;jk; --- vd;Dk; tlnrhy; czu;j;Jk; nghUs; m) eifr;RitEhy; M) ed;F fl;lg;gl;lJ ,) mwpTiuEhy; 56. Kf;$lw;gs;Sf;Fupa ghtif m) rpe;Jg;gh M) Mrpupag;gh ,) tQ;rpg;gh 57. tlnkhopapy; ghujk; ghbatu; m) thd;kPfp M) tpahru; ,) fhspjhru; 58. me;jhjpf;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngau; m) rpNyil M) nrhw;nwhlu; epiy ,) gpuge;jk; 59. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngau; m) JiuuhR M) vj;jpuhrd; ,) Rg;Guj;jpdk;

60 ‘tho;tpdpy; nrk;ikiar; nra;gts; ePNa ’ vd;w ghliyj; jkpo; tho;j;jhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;s muR m) jkpo;ehL muR M) GJit muR ,) gpnuQ;R muR 61. ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpYs;s rUf;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;if m) 5 M) 7 ,) 9 62. ekf;Fj; njhopy; ftpij ehl;Lf;F cioj;jy; vd;W ghbatu; m) ghujpjhrd; M) thzpjhrd; ,) ghujpahu; 63. 20Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,yf;fpa kWkyu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltu; m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) fk;gjhrd; 64. nre;jkpior; nrOe;jkpohff; fhz tpUk;gpatu; m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) fk;gjhrd; 65 gpnuQ;Rf; FbauRj;jiytuhy; nrthypau; tpUjpidg; ngw;wtu; m) ghujpjhrd; M) thzpjhrd; ,) Kbaurd; 66. ftpQNuW> ghtyu; kzp Kjypa gl;lq;fisg; ngw;wtu; m) ftpQu; Rujh M) thzpjhrd; ,) Kbaurd; 67. jkpofj;jpd; Ntu;l;];nthu;j; m) thzpjhrd; M) Kbaurd; ,) ghujpjhrd;; 68. Rujhtpd; Ehy;fSs; jkpo; tsu;r;rpj;Jiwapd; guprpidg; ngw;w Ehy; m) Njd;kio M) JiwKfk; ,) RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk;

12

69. ctikf;ftpQu; m) ghujp M) Rujh ,) fz;zjhrd; 70. fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gu; m) fk;gu; M) tPukhKdptu; ,) vr;.V.fpU~;zg;gps;is

71. ;rpd;dr; rPwh’ vd;w Ehiy vOjpatu; m) ckWg;Gytu; M) Fzq;Fb k];jhd; ,) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau; 72. Re;juu; Njthuk; m) Kjyhe;jpUKiw M) Vohe;jpUKiw ,) gd;dpuz;lhe;jpUKiw 73. jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpw;F ciu vOjpatu; m) mbahu;f;F ey;yhu; M) mUk;gj ciufhuu; ,) ngupa thr;rhd; gps;is 74. jkpof muR toq;Fk; ghNte;ju; epidTg;guprpid Kjypy; ngw;w ftpQu; m) thzpjhrd; M) fz;zjhrd; ,) Rujh 75. jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jkpod;id tpUJ ngw;w ftpQu; m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) Nkhfduq;fd; ,) jhuhghujp 76. jk;gpuhd; Njhou; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltu; m) jpUehTf;furu; M) Re;juu; ,) jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; 77. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; vd;w Ehiy vOjpatu; m) tPukhKdptu; M) vr;.V.fpU~;zg;gps;is ,) [p.A+.Nghg; 78. ckWg;Gytiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy;

m) rilag;g ts;sy; M) ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp ,) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau; 79. ckWg;Gytupd; kw;nwhU Ehy; m) KJnkhop khiy M) Nghw;wpj; jpUmfty; ,) my;yh mUs;Ntl;ly; 80. fpwpj;jt rkaj;jhupd; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; vdg; Nghw;wg;ngWk; Ehy; m) ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; M) Njk;ghtzp ,) jpUf;fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk; 81. rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; (m) 96 (M) 108 (,) 69 82. tlnkhopapy; ,uhkhazj;ij ,aw;wpath;. (m) tpahrh; (M) ef;fPuh; (,) thd;kPfp 83 jpUf;Fwspy; nghUl;ghypd; mjpfhuq;fs;. (m) 38 (M) 25 (,) 70 84. kUfp vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;. (m) kfs; (M) kUkfs; (,) jq;;if

jpiz> Jiwfs; tpsf;fk;

1. nghJtpay; jpizia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

nghJtpay; jpiz : ntl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; Kba cs;s jpizfspy; $wg;glhj nra;jpfisAk;>

mtw;wpw;Fg; nghJthd nra;jpfisAk; $WtJ.

v.fh. ‘gy;rhd;wPNu> gy;rhd;wPNu’ vd;Dk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; tpsf;fk;:

‘gpwUf;F ey;yJ nra;ahtpl;lhYk;> jPik nra;ahky; ,Ug;gNj rpwe;j tho;f;if ‘ vd;w nghJthd fUj;ij tpsf;Ftjhy; ,g;ghly; nghJtpay; jpizahFk;.

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2. nghUz;nkhopf; fhQ;rpj;Jiwia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

nghUz;nkhopf; fhQ;rpj;Jiw:

KdptUk; mtiug; Nghd;w rhd;Nwhu;fSk;> kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd cWjp jUk; epiyahd fUj;Jfis vLj;Jf; $WtJ.

v.fh. gy;rhd;wPNu ……… vdj; njhlq;Fk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;

“ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;w PuhapDk;

my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;”

tpsf;fk;: gpwUf;F ey;;yJ nra;ahtpl;lhYk;> jPik nra;ahky; ,Ug;gNj rpwe;j

tho;f;if vd;w cWjpahd fUj;ijf; $Wtjhy; ,g;ghly; nghUz;nkhopf;fhQ;rpj; JiwahFk;.

mzpfs;

1. mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk;epyk; Nghyj; jk;ik ,fo;thh;g; nghWj;jy; jiy . ctik mzp

mzp tpsf;fk;;: nra;Aspy; ctik>ctNkak>; ctkcUG ntspg;gilaha; epw;Fkhdhy; m/J ctik mzp MFk; . ctik – mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk; ctk cUG – Nghy ctNkak; - jk;ik ,fo;thiug; nghWg;gth; nghUj;jk;: Njhz;Lfpd;wtiuAk; jhq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; epyj;ijg;Nghyj; jk;ik ,fo;thiug; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;sy; jiy rpwe;j gz;ghFk;.

2. ,d;ikA spd;ik tpUe;njhuhy; td;ikAs; td;ik klthh;g; nghiw - vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikmzp mzp tpsf;fk;;: ctik xU njhluhfTk;> ctNkak; xU njhluhfTk; mika ,ilapy; Nghy> Nghd;w cUGfs; kiwe;J tUtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikmzp MFk;. ctik - ,d;ikAs; ,d;ik tpUe;J xuhy; ctNkak; - td;ikAs; td;ik klthh;g; nghiw ,ilapy; Nghy vd;w ctkcUG kiwe;J te;Js;sJ. nghUj;jk;: xUtDf;F tWikahdJ jd;dplk; tUk; tpUe;jpdiu cgrupf;f ,ayhJ NghFk; epiy(mJ Nghy)typikAs; rpwe;j typik mwptpyhh; nra;Ak; jtWfisg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;tNj MFk;.

3. cjtp tiuj;jd; Wjtp cjtp

nrag;glhh; rhy;gpd; tiuj;J - nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp mzp tpsf;fk; : nra;Aspy; ,lk; ngWk; xU nrhy; mNj nghUspy; gyKiw gapd;W tUjy; nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp vdg;gLk;. mzp nghUj;jk; : ,g;ghlypy; cjtp vd;Dk; nrhy; ed;ik nra;jy; vd;Dk; nghUspy; %d;WKiw te;Js;sJ. nra;Ak; cjtp vt;tpj msit cilaJk; ,y;iy. me;j cjtpahdJ cjtp nra;ag;gl;ltupd; jFjpiaNa msthff; nfhz;lJ. vdNt nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp vd;gJ ,f;FwSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhapw;W

14

1. fk;gH ngUikiar; Rl;Lk; njhlHfisf; $Wf.

ftpr;rf;futHj;jp> fy;tpapy; nghpatd; fk;gd;> fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghL;k;> tpUj;jnkd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cah; fk;gd; ,it fk;gupd; ngUikiar; Rl;Lk; njhlu;fs; MFk;.

2. fk;gh; ,aw;wpa NtW E}y;fs; ahit? ruRtjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ> rpiy vOgJ> jpUf;if tof;fk;. 3. ehNlhWk;; vjidg; ghLjy; Ntz;Lk;?

,e;jpa ehL vd;Dila jha;ehL vd;W ,e;jpah; xt;nthUtUk; ehs;NjhWk; ghLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

4. vl;Lj;njhif Ehy;fs; ahit? ew;wpiz>FWe;njhif>Iq;FWEhW>mfehDhW>fypj;njhif>gjpw;Wg;gj;J>gupghly;> GwehD}W.

5. GwehD}w;why; mwpag;gLk; nra;jpfs; ahit? KbAil %Nte;ju;fs;>rpw;wuru;fs;>mikr;ru;fs;>Nridj; jiytu;fs;> giltPuu;fs;> filNaO ts;sy;fs;>filr;rq;fg; Gytu;fs;>gyUila tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;;> mf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifKiw>ehfupfk;>murpay;>Nghu;j;jpwk;>rKjhag; gz;ghL> gof;f tof;fq;fs; Kjypatw;iwg; GwehD}w;why; ed;F mwpayhk;.

6. mfehDhW vj;jid gFjpfshf cs;sJ? mit ahit? mfehD}W %d;W gFjpfshf cs;sJ. mitahtd> fspw;wpahid epiu - 120 ghly;fs; kzpkpilg;gtsk; - 180 ghly;fs; epj;jpyf;Nfhit – 100 ghly;fs;

7. rpyk;G $Wk; %d;W cz;ikfs; ahit?

murpay; gpioj;Njhu;f;F mwk; $w;whFk;. ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;Njhu; Vj;Jtu;. Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;.

8. Njk;ghtzp-nghUs; $Wf.

Njk;gh ñ mzp vdg; gphpj;jhy; thlhj khiy vd;Wk;> Njd; ñ gh ñmzp vdg; gphpj;jhy; Njd; Nghd;w ghf;fis mzpahf cilaJ vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;.

09. cyh vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?

cyh vd;gjw;Fg; gtdptuy; vd;gJ nghUs;. jiytd; tPjpapy; cyh tu VOtif gUtg; ngz;fSk; mtd; kPJ fhjy; nfhs;tjhfg; Gide;J ghLtJ cyhthFk;

10. me;jhjp-tpsf;Ff?

Xt;nthU ghlypy; cs;s ,WjpnaOj;Njh mirNah> rPNuh> mbNah mjw;fLj;J tUk; ghlyp;d; Kjyha; tUk;gb mikj;Jg;ghLtJ me;jhjp vdg;gLk;.

11. fyk;gfk; - ngah;f;fhuzk; jUf?

fyk;gfk; ® fyk; ñ gfk; vdg; gphpf;fyhk;. fyk; - gd;dpuz;L;;;;;;;;;;; ;; gfk; - ghjp MW; Mf 18 cWg;Gfs; mikag; ghlg;gLtjhy; fyk;gfk; vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ.

12. Kf;$lypy; $Lk; MWfs; ahit?

jz;nghUie> rpw;whW> Nfhjz;luhk MW.

,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

15

13. Jd;gk; vt;thW rpjwpg;NghFk;? je;ij ngupahh; Nghy mstha;> jFjpf;Nfw;g xt;nthU ehSk; nryT nra;J tho;e;jhy;> ghwhq;fy; kPJ tpOe;j kioePh; clNd rpjwptpLtJ Nghyj; Jd;gk; gwe;NjhLk;. 14. Njthu %th; ahth;?

mg;gh;> rk;ge;jh;> Re;juh; 15. Re;juh; jk;gpuhd; Njhoh; vd miof;fg;glf; fhuzk; ahJ?

rptd;> Re;juiuj; jk; Njhouha;f; nfhz;likahy; mth; jk;gpuhd; Njhoh; vd miof;fggl;lhh;.

16. vr;.V fpU~;zg;gps;is ,aw;wpa NtW Ehy;fs; ahit?

,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rzpaf;Fws;> ,ul;rzpa rka eph;zak;> Nghw;wpj; jpUtfty; Mfpad.

17. ghNte;jh; E}y;fSs; ehd;fpd; ngah; jUf.

FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> ghz;bad; ghpR> mofpd; rphpg;G> gprpuhe;ijahh; ehlfk;.

18. tPukhKdpth; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>? nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> rJufuhjp> gukhh;j;j FU fij>

Ntjpah; xOf;fk;> fpj;Njhpak;khs; mk;khid> jpUf;fhtYhh;f; fyk;gfk;.

ehd;F kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1) Þ¬øõ£›ˆ¶Š ð£ìô£™ ÜPòô£°‹ ªêŒFè¬÷‚ ÃÁè.?

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16

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ï£´ âù‚«è àK¬ñò£ù ï£´ â¡ø â‡íˆ¬î ï£‹ åšªõ£¼õ¼‹

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17

6) ÜP¾¬ìò£K¡ Þô‚èíƒè÷£è õœÀõ˜ ÃPòùõŸ¬ø â¿¶è?

ÜP¾¬ìòõ˜èœ H¡ù£™ ïì‚èŠ «ð£õ¬î º¡Ã†®«ò ÜP‰¶

ªè£œõ˜. ÜPM™ô£îõ˜èœ Üšõ£Á ÜP»‹ FøI™ô£îõ˜èœ.

x¼õ¡ Ü…ê«õ‡®ò ðNð£õƒèÀ‚° Ü…ê£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶

ÜPò£¬ñò£°‹. Ü…ê «õ‡®ò ðNð£õƒèÀ‚° Ü…C õ£›õ¶

ÜP¾¬ìò£˜ ªêòô£°‹.

7) M¬ùˆF†ðˆF¡ CøŠ¹‹, Üç¶¬ìò£˜ âŒ¶‹ ðòÂ‹ °Pˆ¶ â¿¶è.

ªð¼¬ñ‚°Kò Ü¬ñ„êK¡ ñùõL¬ñ ÜšõóêÂ‚°„ CøŠ¬ð

à‡ì£‚°õî£™ Üšõ¬ñ„ê¡ ò£õó£½‹ ñF‚èŠð´õ£¡.

x¼ ªêò¬ô„ ªêŒ¶ º®ˆ¶ M´«õ¡ â¡Á G¬ùŠðõ˜èœ

ñùõL¬ñ ªè£‡ìõ˜ès; Mth;. 8. ,uhruhr Nrhodpd; tpy;> ths;> KuR> nfhb> Fil Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gl;ld ahit>?

tpy; - ,e;jpuid ntd;wJ> ngUq;;fliy tw;wr; nra;jJ.

ths; - Nrho ehl;bw;Ff; fhtphp nry;y kiyia ntl;b top mikj;jJ. thdj;jpy; mire;j efuj;ij mopj;jJ.

KuR – Nruid ntd;W ngw;w flg;gkuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. fhtphpf;F mizfl;l giftiu kz; Rkf;fr; nra;jJ.

nfhb – NkUkiyia tyk; te;jJ. ,e;jpuidg; Gypahff; nfhz;lJ.

Fil – kf;fisf; fhg;gjw;F mz;l $lj;ij xj;J epd;wJ. 9. njd;fiu ehl;bd; tsk; Fwpj;J Kf;$lw;gs;S ciug;gdtw;iw vOJf.

njd;fiu ehl;bd; tsk; (1) njd;fiu ehl;by; ntapy; fhAk; - Mdhy; kf;fspd; tapW fhahJ (2) japh; kl;LNk fyq;;Fk;. mq;Fs;s kf;fs; kdk; fyq;fhh;. (3) ehopifAk; thuKNk khAk;. kf;fs; grpahy; khahh; (4) nts;sk; kl;LNk kWfp XLk;. Mdhy; kf;fs; kWfp thlhh;. (5) Kw;wpa nre;ney; jiyrhAk;. Mdhy; kf;fs; vjw;fhfTk; jiy Fdpa

khl;lhh;. (6) Kdpth; kl;LNk jdpj;J ,Ug;gh;>fztd; kidtpahf tho;gth; jdpj;J

,Uf;f khl;lhh;. (7) re;jdk; kl;LNk NjAk; > mq;F cs;s ngz;fs; JhJ ciuj;Jj; Nja;tJ

,y;iy. 10. ngUkhs; ciw jpUNtq;flg;gjp Fwpj;Jg; gps;isg;ngUkhs; Iaq;fhh; $Wtd

ahit? khiy Neuj;jpy; thdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; gpiwr; re;jpuidj; jiyapy; R+ba

rptngUkhDk;>gpuk;kDk;>,e;jpuDk;>Ntjk; Kjypa E}y;fisg; Nghw;Wk; Kdpth;fSk;> Kg;gj;J Kf;Nfhbj;Njth;fSk;> jk; cs;sj;jpy; epWj;jp fhiyapYk; khiyapYk; tzq;Fk; kiyNa ngUkhs; ciw jpUNtq;fl kiyahFk;.

11. jiytp Nkfj;jplk; nkhope;j J}J nkhopfs; ahit? jpUkhiyg; Nghd;W fhpa epwk; cila> NkYk; re;jd kuq;fs; epiwe;j

nghjpif kiyr;rhuypy; jq;;fpAs;s Nkfq;fNs! khiy Neug; gpiwr;re;jpuDk;> ,iu NjLfpd;w Fapypd; FQ;Rk; vd; capiu thapypl;Lg; Grpf;fpd;wd.

mjdhy; Nkfq;fNs ,r;nra;jpiaf; fapyha kiyapYk;> NkU kiyapYk;>

nghjpif kiyapYk; vOe;jUsp cs;stDk; jlhjifg; gpuhl;bapd; fztUkhfpa kJiur; nrhf;fehjg; ngUkhdplk; nrd;W nrhy;tPh;fshf.

18

12. Rtbr; rhiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba E}y;fs; ahit?

(1) gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ,Ug;gJ Nghyj; jkpo;nkhopapy; Rtbr;rhiyfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(2) jkpo; nkhop E}y;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (3) nkhop ngah;g;G E}y;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (4) mKjk; Nghd;w ftpij E}y;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (5) ey;y fUj;Jila ciueil E}y;fSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (6) ,tw;iwr; Rtbr;rhiyapy; JiwJiwaha;g; gphpj;jLf;fp itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

13. C‚èùˆî£™ õ¼‹ ðò¡èœ ò£¬õ?

1) ï£‹ «ð«ó£´‹, ¹è«ö£´‹ õ£›õîŸ° ï‹Iìºœ÷ «ðóP«õ

¶¬í ªêŒ»‹. Ü¶«ð£™ ï£‹ Y«ó£´‹, CøŠ«ð£´‹ thor; C‚èù«ñ

¶¬í¹K»‹. 2) Þ¼‚°‹ ðíˆ¬îªò™ô£‹ ðè†ì£è õ£›‰¶ ªêô¾

ªêŒî£™ ï‹ õ£›¾ có£M¬òŠ «ð£¡Á å¡Á‚°‹ àîõ£ñ™ «ð£ŒM´‹.

3) C‚èùˆ«î£´ Ã®ò õ£›‚¬è cÏŸ¬øŠ «ð£¡Á ðò¡ î¼õî£°‹.

4) C‚èùˆ¬î‚ è¬ìŠH®‚è£ñ™ ðè†ì£è õ£›‰îõ˜èœ ÞÁFJ™

õÁ¬ñ»ŸÁˆ ¶¡ðŠð´õ˜. 5) Ýì‹ðóñ£ù õ£›‚¬è èí«ïóˆF™

ñ¬ø»‹ có£M¬òŠ «ð£¡ø¶. C‚èùˆ«î£´ Ã®ò õ£›‚¬è

«ñ¡«ñ½‹ ªð¼°‹ cÏŸ¬øŠ «ð£¡ø¶.

14. FyNrfu Mo;thh; Ntz;LtJk; Ntz;lhjJk; ahit? FyNrfu Mo;thh; Ntz;LtJ:-

jpUNtq;;fl kiyapy; cs;s Ridapy; kPdha;g; gpwf;f Ntz;Lfpwhh;. Ntz;lhjJ:-

Fiwahj nry;tj;NjhL tpz;Zyfj;ijAk;> kz;Zyfj;ijAk; MSk; gjtpia Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhh;.

neLtpdh - jpUf;Fws;

1) ‘ªêŒ‰ï¡PòPî™’ â¡Â‹ ÜFè£óˆF™ õœÀõ˜ ÃÁ‹ è¼ˆ¶è¬÷ˆ

ªî£°ˆ¶‚ ÃÁè.

ªêŒ‰ï¡P‚° Ü÷¾ Þ™¬ô:&

ï£‹ â‰î àîM»‹ ªêŒò£ñ™ Þ¼‚è, Hø˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒ»‹ àîM‚°

ñ‡µô¬è»‹, M‡µô¬è»‹ ªè£´ˆî£½‹ ßì£è£¶. è£ôñP‰¶ x¼õ˜ ªêŒî

àîM Iè„ CPî£è Þ¼‰î£½‹ Ü¶ Þ‰Gô¾ô¬èMìŠ ªðKòî£°‹. ï‹Iì‹

â‰îŠ ðò¬ù»‹ âF˜ð£ó£ñ™ å¼õ˜ ªêŒî àîMJ¡ î¡¬ñ¬ò Ýó£Œ‰¶

ð£˜ˆî£™ Þ¶ èì¬ôMìŠ ªðKòî£°‹.

19

ªêŒ‰ï¡P¬ò ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ«õ£˜ Fø‹:&

F¬ù Ü÷¾ å¼õ˜ àîM ªêŒî£½‹, Üš¾îMJ¡ î¡¬ñ¬ò

àí˜‰îõ˜èœ Ü¬îŠ ð¬ùò÷õ£è ãŸÁ‚ªè£œõ˜. x¼õ˜ ªêŒ»‹

àîMJ¡ Ü÷¾ â¡ð¶ Üî¡ ñFŠ¬ðŠ ªð£Áˆî¶ Ü¡Á. Üš¾îM¬òŠ

ªðŸøõ¼¬ìò î°F âšõ÷Mù«î£ Üšõ÷¬õŠ ªð£Áˆî£°‹.

ï¡P ªêŒî£ó¶ ï†¬ð Mìô£è£¶:&

°ŸøñŸø ï™ôõ˜èO¡ ï†¬ð ñø‰¶M´î™ Ãì£¶. ¶¡ðˆF™

àîMòõ˜èO¡ ï†¬ð‚ ¬èM´î™ Ãì£¶. Ýðˆ¶‚ è£ôˆF™

àîMòõ˜èO¡ ï†¬ð ã«ö¿ HøMèO½‹ ñøˆî™ Ãì£¶.

ñø‚è «õ‡®ò¶‹, ñø‚è‚ Ãì£î¶‹:&

x¼õ˜ ªêŒî àîM¬ò ñø‰¶ M´î™ ï¡ø£è£¶. Ýù£™ x¼õ˜ ªêŒî b¬ñ¬ò

Ü¡«ø ñø‰¶M´î™ ï¡ø£°‹.

ï¡ø™ô¬î Ü¡«ø ñø‚°‹ Fø‹:&

èí‚Aôìƒè£ˆ bƒ°è¬÷ x¼õ˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒî£½‹, Üõ˜ â¡«ø£ ªêŒî

x¼ ï¡¬ñ¬ò‚ èí‚A™ªè£‡´ Üõ˜ ªêŒî bƒ¬è ñø‰¶, ñ¡Qˆ¶

M´î™ ï¡ø£°‹.

ªêŒ‰ï¡P ñø‰î£K¡ G¬ô:&

â‰îŠ ð£õƒè¬÷ ï£‹ ªêŒî£½‹ ÜFL¼‰¶ cƒ°õîŸ° õN»‡´.

Ýù£™ x¼õ˜ ªêŒî àîM¬ò ñø‰î£™ ÜŠð£õˆFL¼‰¶ cƒ°õîŸ°

õN«òJ™¬ô.

2) ‘ªð£¬ø»¬ì¬ñ’ â¡Â‹ ÜFè£óˆF™ õœÀõ˜ ÃÁ‹ è¼ˆ¶è¬÷ˆ

ªî£°ˆ¶ â¿¶è.

G+kpNghy; jhq;F:

ÌIò£ù¶ î‹¬ñˆ «î£‡´ðõ¬ó»‹, ªð£Á¬ñ«ò£´ î£ƒA‚ ªè£œÀ‹.

Ü¶«ð£ô ï‹¬ñ Þè›‰¶ «ð²«õ£¬ó ï£‹ î£ƒA‚ ªè£œÀî™ «õ‡´‹. x¼õ˜

ªêŒî bƒ¬èŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œÀî™ ï¡Á. Üˆbƒ¬è ñø‰¶M´î™ Ü¬îMì

ï¡Á.

nghWikNa typik:-

õÁ¬ñ‚ªè™ô£‹ õÁ¬ñ M¼‰Fù˜è¬÷ àðêK‚è£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶.

Ü¶«ð£ô õL¬ñ‚ªè™ô£‹ õL¬ñ ÜPõŸøõ˜èO¡ bòªê£Ÿè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶‚

ªè£œÀîô£°‹. G¬øŠð‡¹ (ê£™¹¬ì¬ñ) ï‹¬ñ M†´ cƒè£ñ™ Þ¼‚è

«õ‡´ªñ¡ø£™ ªð£Á¬ñ â¡Â‹ °íˆ¬î ï£‹ «ð£ŸPŠ ð£¶è£‚è «õ‡´‹.

nghWj;jtUf;Ff; fpilg;git:

Hø˜ ªêŒî bƒ¬èŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷£ñ™ î‡®ˆîõ˜èÀ‚° x¼ï£œ ñ†´«ñ

Þ¡ð‹. ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œðõ˜èÀ‚° Üõ˜èœ õ£›‚¬è º¿õ¶‹ Þ¡ð‹

A¬ì‚°‹. Hø˜ ªêŒî bƒ¬èŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷£ñ™ î‡®Šðõ˜è¬÷ àôèˆî£˜

x¼ ªð£¼†ì£è ñF‚è ñ£†ì£˜èœ. Ýù£™ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œðõ˜è¬÷Š ªð£¡«ð£™

¬õˆ¶Š «ð£ŸÁõ˜.

20

nghWikahy; ntw;wp:-

ªêŒòˆîè£î ªè£®ò ªêò™è¬÷ å¼õ˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒî£½‹ ÜîŸè£è ñù‹

õ¼‰îô£‹. Ýù£™ ÜøˆFŸ° ñ£ø£ù ªêò™è¬÷ ï£‹ ªêŒò£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶ ï¡ø£°‹.

Ü÷¾ èì‰î ¶¡ðˆ¬î x¼õ˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒî£½‹ Üõ¬ó ï£‹ ªð£Á¬ñ â¡Â‹

°íˆî£™ ªõŸP ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹.

nghWg;gtNu cah;e;jth;:-

bòõ˜ ïñ‚°„ ªêŒ»‹ bƒAù£™ «ï¼‹ ¶¡ðˆFŸ° õ¼‰F, ï£º‹

Üõ˜‚°ˆ bƒ° ªêŒò£¶ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Üšõ£Á ªð£ÁŠ«ð£˜

¶øMJÂ‹ ÉŒ¬ñ»¬ìòõ˜ Ýõ£˜. àí¾Š ðC¬ò Üì‚Aõ£¿‹ ªðK«ò£¬óMìŠ

Hø˜ÃÁ‹ Þ¡ù£„ ªê£™¬ôŠ ªð£ÁŠðõ˜ «ñ‹ð†ìõ˜.

3) ‘ÜP¾¬ì¬ñ’ â¡Â‹ ÜFè£óˆF™ õœÀõ˜ ÃÁ‹ è¼ˆ¶è¬÷ˆ

ªî£°ˆ¶ â¿¶è.

mwpT vd;gJ……:-

ÜPõ£ù¶ Ýðˆ¶‚ è£ôˆF™ ï‹¬ñŠ ð£¶è£‚°‹ è¼Mò£°‹.

ð¬èõó£½‹ ÜN‚è º®ò£î «è£†¬ìò£è M÷ƒ°õ¶ ÜPõ£°‹. ñù‹ bòõNJ™

ªê¡ø£™, Üšõ£Á ªê™ôMì£ñ™ î´ˆ¶, ï™õNJ™ ªê½ˆ¶õ¶ ÜPõ£°‹.

â‰îŠªð£¼¬÷ò£˜ ªê£™ô‚ «è†ì£½‹, ÜŠªð£¼O™ àœ÷ à‡¬ñŠ ªð£¼¬÷

Ýó£Œ‰¶ ÜPõ¶ ÜPõ£°‹.

mwpthspapd; nray;:-

ÜKò è¼ˆ¶è¬÷Š Hø˜‚° âOî£èŠ ¹K»ñ£Á‹, M¼‹¹ñ£Á‹ ªê£™ô «õ‡´‹.

Hø˜ õ£JL¼‰¶ õ¼‹ ªê£ŸèO™ ¸‡ªð£¼¬÷ Ýó£Œ‰¶ è£‡ð¶

ÜPõ£°‹. àôA½œ÷, ê£¡«ø£˜èOì‹ ðöA Üõ˜è¬÷ ï†ð£‚A‚ ªè£œÀî™

ÜP¾¬ì¬ñò£°‹. Ü‰î ï†¬ð MKò¾‹ Mì£ñ™, ²¼ƒè¾‹ Mì£ñ™ ð£˜ˆ¶‚

ªè£œõ¶ ÜPõ£°‹. àôA½œ÷ àò˜‰î ê£¡«ø£˜èœ âšõNJ™ ªê™Aø£˜è«÷£

Ü«î õNJ™ ï£º‹ x¡P õ£›õ«î ÜPõ£°‹.

mwpTilNahhpd; jdpr;rpwg;G:-

ÜP¾¬ìòõ˜èœ H¡ù£™ ïì‚èŠ «ð£õ¬î º¡Ã†®«ò ÜP‰¶ ªè£œõ˜.

ÜPM™ô£îõ˜èœ Üšõ£Á ÜP»‹ FøI™ô£îõ˜èœ. x¼õ¡ Ü…ê«õ‡®ò

ðNð£õƒèÀ‚° Ü…ê£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¶ ÜPò£¬ñò£°‹. Ü…ê «õ‡®ò

ðNð£õƒèÀ‚° Ü…C õ£›õ¶ ÜP¾¬ìò£˜ ªêòô£°‹.

mwpNt nry;tk;:-

âF˜è£ôˆF™ Gèö Þ¼Šð¬î º¡Ã†®«ò ÜP‰¶ªè£œÀ‹

ÜP¾¬ìòõ˜èÀ‚° Üõ˜èœ àì½‹, ñùº‹ ï´ƒ°‹ð®ò£ù ¶¡ð‹ õó£¶.

ÜP¾¬ìòõ˜èœ¢ ÜP¾ â¡Â‹ ªê™õ‹ Þ¼Šðî£™ â™ô£„ ªê™õƒè¬÷»‹

à¬ìòõó£è«õ è¼îŠð´õ£˜. Ýù£™ ÜPMô£˜ âˆî¬èò ªê™õ‹ Þ¼‰î£½‹

ÜP¾„ ªê™õ‹ Þ™ô£îî£™ x¡Á‹ Þ™ô£îõó£è«õ è¼îŠð´õ£˜.

21

4) ‘M¬ùˆF†ð‹’ â¡Â‹ ÜFè£óˆF™ õœÀõ˜ ÃÁ‹ è¼ˆ¶è¬÷ˆ

ªî£°ˆ¶ â¿¶è?

kdtypikapd; ,ay;G:-

ªêò™õL¬ñ â¡ð¶ å¼õK¡ ñùõL¬ñ¬òŠ ªð£Áˆî¶. ñŸø

õL¬ñèœ â™ô£‹ «õø£ù¬õ. ð¿¶ð´‹ M¬ù¬ò„ ªêŒò£F¼ˆî™,

x¼«õ¬÷ Ü„ªêòL™ ¶¡ð‹ õ‰î£™ ñù‹ î÷ó£ñ™ Þ¼ˆî™, ÞšMó‡´‹

ñùõL¬ñ ªè£‡ìõ˜èO¡ ªè£œ¬èò£°‹.

jpwikiar; nraypy; fhl;L:>-

â‰î x¼ ªêòô£è Þ¼‰î£½‹ º®M™ ªõOŠð´ñ£Á ªêŒõ«î Ý‡¬ñò£°‹.

Þ¬ìJ™ ªõOŠð´ñ£Á ªêŒî£™ Ü¶ ïñ‚°ˆ bƒ¬èˆ î¼‹. x¼ ªêò¬ô„

ªêŒ¶M´«õ¡ â¡Á ÃÁõ¶ âOò ªêòô£°‹. Ýù£™ Ü„ªêò¬ô‚ ÃPòð®

ªêŒ¶ è£†´õ¶ ÜKò ªêòô£°‹.

tpidj;jpl;gk; jUtJ:-

ªð¼¬ñ‚°Kò Ü¬ñ„êK¡ ñùõL¬ñ ÜšõóêÂ‚°„ CøŠ¬ð à‡ì£‚°õî£™

Üšõ¬ñ„ê¡ ò£õó£½‹ ñF‚èŠð´õ£¡. x¼ ªêò¬ô„ ªêŒ¶ º®ˆ¶ M´«õ¡

â¡Á G¬ùŠðõ˜èœ ñùõL¬ñ ªè£‡ìõ˜è÷£è Þ¼‰î£™, Üõ˜èœ ÃPò

ªêò¬ô‚ ÃPòð®«ò º®ˆ¶M´õ˜.

cUtj;ijtp;;l„ nraNy rpwe;jJ:-

à¼œA¡ø ªðKò Üöè£ù «î¼‚°„ CPò ÜöèŸø Ü„ê£E

ðò¡ð´Aø¶. Ü¶«ð£ô x¼õK¡ à¼õˆ¬îŠ ð£˜ˆ¶ Þõ˜ Þ„ªêò¬ô„ ªêŒò Þòô£îõ˜

â¡Á âœO ï¬èò£´î™ Ãì£¶. ñù‹ ªîO‰¶, ªêŒòˆ ¶E‰î ªêòL¬ù„

«ê£˜¾c‚A, è£ô‹ î£›ˆî£¶ Ü‰î„ ªêò¬ô M¬ó‰¶ º®ˆ¶M´î™ «õ‡´‹.

nray; ,y;iyah? GfOk; ,y;iy :-

x¼ ªêòL¡ ÞÁFJ™ Þ¡ð‹ A¬ì‚°ªñ¡ø£™ âšõ÷¾ ¶¡ð‹

õ‰î£½‹ ¶E¾ì¡ Ü„ªêò¬ô„ ªêŒ¶ º®ˆ¶ M´î™ «õ‡´‹. àì™ õL¬ñ,

ðíõL¬ñ, ð¬ì õL¬ñ Þ¼ŠHÂ‹ ñùõL¬ñ Þ™ô£îõ¬ó Þš¾ôè‹ x¼

ªð£¼†ì£è ñF‚è£¶.

22

nra;As; mb tpdh - tpilfs;

1. ’ahUkpy;iyj; jhNd fs;td;

jhdJ ngha;g;gpd; ahndtd; nra;Nfh”?

m. ,jpy; fs;td; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ltd; ahtd;?

M. ,J ahh; ahhplk; $wpa $w;W?

,. ,f;$w;wike;j nra;Aisg; ghbath; ahh;?

<. ,g;gFjp ve;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?

tpilfs; : m. jiytd; M. jiytp> jd; Njhopaplk;

,. fgpyh; <. FWe;njhif

2. ‘ neLe;Njh; Ch;kjp tyt

Kbe;jd;W mk;k ehk; Kd;dpa tpidNa”

m. ,/J ahh; ahhplk; $wpa $w;W?

M. ‘tyt” vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLgtd; ahh;?

,. ,r;nra;Aisg; ghba Gyth; ahh;?

<. ‘Kbe;jd;W” vd;W ghlypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ vJ?

tpilfs; : m. jiytd; Njh;g;ghfdplk; M. Njh;g;ghfd;

,. kJiu ks;sdhh; <. jiytd; vz;zpte;j nray;

3. ‘ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wPh;MapDk;

my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;”

m. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ?

M. ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;?

,. Mw;wPuhapDk; vJ?

<. Xk;Gkpd; nghUs;$W.

tpilfs; : m. GwehD}W M. ehpnt&cj; jiyahh;

,. ey;ytw;iwr; nra;ahtpbDk; <. jtph;j;JtpLq;fs;

4. ‘jpq;fnshd;wpUg;gd; ,d;Nd ; jpUTsk; jPh;e;jgpd;id

kq;Fntd; capNuhnld;Wd; kyub nrd;dp itj;jhs;”

m. ,jidf; $wpath; ahh;?

M. ahhplk; $wpdhh;?

,. ,t;tb ,lk; ngw;w E}ypd; ngah; ahJ?

<. ‘kyub nrd;dp itj;jhs;” - vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth; ahh;?

tpilfs; : m. mDkd; M. ,uhkdplk;

,. fk;guhkhazk; <. rPij

23

5.’flik Ghpe;jhd; ,tNd”

m. ,jidf; $wpath; ahh;?

M. ahhplk; $wpdhh;?

,. flik Ghpe;jtd; ahh;?

<. ,t;tb ,lk; ngw;w E}ypd; ngah; ahJ?

tpilfs; : m. Mj;jhf;fpotp M. md;dj;jplk;

,. Ntyd; <. ghz;bad; ghpR

kdg;ghlg; gFjp

1.jpUf;Fws; 2 mjpfhuq;fs; - 40 mbfs; 2.gpwghly;fs; - 46 mbfs; ghtif mwpe;J> vOj;Jg;gpioapd;wp mbgpwohky; vOJf. . nghUj;Jf. 1. jpiz --- ghbNahu; tpil

m) FwpQ;rp --- 1) Xuk;Nghfpahu; m – 4 M) Ky;iy --- 2) mk;%tdhu; M – 5 ,) kUjk; --- 3) Xjyhe;ijahu; , – 1 <) nea;jy; --- 4) fgpyu; < – 2 --- 5) Ngadhu; 2. Ehy; --- Mrpupau; tpil

m)kzpNkfiy --- 1) fpU~;;zg;gps;is m – 3

M)Njthuk; --- 2) ckWg;Gytu; M – 4

,)rPwhg;Guhzk; --- 3) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu; , – 2

<),ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;-- 4) Re;juu; < – 1 --- 5) Fzq;Fb k];jhd; 3. Ehy; --- rkak; tpil

m) kzpNkfiy --- 1) rkzk; m – 4

M) ePyNfrp --- 2) fpwpj;jtk; M – 1

,) ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;--- 3) ,Ryhk; , – 2

<) rPwhg;Guhzk; --- 4) ngsj;jk; < – 3 --- 5) itztk;

24

4. Ehy; --- Mrpupau; tpil

m) ,uhruhrNrhoDyh --- 1) gps;isg;ngUkhs; Iaq;fhu; m – 4

M) jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp -- 2) FkuFUguu; M – 1

,) kJiuf; fyk;gfk; --- 3) Mrpupau; ngau; mwpatpy;iy , – 2

<) Kf;$lw;gs;S --- 4) xl;lf;$j;ju; < – 3 5) fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu;

5. Gytu;fs; --- ,aw;wpa Ehy;fs; tpil

m) ,sq;Nfhtbfs; --- 1) kzpNkfiy m – 2

M) jpUj;jf;f Njtu; --- 2) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M – 3

,) ehjFj;jdhu; --- 3) rPtfrpe;jhkzp , – 5

<) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;---- 4) tisahgjp < – 1 --- 5) Fz;lyNfrp

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

khjphp 1. G+l;b ® G+l;L ñ ,

G+l;L – gFjp

, – tpidnar;r tpFjp 2. Njhd;wp ® Njhd;W ñ , 3. va;jp ® va;J ñ , 4. Ve;jp ® Ve;J ñ , 5. ,iwQ;rp ® ,iwQ;R ñ , 6. Nehf;fp ® Nehf;F ñ , 7. Koq;fp ® Koq;F ñ , 8. Nghw;wp ® Nghw;W ñ , khjphp 1. tho;f ® tho; ñ f

tho; - gFjp f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2.xopf ® xop ñ f 3.Xq;Ff ® Xq;F ñ f 4.cah;f ® cah; ñ f 5.nra;f ® nra; ñ f

khjphp 1. Xk;Gkpd; ® Xk;G ñ kpd;

Xk;G – gFjp

kpd; - Vty;gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp

25

2. czh;kpd; ® czh; ñ kpd; khjphp 1. GfyPh; ® Gfy; ñ <h;

Gfy; – gFjp <h; ® Vty;gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp 2. fhzPh; ® fhz; ñ <h; khjphp

1. Fdpe;J ® Fdp ñ j;(e;) ñ j; ñ c

Fdp – gFjp

j; - re;jp (‘e;;;’ MdJ tpfhuk;) j; - .,we;j fhy ,ilepiy

c – tpidnar;r tpFjp 2.jpwe;J ® jpw ñ j;(e;) ñ j; ñ c 3.xope;J ® xop ñ j;(e;) ñ j; ñ c khjphp 1. mirj;j ® mir ñ j; ñ j; ñ m

mir – gFjp j; - re;jp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m – nganur;r tpFjp.

2. Mh;j;j – Mh; ñ j; ñ j; ñ m

Þô‚èí‚ °PŠ¹

g‡¹ˆ ªî£¬è: ‘ik’ tpFjp kiwe;J tUtJ

Ã˜‹ð¬ì è¼ƒè£‚¬è î‡°¬ì è¼ºA™

ªï´‰«î˜ ªï´‰î¬è ð„Å¡ º¶ñó‹

ð²ƒè£™ ªð¼‰«î˜ ï™½¬ó ªõ…²ì˜

º„êƒè‹ º‚°¬ì bªïP

M¬ùˆ ªî£¬è: fhyk; kiwe;J tUtJ

F¼‰¶ªñ£N F¬óè¾œ ¹¬ùèô‹

å¿°c˜ ðì˜ºA™ Ü¬ôèì™ iƒ°c˜

àÁ°¬ø èOïì‹ ðì˜ºA™

MKïè˜ î£›HøŠ¹ ß˜õ¬÷ Ü¬ôèì™

àò˜â‡í‹ à¬ø«õƒèì‹ Üè™ºA™ G¬øñF

Ü´‚°ˆªî£ì˜: xNu nrhy; mLf;fp tUtJ

Fù‰Fù‹ Ü¬ø‰î¬ø‰¶ õ£Nòõ£Nò

²¬ñ²¬ñò£Œ ¶¬ø¶¬øò£Œ M‚AM‚A ¹¬ì¹¬ì

àK„ªê£™ ªî£ì˜: ngah;r;nrhy;iyr; rpwg;gpg;gJ

ñ£ïè˜ ñ™ô™ñ¶¬ó îì‰«î£œ è®ïè˜

¬õõ£œ ï£ñ«õ™ ¬õ«õ™ ñ£ñ¶¬ó

ñ£ñ¬ô

26

ªêŒ»O¬ê Ü÷ªð¬ì (Þ¬êG¬øò÷ªð¬ì): ðÇà‹

ªê£™L¬êò÷ªð¬ì: îjÞ, bªî£gÞ, ªêhÞò

Þ¡Q¬êò÷ªð¬ì: î£ƒ°Úà‹, õ÷˜‚°Úà‹

â‡µ‹¬ñ: ‘ck;’ ntspg;gilahf tUtJ ¬õòèº‹ õ£ùèº‹ õ£J½‹ ñ£O¬è»‹

ñô˜î½‹ Ã‹ð½‹ èƒ¬è»‹ C‰¶¾‹

î‰¬î‚°‹ î£Œ‚°‹ M‡E½‹ ñ‡E½‹

«ð«ó£´‹ ¹è«ö£´‹ ñ£ìº‹ Ýìóƒ°‹

à¼õè‹: ctik ctNkak; ,uz;ilAk; xd;whf;FtJ

è‡a˜ªõœ÷‹ ñFM÷‚° ðC‚èJÁ ¬è‹ñ¬ô

ªð£Ÿè¬ó îƒèˆFIƒèô‹ îƒèˆ«î£E

Mòƒ«è£œ M¬ùºŸÁ: õ£Nò, ªêŒè

âF˜ñ¬ø Mòƒ«è£œ M¬ùºŸÁ: ñøõŸè, ¶øõŸè

HKˆ¶Š ¹í˜„C MF î¼è

1) àJ¼‡´ = àJ˜ + à‡´

MF = ‘àì™«ñ™ àJ˜õ‰¶ å¡Áõ¶ Þò™«ð’ â¡Â‹ MFŠð®

(˜+à=¼) àJ¼‡´ â¡ø£ù¶

¥ ï£ªù¡Á = ï£¡ + â¡Á ( ¡ + â = ªù )

¥ Þ¼÷ÁˆF´‹ = Þ¼œ + ÜÁˆF´‹ ( œ + Ü =÷ )

¥ ðè½¬ø = ðè™ + à¬ø ( ™ + à = ½ )

¥ Üøù™ô = Üø¡ + Ü™ô ( ¡ +Ü = ù )

2) M÷‚«èŸP = M÷‚° + ãŸP

MF &1 = ‘àJ˜õK¡ à‚°øœ ªñŒM†´ å´‹‘. vd;w tpjpg;gb

tpsf;f; ñ Vw;wp â¡ø£ù¶

MF 2 = ‘àì™«ñ™ àJ˜õ‰¶ å¡Áõ¶ Þò™«ð’ ( ‚ + ã= «è )

M÷‚«èŸP â¡ø£ù¶

¥ õ‡®ù‹ = õ‡´ + Þù‹ (l;ñ c ® L ) ( † + Þ = ®)

¥ ñ£êŸø£˜ = ñ£² + ÜŸø£˜ ( „ + à = ² ) ( „ + Ü = ê )

¥ ï¡ø¡Á = ï¡Á + Ü¡Á ( Ÿ + à = Á ) ( Ÿ + Ü = ø )

¥ Cô‹ªð£¡Á = Cô‹¹ + å¡Á ( Š + à = ¹ ) ( Š + å = ªð£ )

¥ Ü¬ø‰î¬ø‰¶ = Ü¬ø‰¶ + Ü¬ø‰¶ ( ˆ + à = ¶ ) (ˆ+Ü =î)

27

3) º¶ñó‹ = º¶¬ñ + ñó‹

MF = ‘ßÁ«ð£î™’ â¡Â‹ MFŠð® ¬ñM°F ªè†´ º¶ñó‹

â¡ø£ù¶.

4) ªð¼ƒèOÁ = ªð¼¬ñ + èOÁ

MF&1 = ßÁ«ð£î™ â¡Â‹ MFŠð® ‘¬ñ’ M°F ªè†´

ªð¼+èOÁ â¡ø£ù¶.

MF&2 = ÞùIè™ â¡Â‹ MFŠð® ‘ƒ’ «î£¡PŠ ªð¼ƒèOÁ

â¡ø£ù¶

¥ ªð¼‰«î˜ = ªð¼¬ñ + «î˜

¥ ªï´‰î¬è = ªï´¬ñ + î¬è

¥ ªð¼‰ªîŒõ‹ = ªð¼¬ñ + ªîŒõ‹

¥ ªê¿‹ªð£¡ = ªê¿¬ñ + ªð£¡

5) ñE‚è¿ˆ¶ = ñE + è¿ˆ¶

MF = Þò™HÂ‹, MFJÂ‹ G¡ø àJ˜ º¡ èêîð I°‹

â¡Â‹ MFŠð® ‘‚’ «î£¡P ñE‚è¿ˆ¶ â¡ø£ù¶

¥ b‚°„C = b + °„C

¥ M¬ùˆF†ð‹ = M¬ù + F†ð‹

¥ ñF‚°¬ì = ñF + °¬ì

¥ ðˆFQŠªð‡®˜ = ðˆFQ + ªð‡®˜

¥ õ¬÷ˆ«î£O = õ¬÷ + «î£O

¥ ñ¬ö‚è‡a˜ = ñ¬ö + è‡a˜

¥ ñE‚è¿ˆ¶ = ñE + è¿ˆ¶

6) Ìƒªè£®ò£÷¢ = Ì + ªè£®ò£œ

MF & “ÌŠªðò˜ º¡ Þùªñ¡¬ñ»‹ «î£¡Á‹” â¡Â‹ MFŠð®

‘q;’ «î£¡P Ìƒªè£®ò£÷¢ â¡ø£ù¶

¥ Ì…«ê£¬ô = Ì + «ê£¬ô

¥ G+q;nfhb ® = Ì + nfhb

Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf

1. fhyj;jpdhw; nra;j ed;wp rpwpnjdpDk;

Qhyj;jpd; khzg;nghpJ.

2. vOik vOgpwg;Gk; cs;Sth; jq;fz;

tpOke; Jilj;jth; el;G.

28

3. xWj;jhiu nahd;whf itahNu itg;gh;

nghWj;jhiug; nghd;Nghy; nghjpe;J.

4. cz;zhJ Nehw;ghh; nghpah; gpwh;nrhy;Yk;

,d;dhr;nrh Ndhw;ghhpw; gpd;.

5. vg;nghUs; ahh;ahh;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;

nka;g;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT.

6. mQ;Rt jQ;rhik Ngijik mQ;rt

jQ;ry; mwpthh; njhopy;.

7. nrhy;Yjy; ahh;f;Fk; vspa mhpathk;

nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray;.

8. Jd;gk; cwthpDk; nra;f Jzpthw;wp

,d;gk; gaf;Fk; tpid.

***********

29

Jizg;ghlk; 1. ghy; tz;zk; gps;is

-GJikg;gpj;jd; fij khe;jh;fs;

ghy; tz;zk; gps;is

gps;isapd; kidtp

ehd;F Foe;ijfs;

Nky tPl;L mz;zhr;rp

Rg;Gf; Nfhdhh;

º¡Â¬ó:& °´‹ðƒè¬÷ ¬ñòñ£è‚ ªè£‡´ Cø‰î CÁè¬îè¬÷

à¼õ£‚Aòõ˜ ¹¶¬ñŠHˆî¡ Ýõ£˜. ÞõK¡ Iè„Cø‰î è¬îò£ù “ð£™õ‡í‹

Hœ¬÷” è¬îJ¬ù Þƒ°‚ è£‡«ð£‹.

è¬î‚ è¼:& “Ý‡” â¡ðîŸè£è Ýíõ‹ ªè£œ÷£«î.

ªñ‚R«è£ âƒ«è?:&

ð£™õ‡í‹ Hœ¬÷ èªô‚ì˜ ÝdR™ 35 Ïð£Œ ê‹ð÷ˆF™ °ñ£vî£õ£èŠ

ðEò£ŸPù£˜. x¼ ï£œ ð£™õ‡í‹ Hœ¬÷«ò£´ ðEò£ŸÁ‹ °ñ£vî£

ªñ‚R«è£ õìÜªñK‚è£M™ Þ¼Šðî£è‚ ÃPù£˜. ð£™õ‡í‹ Hœ¬÷«ò£

ªñ‚R«è£ ªî¡ÜªñK‚è£M™ Þ¼Šðî£è‚ ÃPù£˜.

î£¡ ªê£¡ù¶ êK«ò â¡ð¬î GÏH‚è i†®™ àœ÷ Ì«è£÷Š ¹ˆîèˆ¬îŠ

ð£˜‚è «õèñ£è i†®Ÿ° õ‰î£˜.

ñ¬ùM ÃPò Ý«ô£ê¬ù:&

ð£™õ‡í‹ Hœ¬÷‚° ï£¡° °ö‰¬îèœ. Üõ˜èO¡ ð£™ªêôMŸ°‚

Ã´îô£è ï£¡° Ïð£Œ ªêôõ£Aø¶. Þ‰î‚ Ã´î™ ªêô¬õŠ «ð£‚è

°ö‰¬îèÀ‚è£è x¼ ñ£´ õ£ƒA M†ì£™ â¡ù â¡Á ð£™õ‡íˆF¡ ñ¬ùM

â‡Eù£œ.

ñ£´ õ£ƒè «õ‡ì£‹:&

i†®Ÿ° õ‰¶ Ì«è£÷Š ¹ˆîèˆ¬îŠ ð£˜ˆî£˜ ð£™õ‡í‹. ÜF™ ªñ‚R«è£

õìÜªñK‚è£M™ Þ¼‰î¶. Üõ˜ ñùF™ «è£ð‹ õ‰î¶. Ü‰î «ïóˆF™

Hœ¬÷èÀ‚è£èŠ ð²ñ£´ õ£ƒ°‹ Ý«ô£ê¬ù¬ò ñ¬ùM ÃPù£œ. ÞîŸ°Š

ð£™õ‡í‹ “Þƒ«è te;jhy; x«ó Þó£ñ£òí‹” â¡Á «è£ðˆF™ ÃPò«î£´,

“ñ£´W´ õ£ƒè º®ò£¶” â¡ø£˜. î¡ Hœ¬÷èœ cˆî‡E¬ò‚ °®ˆ«î

õ÷˜‰¶M´‹ â¡ø£˜.

ð²¬õ»‹, è¡¬ø»‹ ñ¬ùM õ£ƒ°î™:& ñ¬ùM î¡ ifapy; mzpe;jpUe;j

Þó‡´ ªè†®‚ è£Š¹ õ¬÷ò™è¬÷ MŸÁ, Nky tPl;L Ü‡í£„C àîM«ò£´, x¼

ñJ¬ôŠ ð²¬õ»‹, è¡¬ø»‹ õ£ƒAù£œ. i†®Ÿ° õ‰î ð£™õ‡í‹Hœ¬÷ i†®™

ð²¾‹, è¡Á‹ Þ¼Šð¬îŠ ð£˜ˆ¶‚ «è£ð‹ Ü¬ì‰î£˜. Üõ˜ Ü¡PL¼‰¶ i†®™

è£ŠH»‹, «ñ£¼‹ ê£ŠH´õF™¬ô.

30

ð£™õ‡íˆF¡ H®õ£î„ ªêò™:&

15 ï£†èÀ‚°Š Hø° x¼ï£œ Þó¾ 8 ñE‚°Š ð£™õ‡í‹Hœ¬÷ ñ£†¬ì

MŸðîŸè£è„ ²Š¹‚«è£ù£¬ó‚ Ã†® õ‰î£˜. khl;ilg; ghUk; 25 &gha;. ê£I ñ£´ 60

Ïð£Œ ªðÁ‹ â¡Á ²Š¹‚«è£ù£˜ ÃP»‹ “àù‚è£è 30 Ïð£Œ. ÞŠªð£¿«î

H®ˆ¶‚ ªè£‡´ «ð£è «õ‡´‹” â¡Á è†ì¬÷ Þ†ì£˜. 70 Ïð£Œ‚° thq;fpa

ñ£†®¬ù 30 Ïð£Œ‚°„ ²Š¹‚ «è£ù£Kì‹ MŸÁM†ì£˜. ð£™õ‡íˆF¡ Íˆî

ñè¡ “Ü‹ñ£ â¡ è‡µ‚°†®” â¡Á Ü¿î£¡. ‘²‹ñ£ ªèì êõ«ñ’ â¡Á

ð£™õ‡í‹Hœ¬÷ ÃPù£˜.

º®¾¬ó:&

Ýí£F‚èˆ«î£´ ªêò™ð´õî£™ °´‹ð‹ âšõ£Á ¶¡ðŠð´‹ â¡ð¬î

Þ‚è¬î àôAŸ°‚ ÃÁAø¶.

2. Ntyp -,uh[k; fpU~;zd;

fij khe;jh;fs;

Nfhkjp

Nfhkjpapd; kfd;> Foe;ijfs;

kUkfs; khyjp

Nfhkjpapd; ngz;fs;: gq;f[k;> nrz;gfk;

khyjpapd; mf;fh : Uf;kzp

Uf;kzpapd; fztd;: nry;yg;gd;

º¡Â¬ó:&

ªð‡èO¡ õ£›‚¬è„ C‚è™è¬÷ ikakhff; ªè£‡´ è¬îèœ â¿¶õF™

õ™ôõ˜ Þó£ü‹A¼wí¡ Ýõ£˜. Üõó¶ Cø‰î è¬îèÀœ x¡ø£Aò ‘«õL’

â¡Â‹ CÁè¬î ðŸP‚ è£‡«ð£‹.

è¬îf; è¼:& gzj;jpw;F NtypAk; ,y;iy Ks;Sk; Þ™¬ô

è™ò£íˆF™ ªî£ìƒAò¶:&

«è£ñFJ¡¢ Íˆî ñè¡ Ü½õôèˆF™ ðEò£ŸÁ‹ ‘ñ£ôF’ â¡Â‹ «õŸÁ„ ê£FŠ

ªð‡¬í‚ è£îLˆî£¡. ñ£ôF ï™ô Üö°; ÞQ¬ñò£èŠ «ð²ðõœ. è£îLˆî

Þõ˜èœ x¼ï£œ F¼ñí‹ º®ˆ¶‚ ªè£‡´, «è£ñF i†®Ÿ°„ ªê¡ø£˜èœ. Cô

ñ£îƒèÀ‚°Š Hø° ñ£ôFJ¡ èíõ¡ «õ¬ôJ¡ è£óíñ£è 6000 è™èÀ‚°

ÜŠð£™ àœ÷ ªõOï£†®Ÿ°Š ðEò£Ÿør; ªê¡Á M†ì£¡. ñ£ôF è¼¾ŸÁ

Þ¼‰î£œ.

«õL î£‡ì º®òM™¬ô:&

ñè¡ Ý¬êŠð†´ˆ F¼ñí‹ º®ˆî£¡ â¡ðîŸè£è ñ£ôF¬ò‚ «è£ñF

ñ¼ñè÷£è ãŸÁ‚ ªè£‡ì£œ. Ýù£™ ÜõÂ‚°Š H¡ù£™ àœ÷ Hœ¬÷èÀ‚° ï™ô

ÞìˆF™ F¼ñí‹ ªêŒò «õ‡ì£ñ£? «õL î£‡ì º®òM™¬ô â¡Á «è£ñF

31

ñù‹ õ¼‰Fù£œ. “ã«î£ àˆF«ò£èk; vd;fpw ê£‚A™ ªõO«ò «ð£è†´‹, õó†´‹,

Þ¼‚è†´‹Â” «è£ñF ñ¼ñè¬÷ ñùF™ ãŸÁ‚ ªè£‡ì£œ. Ýù£™ ñ£ôFJ¡

Ü‹ñ£, ÜŠð£¬õ„ ê‹ð‰F º¬ø ªè£‡´ àøõ£ì Üõœ M¼‹ðM™¬ô.

à‡¬ñ ÜP‰î ªê‡ðè‹:&

«è£ñFJ¡ ñèœ ªê‡ðè‹ ‘ñ£ôF Ü‡E ªî£†´ rikj;j àí¬õ Ü‹ñ£

à‡íñ£†ì£œ’ â¡Â‹ à‡¬ñ ÜP‰îõœ. Ü‡E îƒèÀ‚°„ êññ£ùõœ

Þ™¬ô â¡ð¶ «è£ñF Hœ¬÷èÀ‚°ˆ ªîK»‹.

C¬wg;gl;l AOò£è ñ£ôF:&

â†´ñE «ïó‹ Ü½õôèˆF™ Þò‰Fóñ£è ñ£ôF õ£›‰î£œ. Üõ¬÷ˆ

î£Œi†®Ÿ° «è£ñF ÜÂŠ¹õ«î Þ™¬ô. ñ£ôF‚°‚ «è£ñF º¿¬ñò£ù

Ýîó¾‹ ªè£´ŠðF™¬ô. Þ¬î G¬ùˆ¶ Üö‚Ãì º®ò£îõ÷£è ñ£ôF

õ£›‰î£œ.

õ¬÷è£Š¬ð ïìˆ¶ƒèœ:&

F¯ªó¡Á å¼ï£œ ñ£ôFJ¡ Ü‚è£œ ¼‚°ñE»‹, Üˆî£¡ ªê™ôŠðÂ‹

«è£ñF i†®Ÿ° õ‰î£˜èœ. Üõ˜è¬÷‚ è‡ì¶‹ õ‰î ªõÁŠ¬ð‚ «è£ñF M¿ƒA

M†´„ CKŠ¬ð ªõO‚ è£†®ù£œ. õ¬÷è£Š¬ð ïìˆ¶õîŸè£è Ü‹ñ£ àì¬ô

õ¼ˆF„ «ê˜ˆî Þó‡´ ËÁ Ïð£Œ «ï£†´è¬÷ Ü‹ñ£ î‰îî£è ¼‚ñE

«è£ñFJì‹ ªè£´ˆî£œ. «è£ñF Üî¬ù ñ®ˆ¶ Þ´ŠH™ ªê£¼A‚

ªè£‡ì£œ.

ªî£ì£î ñ£Iò£˜:&

x¼ ï£œ ñ£¬ô àì™ïô‹ Þ™ô£îõœ «ð£™ ñ£ôF ð´ˆF¼‰î£œ. î¡¬ù

ÜŠ«ð£î£õ¶ ªî£†´Š ð£˜Šð£˜è÷£? â¡ð¬î ÜPõîŸè£è Üšõ£Á Þ¼‰î£œ.

“àì‹¹‚° â¡ù?” â¡Á «è†´‚ ªè£‡´ õ‰î «è£ñF ªî£†´Š ð£˜‚èM™¬ô.

“ªê‹ðè‹ Þƒè õ‰¶ Ü‡E¬òˆ ªî£†´Šð£¼” â¡Á «è£ñF ªê£¡ù¶‹ ñ£ôF‚°‚

èrŠ¬ð ÜFèñ£‚Aò¶.

ê‹ð÷ˆ¬îˆ «î® õ‰î£œ:&

ñ£ôFJ¡ Ü‚è£¾‹, Üˆî£Â‹ õ‰¶ ªê¡øH¡ ñò‚è‹ õ¼õ¶ «ð£™

Þ¼‰îî£™, ñ£ôF ð´‚¬èJ™ ð´ˆF¼‰î£œ. Üƒ° õ‰î «è£ñF, àƒè

Ü‚è£¾‚°‹, Üˆî£Â‚°‹ è£ŠH‚è£è Þó‡´ èŠ¹‚°Š ð£™ â´ˆîî£™ ï£¬÷‚°

«ñ£¼‚°‚ ÃìŠ ð£™ Þ™¬ô â¡ø£œ. ê‹ð÷‹ «ð£ìM™¬ôò£? «îF ä‰î£A

M†ì«î? â¡Á «è£ñF ñ£ôFJì‹ «è†ì£œ. Üõœ ªð†®J™ Þ¼‚Aø¶

â¡ø¾ì¡, ï£«ù â´‚A«ø¡ â¡Á ªê£™L «è£ñF ñ£ôFJ¡ ªð†®¬òˆ Fø‰¶

«ê¬ôèÀ‚° Ü®J™ Þ¼‰î ð˜¬ú â´ˆ¶‚ ªè£‡ì£œ. Þ¬îŠ ð£˜ˆî ñ£ôF

‘ðíˆFŸ° å¡Á«ñ Þ™¬ô, «õL»‹ Þ™¬ô; ºœÀ‹ Þ™¬ô’ â¡Á ñùF™

â‡Eù£œ.

º®¾¬ó:& ªð‡èœ «õ¬ô‚°„ ªê¡Á, ê‹ð£Fˆî£™ êºî£òˆF™ M®¾ õ¼‹

â¡Á G¬ùˆî ªð‡Eù‹ Þ¡Â‹ êºî£ò «õLèÀ‚°œ C‚A Þ¼Šð¬î

Þ‚è¬î àí˜ˆ¶Aø¶.

32

3. kz; -ma;f;fz;

fij khe;jh;fs;

fUg;igah - ,uhkhap- jkpo;j;jk;gjp

#ug;gl;b kf;fs;

Nrth njhz;L epWtdh; - Nfhtpuh[;

rpd;dj;jha;

hpr;rh;L - yp]p- Mq;fpNyaj; jk;gjp

º¡Â¬ó:&

èî£CKò˜ ÜŒ‚è‡ ð‡ð£†´ àí˜¾è¬÷ ¬ñòñ£è ¬õˆ¶‚ è¬îèœ

â¿¶õF™ Cø‰îõ˜. Üõ˜ â¿Fò ¹è›ªðŸø è¬îèÀœ x¡ø£ù ‘ñ‡’ CÁè¬îJ™

â¡ àœ÷‹ èõ˜‰î ‘,ó£ñ£J’ ðŸP Þ‚è†´¬óJ™ è£‡«ð£‹.

è¬î„²¼‚è‹:&

Þó£ñ£J -- ---è¼Š¬ðò£ jk;gjpapdh; Mõê£ò‚ ÃLè÷£è„ ÅóŠð†®J™ õ£›‰î£˜èœ.

ªð‡ °ö‰¬îè¬÷‚ ªè£™õ¬îŠ ð£õ‹ âù‚ è¼î£î, ð®ŠðP¾ Þ™ô£î Aó£ñ‹

Ü¶. Ü‚Aó£ñˆF™ ,ó£ñ£J Í¡ø£õ¶ ªð‡ °ö‰¬îò£è„ C¡ùˆî£¬òŠ

ªðŸø£œ. õÁ¬ñò£™ ÞƒAô£‰F™ õ£›‰î ªõœ¬÷‚è£ó˜è÷£ù K„ê˜´ -- yp]p

jk;gjpapdUf;Fr; C¡ùˆî£¬òˆ îˆ¶‚ ªè£´ˆî£œ. 21 Ý‡´èÀ‚°Š Hø°

C¡ùˆî£J î¡¬ùŠ ªðŸø ªðŸ«ø£¬óŠ ð£˜‚è ÅóŠð†®‚° õ‰î£œ. Þó£ñ£J

Üõ˜è¬÷ õó«õŸÁ, Üõ˜èÀ‚° M¼‰¶ ðKñ£Pù£œ. Þó£ñ£J °´‹ðˆF¡

õÁ¬ñ¬ò â‡Eò K„ê˜´ -- yp]p jk;gjpapdh; Þó‡´ Þô†ê‹ Ïð£¬ò‚ «è£Mó£x

%ykhff; ªè£´ˆîù˜. “âƒèO¡ °ö‰¬î„ ªê™õˆ¬î ï£ƒèœ î£ùñ£èˆî£¡

ªè£´ˆ«î£‹” â¡Á ªê£™L, ðíˆ¬î Þó£ñ£J °´‹ðˆFù˜ õ£ƒè ñÁˆîù˜.

K„ê˜´‹, yp]p»‹ Þ‰FòŠ ð‡ð£†¬ìŠ «ð£ŸPù˜.

ªð‡Hœ¬÷è¬÷ Ü¡¹ ªêŒðõœ:&

Þó£ñ£J %d;W ngz; °ö‰¬îè¬÷Š ªðŸøõœ. Ü‰î‚ Aó£ñˆF™ ªð‡ °ö‰¬î

Hø‰î i´ Þö¾ i´ «ð£ô Þ¼‚°‹. èœOŠð£™, è¼‚è£Œ, ªï™ â¡Á ãî£õ¶

ªè£´ˆ¶ˆ î£Œñ£˜è«÷ ªè£¡Á, ¹¬îˆ¶ M´õ£˜èœ. Üˆî¬èò Aó£ñˆF™

Í¡ø£õî£èŠ Hø‰î C¡ùˆî£J¬ò»‹ «ê˜ˆ¶ Í¡Á ªð‡Hœ¬÷è¬÷»‹ Þó£ñ£J

Ü¡¹ ªêŒî£œ. áó£KìI¼‰¶ Üõ˜è¬÷‚ è£Šð£ŸPù£œ. Þ¬õ â™ô£‹ Þó£ñ£J

ªð‡Hœ¬÷è¬÷ Iè¾‹ Ü¡¹ ªêŒðõœ â¡ð¬î‚ è£†´A¡øù.

à¬öŠ¹î£¡ ÜõO¡ ªîŒõ‹:&

ï£ŸÁŠð£¾î™, ïì¾, è¬÷â´Š¹, ÜÁõ¬ì â¡Á å¼ õ¼ìˆF™ Í¡Á

ñ£îƒèœî£¡ Þó£ñ£J‚° «õ÷£‡¬ñ «õ¬ô A¬ì‚°‹.ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ A¬ì‚°‹

ªñŒ‚è£†´ «õ¬ôè¬÷»‹ î¡èíõ¼ì¡ Aó£ñ‹, Aó£ññ£è„ ªê¡Á ð£˜ˆ¶

õ‰î£œ. Þ„ªêò™èœ Üõœ à¬öŠ¬ð«ò ªîŒõñ£èŠ «ð£ŸÁðõœ â¡ð¬î

àí˜ˆ¶A¡øù.

33

á¬ó«ò âF˜‚èˆ ¶E‰îõœ:&

Þó£ñ£J‚° õÁ¬ñ è£óíñ£è„ C¡ùˆî£¬ò õ÷˜‚è º®òM™¬ô.

Üõœ âŠð®ò£õ¶ õ£ö«õ‡´‹ â¡Á Þó£ñ£J ¶®‚Aø£œ ÜîŸ° õ£ŒŠð£è

K„ê˜´ -- yp]p î‹ðFJù˜ °ö‰¬î¬òˆ îˆ¶‚ «è†°‹ «ð£¶ áó£˜ îˆ¶‚ªè£´‚è‚

Ãì£¶ â¡Aø£˜èœ. “¹¶Šðö‚èˆ¬î à‡ì£‚Aù£™ ªðKòõ˜èœ á¬óM†«ì

îœO ¬õˆ¶ M´õ£˜èœ” â¡Á á˜ñ‚èœ Ió†Áø£˜èœ. áó£¬ó«ò âF˜ˆ¶ˆî£¡

C¡ùˆî£J¬ò Þó£ñ£J «è£Mó£x Íôñ£èˆ îˆ¶‚ ªè£´‚Aø£œ. Þ¶ ªð‡

Hœ¬÷è¬÷‚ è£Šð£Ÿø á¬ó«ò âF˜‚°‹ Þó£ñ£JJ¡ ñùõL¬ñ¬ò â´ˆ¶‚

fhl;LfpwJ.

Þó£ñ£JJ¡ M¼‰¶‹, Ü¡¹‹:&

21 õ¼ìƒèÀ‚°Š Hø° Þó£ñ£J ªðŸø C¡ùˆî£J Üõ¬÷ˆ

îˆªî´ˆî ªðŸ«ø£¼ì¡ õ¼õî£™ î¡ õÁ¬ñ õ£›M½‹ Ü¡¬ø‚° ÜKC„«ê£Á,

°ö‹¹, è£ŒèPèœ, óê‹, ð£ò£ê‹ ¬õˆ¶ M¼‰¶ ðKñ£ÁAø£œ. î¡ ñèÀ‚°

Ü¡«ð£´ àí¾ á†® ñA›Aø£œ. Þ¬õ Ü¬ùˆ¶‹ Þó£ñ£JJ¡

M¼‰«î£‹ð™ ð‡¬ð â´ˆ¶‚ è£†Á¡øù.

ðò¬ù âF˜Šð£˜‚è£î Þó£ñ£J:&

Þó£ñ£J °´‹ðˆF¡ õÁ¬ñ¬òŠ «ð£‚è K„ê˜´& yp]p î‹ðFò˜

Þó‡´ Þô†ê‹ Ïð£Œ Ü¡ð£™ ªè£´ˆî¬î Þó£ñ£J ãŸè ñÁˆî£œ.

“âƒèOì‹ °ö‰¬î„ ªê™õ‹ Þ¼‰îî£™ î£ù‹ ªè£´ˆ«î£‹. M¬ô‚°‚

ªè£´‚èM™¬ô” â¡Á àKò è£óíº‹ ÃP, ñÁ‚Aø£œ. Þ„ªêò™ Üõœ ðò¬ù

âF˜ð£˜‚è£î ð‡¹¬ìòõœ â¡ð¬î‚ è£†Áø¶.

º®¾¬ó:&

Þˆî¬èò Cø‰î ð‡¹èœ Ü¬ùˆ¬î»‹ ÜP‰î H¡«ð “Ü‰î

ñ‡E™î£¡ F¼‚°øÀ‹, F¼õ£êèº‹, C¡ùˆî£»‹ Hø‚è º®»‹” â¡Á

K„ê˜´ ð£ó£†Áø£˜. ªõœ¬÷‚è£óˆî‹ðFèœ ð£ó£†´‹ Þó£ñ£JJ¡ ð‡¹èœ

Ü¬ùˆ¶‹ Þ‰FòŠ ð‡ð£†¬ì àôA™ àò˜ˆ¶A¡øù.

34

,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly;

1. Kd;Diu (Mrphpah; Fwpg;G)

ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ehkf;fy; ftpQh;> ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is.

2. Nkhid rPh;NjhWk; my;yJ mb NjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J

xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid MFk;.

3. vJif rPh;NjhWk; my;yJ mb NjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J

xd;wp tUtJ vJif MFk;.

4. Kuz;

rPh; NjhWk; my;yJ mb NjhWk; nrhy;Nyh mjd;

nghUNsh Kuz; gl (vÂ®¢nrhy;yha;) tUtJ

Kuz; MFk;.

5. ,iaG

rPh; NjhWk; my;yJ mb NjhWk; filrpapy;

epd;w vOj;Njh> nrhy;Nyh xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG

MFk;.

6. mzp

,ay;G etpw;rp mzp> cah;T etpw;rp mzp>

ctik mzp> nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp

Mfpatw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;W ,lk; ngWk;.

7. Rit eak; ngUkpjr; Rit

8. jiyg;G ,uz;L > %d;W nrhw;fSf;Fs; vOJf

9. KbTiu

Kd;Diuf;fhd Mrphpah; Fwpg;Gfs;:

ghujpahh;: ghujpahh;; 1882Mk; Mz;L brk;gh;j;; jpq;fs; 11Mk; ehs; J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;s vl;laGuj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ngw;Nwhh; rpd;dr;rhkp Iah;> ,yf;Fkp mk;khs; Mth;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah; Rg;gpukzpad;. ,sikapNyNa ftpghLk; Mw;wy; ngw;wjhy; ghujp vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngah; ngw;whh;. ,th; fz;zd; ghl;L>Fapy; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; vd;Dk; Kg;ngUk; ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. 11-09-1921,y; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.

ghujpjhrd;

ghujpjhrdhh; 29-04-1891 ,y; GJitapy; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; ngw;Nwhh; fdfrig> ,yf;Fkp mk;khs;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah; fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk;. ghujpahh; kPJ nfhz;l md;G fhuzkhfj; jk; ngaiug; ghujpjhrd; vdg; Gide;Jnfhz;lhh;. ,th; FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> mofpd; rphpg;G> ghz;bad; ghpR> gprpuhe;ijahh; E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. 21-04-1964 md;W ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.

35

ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ehkf;fy; ftpQh; nt.,uhkypq;fdhh; ehkf;fy; khtl;lk; NkhfD}hpy; 19-10-1888 Mk;

Mz;L ntq;fl;uhkd; vd;ghUf;Fk; mk;kzp mk;khSf;Fk; 8 MtJ kfdhfj; Njhd;wpdhh;. rpwe;j tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuUkhthh;. ,tiur; rpwg;gpf;Fk; nghUl;L> jkpof muR muritf; ftpQuhfTk;> rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpduhfTk; epakpj;jJ. eLtz; muR ,tUf;F>

‘gj;kG+~z;’ tpUJ mspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jJ. ,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fSs; rpy kiyf;fs;sd;> rq;nfhyp> mtDk; mtSk;. ,th; 24-08-1972 md;W ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.

ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is

ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Nj&hpy; rptjhZg;gps;is - Mjpyl;Rkp MfpNahUf;F 27-07-1876 ,y; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;;.,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; Mrpa N[hjp> kyUk; khiyAk;> kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;; KjypadthFk;. 24-08-1972 md;W ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.

ciueil ngUtpdh

ghlk; : 1 cah;jdpr;nrk;nkhop

1. nre;jkpo;ehL> nfhLe;jkpo;ehL vd;w gphpTfs; gw;wpg; ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; ciug;gd ahit? nre;jkpo; ehL:

1. re;jd kuq;fs; epiwe;j nghjpif kiyapy; ,Ue;J jkpo; tsh;j;j mfj;jpa KdptUk;>

2. nrse;ju ghz;bad; vd;Dk; jkpo; kd;dUk; 3. rq;fg; Gyth;fSk; jioj;J ,dpNj tho;e;j kq;fyj; jd;ik cila ghz;ba

tsehL jhd; nre;jkpo;ehL vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

nfhLe;jkpo; ehL 1. njd;ghz;behL 2. Fl;l ehL 3. Fl ehL 4. fw;fhehL 5. NtzhL 6. G+opehL 7. gd;wp ehL 8. mUth ehL 9. mUth tljiy ehL 10. rPj ehL 11. kiyakhd; ehL

12. Gdy; ehL nre;jkpo; epyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,e;jg; gd;dpuz;L FWepyq;fSk; Fw;wkpy;yhf; nfhLe;jkpo; ehlhFk;. 2. ,irj;jkpo; vd;gJ ahJ? Kw;fhyj;Jk; ,f;fhyj;Jk; tpsq;Fk; ,irj; jkpo; E}y; tiffs; ahit? ,irj;jkpo;:

1. ,irj;jkpo; vd;gJ gz;nzhL fye;Jk; jhsj;NjhL Nrh;e;Jk; mikAk; nra;AshFk;. 2. nre;jkpo;g; ghl;LfshYk;> nfhLe;jkpo;g; ghl;LfshYk; mike;j ,yf;fpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fzq;fSkhd E}y;fspd; njhFjpahFk;.

36

,irj;jkpopy; mlq;Ftd

1. fPh;j;jidfs; 2. thpg;ghly;fs; 3. rpe;J 4. Mde;jf; fspg;G 5. Fk;kp 6. njk;khq;F Kw;fhyj;J ,irj;jkpo; E}y;fs; 1. ngUehiu 2. ngUq;FUF 3. ,ir EZf;fk; 4. jhstif Nahj;J ,ilf;fhyj;J ,irj;jkpo; E}y; Njthuk; ,f;fhyj;J ,irj;jkpo; E}y;fs;

1. fe;jGuhzf; fPh;j;jid 3. rq;fPj re;jphpif 2. nghpaGuhzf; fPh;j;jid

3. ehlfj; jkpopd; rpwg;gpay;Gfshff; fl;Liuahrphpah; $Wtd ahit? ehlfj;jkpo;:

1. ifapy; Gj;jfj;ij vLj;Jg;gbf;f Neuk; ,y;yhj gzpahsh;fSf;Fk;> gbf;fj; njhpahjth;fSf;Fk; ey;ywpT Gfl;Lk; Nehf;fj;Jld; vOe;jNj ehlfj; jkpohFk;. 1. mJ Nfl;NghUf;Fk; fhz;Nghh;f;Fk; ,d;gk; jUtjhy; kf;fs; mjidf; fhz tpUk;gpr; nry;fpd;wdh;.

ehlfj; jkpopd; rpwg;G: ,ay; jkpo;> ,irj; jkpo; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L gpwe;jNj ehlfj;jkpo;. 1. ,aYk;> ,irAk; Nfs;tp ,d;gk; kl;LNk jUtd 2. ehlfj; jkpNoh Nfs;tp ,d;gj;Jld; fhl;rp ,d;gKk; jUfpwJ. 3. ,jdhy; jhd; gpw ehl;ltUk;> gpwnkhopg; Gyth;fSk; ehlfj;ij Nkd;ik 4. cilajhf kjpf;fpd;wdh;.

4. jkpo; cah;nkhop> jdp nkhop vd ciuf;fg;glf; fhuzq;fs; ahit? jkpo; cah; jdpr; nrk;nkhop:

1. tlnkhop> ,yj;jPd;> fPhpf; Kjypa nkhopfisg;Nghd;W jkpo; nkhopAk; cah; jdpr; nrk;nkhopahFk;.

cah;nkhop - tpsf;fk;: 1. jhd; toq;Fk; ehl;by; cs;s nkhopfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl cah;thd> Nkd;ik cila nkhopNa cah;nkhop MFk;. 2. jkpo; nkhop> njYq;F Kjypatw;wpw;F vy;yhk; jiyik rhd;wJ> mtw;wpDk; 3. kpf;f NkjfTk; cilaJ. vdNt jkpo; cah;nkhopNa MFk;.

jdpnkhop - tpsf;fk;: 1. jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; Mw;wy; cila nkhopNa jdpnkhop MFk.; 2. jkpo; nkhopapd; cjtpia ePf;fpdhy; njYq;F Kjypa nkhopfs; ,aq;fh. Mdhy; jkpo; nkhop gpwnkhopfspd; cjtpapd;wpj; jdpj;J ,aq;ff;$baJ. 3. ,/J ,e;jpa nkhop E}w; Gyth;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l cz;ik MFk;. MfNt jkpo;nkhop jdp nkhopNa MFk;.

37

5. nrk;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ? mt;tpyf;fzk; jkpo; nkhopapd;ghy; nghUe;jpapUg;gjid epWTf? 1. jpUe;jpa gz;Gk; rPh;j;j ehfupfKk; nghUe;jpa nkhopNa nrk;nkhop MFk;. ,t;tpyf;fzk; jkpo; nkhopapy; mike;jpUj;jy; Njw;wk;. 2. ,lh;gl;l nrhy; KbTfSk; nghUs; KbTfSk; ,y;yhky; nrhy;gtd; fUjpa nghUisf; Nfl;gtd; njsptha; czuty;yjha;g; gioad fope;Jk; Gjpad GFe;Jk; jpUj;jk; va;jp epw;wNy jpUe;jpa gz;ngdg;gLtjhFk;. ,J jkpo; nkhopapy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. 3. xU ehl;bd; Kjph;r;rpf;F Vw;wthW nrhw;fSk; Njhd;wp nkhopfSk; ehfupf eyk; tpisj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 4. nrhw;fs; Njhd;Wk; NghJ> gpw nkhopr;nrhw;fs; my;yhky; jd; nrhw;fNs kpFjy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,J jkpo; nkhopf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;.

ghlk; : 2 rkurk;

1. cyfpy; rkurk; guthikf;Ff; fhuzq;fshfj; jpU.tp.f $Wtd ahit? 1. rkurj;ijg; gw;wp vOe;j Ngr;RfSk; vOj;JfSk; kiynadTk;> flnydTk;

cs;sd. 2. cyfpy; Njhd;wpa mwpQh; gyUk; rkurj;ijNa mwpTWj;jpr;nrd;wdh;. Mdhy;>

cyfk; mjw;Fr; nrtp rha;f;ftpy;iy. 3. kdpjdplj;jpy; Fb nfhz;Ls;s mOf;fhW mth> ntFsp Kjypad kdpjid rkur

Qhdpahf;Ftjpy;iy. 4. rkurj;ijg; gw;wpg; NgRtJk; vOJtJk; vspJ Mdhy; mjid eilKiwf;Ff;

nfhz;L tUtJ mhpJ. 5. vdNt> kdpjd; rkurj;ijg; gw;wpg; NgRtijf;fhl;bYk; mij eilKiwapy;

nfhz;Ltu KaYtNj mwpTilikahFk;.

2. ehL vDk; gw;why; rkurj;ij ,og;gJ gw;wpj; jpU.tp.f. ciug;gd ahit? 1. xUtd; ehL vDk; gw;why; gpw ehLfisj; Jd;GWj;Jjy; $lhJ. 2. Nky; ehl;lhh; jhk; gpwe;j ehl;bd; nghUl;Lg; gpw ehLfisg; gw;Wtjpy; jpwik

tha;e;jth;. 3. Mfha tpkhdq;fSk;> ePh; %o;fpf; fyq;fSk; er;Rf; fhw;WfSk; gpw ehLfisf; ifgw;Wtjw;Nf fz;ldh;. 4. jq;fs; ehl;ilNa flTshff; fUJk; ,th;fSf;Fg; gpw ehl;lthplKk; flTs;

,Uj;jy; GydhtJ ,y;iy. 5. kw;wth;f;Fk; grp Kjypad cz;L vd;gij mth;fs; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;g;gjpy;iy. 6. vy;yh ehl;lth;fSk; rNfhjuh;fs; vd;gij czuhj ,th;fs;> ehL vDk; gw;why;

rkurj;ij ,of;fpwhh;fs;.

3. rhjpf; nfhLik> rkantwp Kjypad rkur czh;itf; Fiyg;gdthk; - ,f;fUj;ijj; jpU.tp.f. top epd;W Ma;f:

rhjpf; nfhLik 1. gpwg;ghy; cah;T> jho;T fUJk; ngUq;Fw;wk; ekJ ehl;Lf;Nf rpwg;ghf cz;L. 2. vy;yhf; nfhLikfspYk; jiyahaJ rhjpf; nfhLikNa. 3. gpwg;ghy; cah;T> jho;T fUJk; cs;sj;jpy; rkurr; rhay; gluhJ.

38

rka ntwp 1. rka ntwp flTs; md;igf; nfLf;fpwJ. 2. xUtd; jd; rkaj;jpd; kPJ gw;Wf;nfhz;L kw;wr; rkaj;jhiu epe;jpf;fpwhd;. 3. rkak; vd;gJ xd;Nw. mJNt rkurk; MFk;. 4. gy rka czh;Tk; jd; rkag; gw;Wk; rkurj;ij mopj;JtpLfpd;wd.

4. ek; ehl;by; ePz;l fhykhf epfo;e;J tUk; ngUq;nfhiy vd;W jpU.tp.f. tUe;jp ciug;gdtw;iw vOJf.

1. nghpNahh; mwpTWj;jpa nfhs;iffisg; Gijj;J mth; cUtj;ij kl;Lk; te;jidAk;> topghLk; nra;Ak; ngha; xOf;fk; ek; ehl;by; ePz;l ehs; tof;fpypUf;fpwJ.

2. "rhj;jpuk; gy NgRk; rof;fh;fhs; Nfhj;jpuKk; FyKk; nfhz;L vd; nra;tPh;”

vd;Wk;> “rhjp Fyk; gpwg;ngd;Dk; Ropg;gl;Lj; jLkhWk;”> vd;Wk; mUspa nghpNahiu topgLk; kf;fs;> rhjpiaNa flTshfTk; rkakhfTk; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

3. ,th;fs; rhjpia kWj;Jr; rkurj;jpy; jpisj;j nghpNahiu topgLtjpy; nghUs; ,y;iy.nghpNahh; mwpTWj;jpa newpepd;W xOFtNj cz;ikahd topghlhFk;.

ghlk; : 5 MTe;jkpoUk; 1.kf;fs; ehfhpfj;NjhL khl;bw;Fk; njhlh;Gz;L vd;gijg; ghthzh; $WkhW ahq;qdk;?

1. kf;fs; ehfhpfk; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> efuk; vd;w ehd;F epiyfisj; jOtpaJ. mtw;Ws; FwpQ;rpapNyNa jkpoh;f;F> mj;jkpohpd; Kd;Ndhh;f;Fj; njhlh;G ,Ue;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

2. MthdJ Kjd; Kjypy; FwpQ;rp epyj;jpw;Fhpa tpyq;fhFk;. FwpQ;rpia mLj;j Ky;iy epyj;jpy; tho;e;j Mah; Ml;ilAk; khl;ilAk; nghpa mstpy; tsh;j;jdh;. mtw;wpd; CidAk;> ghiyAk; cz;L tho;e;jdh;. mit Nka;g;gth; Mah; vdg; ngah; ngw;wdh;.

2. khL vd;gJ nry;tk; Nghyf; fUjg;glf; fhuzq;fs; ahit? 1. gz;ila cyfk; KOikAk; khNl kf;fspd; nry;tkhf ,Ue;jJ. 2. “Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F

khly;y kw;iw ait” vd;W ts;Sth; $WtjpypUe;J> khNl nry;tk; vd;gij czuyhk;. 3. Ky;iy epyj;jpy; coT Njhd;wp> kUj epyj;jpy; rpwg;gile;jJ. 4. khL ,U epyj;jhUf;Fk; CDk;> ghYk; nfhLj;J Ntshz;ikf;Fk; cjtpaJ. 5. khl;bd; CDk; ghYk; kl;Lkpd;wpj; Njhy;>nfhk;G curid> thy;> kaph;> rhzk; Kjypa gpwTk; gad;gl;ld. 6. ghy;> japh;> Nkhh;> ntz;nza>; nea; Mfpad Ie;Jk; ( gQ;rhkpu;jk; ) jUtJ khNl MFk;. 3. Mtpd; rpwg;Gfshfg; ghthzh; tpje;Jiug;gd ahit?

1. MTk;> MNtWk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLtd. mtw;Ws; MNt mikjpAilaJk;> mKjspj;jYk;> ,Ughy; fd;W <DjYk; gw;wpr; rpwg;gha;g; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ.

2. ‘ghh;j;jhy; gRNghy. gha;e;jhy; Gyp Nghy” vd;gJ gonkhop. MTf;F thAiw mspj;jy; Kg;gj;jpuz;L mwf;nfhilfSs; xd;wha;f;nfhz;ldh;. ,of;Fk; nghUSk; Mtpd; tha;g;gl;lhy; Mf;fkhk; vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; ‘ghoha;g;NghfpwJ gRtpd;

thapNy” vd;Dk; gonkhop Njhd;wpaJ.

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3. M> jhd; cz;lij kPz;Lk; jd; tha;f;Ff; nfhz;L te;J mirapl;Lr; nrhpf;fr; nra;Ak;.mjdhy; MthdJ jiy khzhf;fUf;F ctikaha;f; $wg;gl;lJ.

4. Mtpd; jpdT jPh;j;jw;nghUl;L> MThpQ;rp vd;Wk; MjPz;L Fw;wpnad;Wk; nrhy;yg;gl;l jwpfs; Ch;NjhWk; ehl;lg;gl;bUj;jiyf; fhzyhk;.

4. mWKiw tho;j;J -tpsf;F.

1. kf;fshy; tho;j;jg;gLk; nghUs;fSs; MTk; xd;nwdj; jkpoh; fUjpdh;. mWKiw tho;j;J vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpag; gFjpAiuapy; ‘KdptUk;> ghh;g;ghUk;> MdpiuAk;>

kioAk; KbAil Nte;jUk;> cyFk;” vd;Dk; mWtiu tho;j;jy; vd er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; ciuj;jhh;.

2. kf;fs; ey;tho;tpw;F MTk; xU fhuzk; vd;gij czh;j;Nj jkpoh; tho;j;jpdhh;. 3. ’tho;f me;jzh;> thdth; Mdpdk;” vd;gJ jpUQhd rk;ge;jhpd; mUs; ciuahFk;.

5. ‘M’ nja;tj;jd;ik cilaJ vd;gjid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

1. M> m/wpiz caph;jhd;> MapDk; cah;jpiz capuhfpa kdpjid tplTk; nja;tj; jd;ik cilajhf> J}a;ik cilajhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. 2. xU ehl;bYs;s Mepiu fs;tuhNyh> giftuhNyh ftug;gl;lhy; mJ J}a;ikf;NflhfTk; Nghpog;ghfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. mJNt fLk;NghUf;Ff; fhuzkhdJ.

3. ey;yhl;rp elj;Jk; kd;dd; $l Ntw;W ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w tpUk;gpdhy; me;ehl;L Mepiuiaj; jd; tPuh;fs; %yk; fth;e;J tur;nra;J ghJfhj;jhd;.

4. Md;kb mWj;jy; khngUq;Fw;wkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Mf; nfhiyNah mijtplg; ngUq;Fw;wk; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ.

ghlk; :7. kdpjh; tho;f

1. Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ gw;wp K.t. ciug;gd ahit? 1. cyfk; gbg;gbaha; KiwNa Kd;Ndwp tUfpwJ. cyfk; Kd;NdWfpwJ vd;why;

kiyAk;> fhLk; VNjh khWjy; milfpd;wd vd;gjd;W. kf;fspd; tho;tpy; ey;y khWjy;fs; Vw;gl;L tUfpd;wd vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,e;j Kd;Ndw;;wj;jpw;F ,ilapilNa gy epiyfspy; kdpjh; jLkhwpaJz;L. jLkhwpj; jLkhwpg; Gjpa Gjpa mwpTk; Cf;fKk; ngw;W kdpjh; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;J tUfpd;wdh;. me;j Kd;Ndw;we;jhd; ekf;nfy;yhk; ek;gpf;ifAk;> cWjpAk; mspj;J tUfpwJ.

2. Kjy; jLkhw;wk; vd;W K.t. Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?

1. gs;spf; $lj;Jr; rpWtd;> vOj;Jf; fy;tp ngUik cilaJ vd;W czuhky; gyifAk;> gyg;gKk; cah;e;jit vd;W kaq;ff;$lhJ. mt;thW kaq;fpdhy; mij mtDila tho;tpy; Neh;e;j xU jLkhw;wk; vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;. 2. kf;fs; To thHj; bjhl';fpa nghJ tHpfhl;oa jiytd; jiyapy; Ko Nl;odh;

ifapy; nfhYk; bfhLj;jdh;.

3. rpy jiyKiwfs; fle;j gpwF me;j Koa[k; nfhYk; cilatd; kd;dd; vdg;gl;lhd;.

gpd;dh;/ Koa[k; nfhYk; cilatd; vtdhapDk; mtidj; bja;tkha;g; nghw;wp

mogzpa ntz;Lk; vd;w \lek;gpf;if vGe;jJ. ,Jnt Kjy; jLkhw;wk; vd;W K.t.

Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

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3. njh;jYk; xU jLkhw;wnk vd;W K.t. czug;gdtw;iw tpsf;Ff.

1. ehl;il Ms;tjw;Fj; jFjp cilaiuj; njh;e;bjLf;f njh;jy; Kiw njhd;wpaJ.

ifia cah;j;Jtjd; \ykhft[k;/ Flnthiy KiwapYk; eilbgw;w Njh;jy; Kiw

ek;ehl;oYk; ,Ue;jJ.

2. me;jj; njh;jy;fspy; Koa[k; nfhYk; bgw;wpUe;j rpwg;igr; bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk;

bgw;W tpl;ld. bry;te;jh;fSk;/ bry;thf;Fg; gilj;jth;fSk; btw;wp bgw;Wj; jiyth;

Mapdh;.

3 gpwF bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLtJ khwp/ ehl;L kf;fs; vy;yhUk;

rpyUila bry;tj;ija[k; bry;thf;ifa[k; fhg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gl;ldh;. vdnt njh;jYk;

xU jLkhw;wnk vd;W K.t. ciuf;fpwhh;.

4. xUgb Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;W K.t. ciug;gJ ahJ? 1. KbAk;> NfhYk; rpwg;gha; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; mtw;iwf; fhg;gjw;fhfg; gilfSk;> gilf;fUtpfSk; gad;gl;ld. 2. ,d;iwa Ml;rp KiwapYk; gilfSk;> gilf;fUtpfSk; mt;thNw gad;gLfpd;wd. 3. vdpDk; mtw;wpd; kjpg;Gk;> rpwg;Gk; Fiwe;J tUfpd;wd. ,J xU gb Kd;Ndw;wk;. 4. ,d;iwa kf;fs; nra;jp ,jo;fspy; vOjg;gLtdTk;> Nkilfspy; Ngrg;gLtdTk; cz;ikay;y vd;Dk; njspT ngw Ntz;Lk;. 5. me;jj; njsptpdhy; Nghhg;;gilfisf; fz;L kaq;fhjijg; Nghd;Nw fl;rpj; Njh;jy;fisAk; fz;L kaq;fkhl;lhh;fs;. ,JTk; xU gb Kd;Ndw;wNk MFk;.

5. Vw;wj; jho;tpy;yhj rKjhak; mika K.t. fhl;Lk; topfs ; ahit? 1. Kb> Nfhy;> fl;rp> Njh;jy; Kjypad kdpj tho;Tf;F cjt te;j fUtpfs;> me;jf;

fUtpfs; gadw;Wg;NghdhYk;> ,ilA+wha;j; Njhd;WkhdhYk;> mtw;iwg; Gwf;fzpf;f kdpjh;fSf;F chpik cz;L.

2. Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; rpwpait; kdpj tho;Nt nghpaJ. kdpj tho;Tf;F mbg;gilahdit ,uz;L. mit $l;LwTk;> ciog;GkhFk;. mit cs;stiu kdpj tho;Tf;Ff; FiwT ,y;iy.

3. $l;LwTf;F tUk; ,ilA+w;iw nty;y mwg;gilAk;> ciog;Gf;Fg; gQ;rk; te;jhy; mij nty;y cOepyKk; Ntz;Lk;. Ruz;LNthUk;> Ruz;lg;gLNthUk; ,y;yhj rhjp> rkak;> fl;rp Kjypatw;why; Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj rKjhak; mika ,JNt topahFk;.

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neLtpdhf;fs;

ghlk; :1 cah;jdpr;nrk;nkhop

1. ,ay; ,ir ehlfk; vd;w Kj;jkpo; tifik Fwpj;Jg; ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; ciug;gdtw;iwj; njhFj;J tiuf.

jkpo;nkhop ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd %tifg;gLk;. mk;%tifg;ghFghL gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;. ,aw;wkpo; 1. ciueil> nra;As;> ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fSk; mlq;Fk;. 2. nre;jkpo;> nfhLe;jkpo;r; nra;As; E}y;fs;. nre;jkpo; nfhLe;jkpo; ciueil E}y;fs; Kjypad ,aw;wkpopy; mlq;Fk;. ,irj;jkpo; : ciu eil ghlk; xd;wpy; ngUtpdh 2 f;Fhpa tpil ehlfj; jkpo; : ciu eil ghlk; xd;wpy; ngUtpdh 3 f;Fhpa tpil 2. jkpo; - cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhop - ,j;jiyg;gpd; fPo; ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; ciug;gdtw;iwj; njhFj;J vOJf. jkpo; cah; nkhop> jdpnkhop : ciueilg; ghlk; xd;wpy; ngUtpdh 4 f;Fhpa tpil jkpo; nrk;nkhop : ciueilg; ghlk; xd;wpy; ngUtpdh 5 f;Fhpa tpil

ghlk; : 2 rkurk;

1. ehL> rkak;> rhjp ,tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rkur czh;tpdpd;W khWgLjy; jtwhk; vd;W jpU.tp.f. thjpLtjid tpsf;Ff? ehL : ciueilg; ghlk; ,uz;by; ngUtpdh 2 f;Fhpa tpil rkak;> rhjp: ciueilg; ghlk; ,uz;by; ngUtpdh 3 f;Fhpa tpil

ghlk; :7 kdpjh; tho;f

1. kdpj tho;Nt nghpaJ vd;Dk; mbg;gilapy; K.t. ciuf;Fk; vjph;fhyf;

fdT ahJ? 1. gilfSf;Fk;> gilf;fUtpfSf;Fk; cs;s kjpg;Gk;> rpwg;Gk;> gbg;gbaha;f; Fiwe;J

tUfpd;wd. 2. gj;jphpif>Nkilg;Ngr;Rfs; Fwpj;j kaf;fk; njspa Ntz;Lk;. 3. gj;jphpifapy; vOjg;gLtd Nkilapy; Ngrg;gLtd vy;yhk; cz;ik vd;W ek;gf;

$lhJ. 4. fw;wit> Nfl;lit Fwpj;j cz;ikfis Muha;e;J gpd;dNu Vw;gh;. 5. Nghh;g;gilfisg; Nghyj; Njh;jy;fis mQ;rhJ vjph;nfhs;th;. 6. Nghh; Ntz;bajpy;iy vd;W kWg;gJ Nghy;> Vkhw;Wj; Njh;jy;fisf; fz;L kf;fs;

kaq;fkhl;lhh;fs;. 7. Kb> Nfhy;> gzk;> gjtp> fl;rp> Njh;jy; vd;W vijr;nrhy;ypAk; Va;f;f KbahJ.

vy;yhk; kdpj tho;Tf;F cjt te;j fUtpfs;. mit gadw;Nwh> ,ilA+whfNth> Njhd;wpdhy; mtw;iw chpikAld; Gwf;fzpg;gh;.

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8. fUtpfs; ahTk; rpwpad> kdpj tho;Nt nghpaJ vd;w KbTf;F tUth;. 9. Ruz;LNthUk;> Ruz;lg;gLNthUk; ,y;yhj Vw;wj;jho;tw;w rKjhak; kyUk;. 10. kdpj tho;tpy; cz;ikahf cs;sit ,uz;L. xd;W $l;LwT> kw;nwhd;W

ciog;G. 11. $l;LwTf;F ,ilA+W te;jhy;> mij nty;y mwg;gil Ntz;Lk;. ciog;gpw;Fg;

gQ;rk; te;jhy; mij nty;y cOepyk; Ntz;Lk;.

2. Njh;jy; Kiwfs; gw;wp lhf;lh; K.t. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; fUj;Jfs; ahit? ciueilg; ghlk; 7 ,y; ngUtpdh 3> 4 f;Fhpa tpil

nkhopg;gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;L vOJjy;

Fwpg;G : tUk; nrhy;ypy; f> r> j> g vd;w vOj;Jfis cila nrhw;fs; tUk;

NghJ f;> r;> j;> g; Mfpa ty;ypd nka;fs; kpFe;J tUk;.

1. ney;ypfha;> jhd;wpfha;> fLfha; Mfpa %d;W ruf;Ffisf; nfhz;lJ jphpgiy vdg;gLk;.

ney;ypf;fha;> jhd;wpf;fha;> fLf;fha; Mfpa %d;W ruf;Ffisf; nfhz;lJ jphpgiy vdg;gLk;.

2. nfhr;ir nrhw;fSk;> t*c nrhw;fSk; kpFjpahf Goq;Ftjhy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa eilia Gwf;fzpf;f $LNkh?

nfhr;irr; nrhw;fSk;> t*cr; nrhw;fSk; kpFjpahfg; Goq;Ftjhy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa eiliag; Gwf;fzpf;ff; $LNkh?

3. fiyJiw nkhopj;Jiw> kUj;JtJiw> ,irJiw> rkaJiw Mfpatw;wpw;F Mgpufhk; gz;bjh; Mw;wpa gzp nghpJ md;Nwh? fiyj;Jiw> nkhopj;Jiw> kUj;Jtj; Jiw> ,irj;Jiw> rkaj;Jiw Mfpatw;wpw;F Mgpufhk; gz;bjh; Mw;wpa gzp nghpJ md;Nwh?

4. jkpopirapy; Ma ghiy> tl;l ghiy> jphpNfhz ghiy> rJu ghiy vd;w ehd;F ,ir Kiwfs; ,Ue;jd.

jkpopirapy; Mag;ghiy> tl;lg;ghiy> jphpNfhzg;ghiy> rJug;ghiy vd;w ehd;F ,ir Kiwfs; ,Ue;jd.

5. Vl;L Rtbfspy; rpj;j kUj;Jt nra;jpfs; nghjpe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Vl;Lr; Rtbfspy; rpj;j kUj;Jtr; nra;jpfs; nghjpe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

6. gl;l gfypNy ghtyh;f;F Njhd;Wfpw nel;il fdT gl;lg; gfypNy ghtyh;f;Fj; Njhd;Wfpw nel;ilf; fdT

7. gjpf fpstp gy;tif nghUis njhFjpahf nrhy;Yjy; Mk;. gjpff; fpstp gy;tifg; nghUisj; njhFjpahfr; nrhy;Yjy; Mk;.

8. fs;thh;f;F js;Sk; caph;epiy fs;shh;f;F js;shJ Gj;Njs; cyF fs;thh;f;Fj; js;Sk; caph;epiy fs;shh;f;Fj; js;shJ Gj;Njs; cyF.

9. NjUis Gutp thuz njhFjp jpiwfs; nfhz;L tUk; kd;d. NjUisg;Gutp thuzj; njhFjp jpiwfs; nfhz;L tUk; kd;d.

10. njhd; %jhyj;J nghjpapy; Njhd;wpa ehY}h; Nfhrh; njhd; %jhyj;Jg;nghjpapy; Njhd;wpa ehY}h;f; Nfhrh;.

11. gilg;G gy gilj;J gyNuhLz;Zk; nry;tk; gilg;Gg; gy gilj;Jg; gyNuhLz;Zk; nry;tk;.

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12. mwpT FiwT> ftd FiwT> jpwik FiwT> Mfpatw;why; tpgj;Jf;fs; cz;lhfpd;wd. mwpTf;FiwT> ftdf;FiwT> jpwikf; FiwT Mfpatw;why; tpgj;Jf;fs; cz;lhfpd;wd.

13. Cl;l rj;J Fiwthy; fU nfhz;ljha; FiwNgw;Wf;F Mshfyhk;. Cl;lr; rj;Jf; Fiwthy; fUf;nfhz;l jha; Fiwg;Ngw;Wf;F Mshfyhk;.

14. ghljpl;lj;jpy; FkugUt rpf;fy;fis jPh;f;Fk; cstpaw; fl;Liufis Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fkug;gUtr;rpf;fy;fisj; jPh;f;Fk; cstpaw; fl;Liufisr; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

15. Nghij gof;fj;jhy; Crpfis gfph;e;J nfhs;SjYk; va;l;]; Neha;f;F fhuzk; MFk;.

Nghijg;gof;fj;jhy; Crpfisg; gfph;e;J nfhs;SjYk; va;l;]; Neha;f;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;.

16. czT nghUs; ju Fiwthf tpw;fg;gLtjhy; er;R fhshd; cz;lhfp nrhpkhdk; FiwfpwJ.

czTg; nghUs; juf;Fiwthf tpw;fg;gLtjhy; er;Rf; fhshd; cz;lhfpr; nrhpkhdk; FiwfpwJ.

17. “nry;t rpWkPh;fhs;! ePuhl NghJtPh”;! vd;whs;. Nfhij “nry;tr; rpWkPh;fhs;! ePuhlg;NghJtPh;”;! vd;whs;> Nfhij.

18. nte;ja nrbfspd; Nky; kpd;dpLk; jq;f G+f;fs; nte;jar; nrbfspd; Nky; kpd;dpLk; jq;fg;G+f;fs;.

19. nfhj;jp jphpAk; me;j Nfhop. nfhj;jpj;jphpAk; me;jf;Nfhop.

20. fpl;l Nghdhy; Kl;l gif fpl;lg;Nghdhy; Kl;lg;gif

21. rhiug;ghk;G FUtp $l;by; Eioe;jJ rhiug;ghk;G FUtpf; $l;by; Eioe;jJ.

22. Mrphpah; elj;jh ghlj;jpypUe;J ve;j Nfs;tpAk; tutpy;iy. Mrphpah; elj;jhg; ghlj;jpypUe;J ve;jf; Nfs;tpAk; tutpy;iy

23. Nfs;tpfs; khzth; gapyhgFjpapy; ,Ue;J te;jjhy; vOj njhpatpy;iy. Nfs;tpfs; khzth; gapyhg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J te;jjhy; vOjj; njhpatpy;iy.

24. vijAk; vOjp gof Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mrphpah; vdf;F nrhd;dhh;. vijAk; vOjpg; gof Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mrphpah; vdf;Fr; nrhd;dhh;.

25. me;j rpWtd; ve;j gs;spapy; gbj;J rpwe;jhd;? me;jr; rpWtd; ve;jg; gs;spapy; gbj;Jr; rpwe;jhd;.

26. Xl fhz;gJ nts;sk;> xLq;f fhz;gJ Nahfpah; cs;sk;. Xlf; fhz;gJ nts;sk;> xLq;ff; fhz;gJ Nahfpah; cs;sk;.

27. thiog; goj;ij jpd;wgpd; Njhiy rhiyapy; NghlhJ Fg;ig $ilapy; NghL. thiog;goj;ijj; jpd;w gpd; Njhiyr; rhiyapy; NghlhJ Fg;igf; $ilapy; NghL.

28. tpiuthf nry;> tz;b tu NghfpwJ. tpiuthfr; nry;>tz;b tug;NghfpwJ.

29. ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; mike;j tz;z nrwpTk; Xtpa nghypTk; ek;ik fth;fpd;wd. ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; mike;j tz;zr; nrwpTk; Xtpag; nghypTk; ek;ikf; fth;fpd;wd.

30. ,g;gb nrhd;dhy; vg;gb GhpAnkd njhpatpy;iy. ,g;gbr; nrhd;dhy; vg;gbg; GhpAnkdj; njhpatpy;iy.

44

ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJjy;

1. nrk;gpad; khNjtpg; Nghd;w Nrho Nguurpah; nrg;G jpUNkdpfs; nra;jspg;gij jk; flik vd fUjpdh; NghYk;.

nrk;gpad; khNjtp - Nghd;w Nrhog; Nguurpah; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; nra;jspg;gijj; jk; flik vdf; fUjpdh; NghYk;.

2. rPj;jiy rhj;jd; vd;wg; Gyth;g; ngUkhd; jdJ fhg;gpaj;jpw;F kzpNkfiyj; JwT vd;Nwg; ngahpl;lhh;.

rPj;jiyr; rhj;jd; vd;w - Gyth; - ngUkhd; jdJ fhg;gpaj;jpw;F kzpNkfiy- JwT vd;Nw - ngahpl;lhh;.

3. “gpj;jh; nrhd;dTk; Ngijah;r; nrhd;dTk; gj;jh;r; nrhd;dTk; gd;dngWgNth” vd;whh;f; fk;gh;.

gpj;jh; nrhd;dTk; Ngijah; - nrhd;dTk; gj;jh;- nrhd;dTk; gd;dg; ngWgNth” vd;whh;- fk;gh;.

4. Ntl;Lt ngz;fs; tpisahl NghtJz;L vd;Wr; rQ;rPtp gh;tjr;rhuy; ghLfpwJ. Ntl;Ltg; ngz;fs; tpisahlg; NghtJz;L vd;W - rQ;rPtp gh;tjr; rhuy; ghLfpwJ.

5. ghQ;rhypf; fz;zidg; ghh;j;Jf; fz;zhf; fhg;gha; vd;W $wpdhs;. ghQ;rhyp - fz;zidg; ghh;j;Jf; fz;zh - fhg;gha; vd;W $wpdhs;.

6. tho;fj; jkpo; vd;W mtdhr; nrhd;dhd; mwpe;Jr; nrhy; vdf;F. tho;f - jkpo; vd;W mtdh -nrhd;dhd; mwpe;J - nrhy; vdf;F.

7. ePNuhr; NrhNwh vJf;fpilj;jhYk; cz;Lr;nry;Ntd;. ePNuh - NrhNwh vJ - fpilj;jhYk; cz;L- nry;Ntd;.

8. fgpy guzh; tsh;gpiw xspapy; RLr;NrhWk; fha;f;fwpAk; cz;ldh;. fgpy guzh; tsh;gpiw xspapy; RL- NrhWk; fha; - fwpAk; cz;ldh;.

9. NrhWf; nfhjpf;fpwJ Nghj;jk;gp mLg;igf; Fiw vd;wTld; nrd;Wg; ghh;j;jhd;. NrhW - nfhjpf;fpwJ Ngh- jk;gp mLg;igf; Fiw vd;wTld; nrd;W - ghh;j;jhd;.

10. vd;NdhLg; Nghe;j ,sq;nfhb eq;if vd;NdhL - Nghe;j ,sq;nfhb eq;if.

11. tpbf;fhiy Ntis RLr;NrhW Mf;fpg; ghpkhwf; $Lkh? tpb - fhiy Ntis RL - NrhW Mf;fpg; ghpkhwf; $Lkh?

12. ntz;zpyhf; fyf;fyntd;Wr;rphpj;;jhs; ntz;zpyh - fy - fy ntd;W rphpj;jhs;

13. FGf;FGntd;Wg;; Gif kz;byk; #o;e;jJ. FG- FG ntd;W - Gif kz;byk; #o;e;jJ.

14. Jwtpf; FbYf;Fs; te;jr; rpwth; ,uz;Lg; Ngh;. Jwtp - FbYf;Fs; te;j - rpWth; ,uz;L -Ngh;.

15. itf;Nfhiyj; Njb te;jf; fhis XbaJ. itf;Nfhiyj;Njb te;j - fhis XbaJ.

gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJjy ;

1. ‘= khd; t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;isapd; ehk fuzj;ij ,e;jf;fg;gYf;Fr;

#l;Ltjpy; ]e;Njh~kilfpNwd;’. vd;whh; %jwpQh; ,uh[h[p.

‘jpUthsh; t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;isapd; ngaiu ,e;jf; fg;gYf;Fr; #l;Ltjpy;

kfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;’ vd;whh; %jwpQh; ,uhrhrp.

2. ‘b.tp.apy; rPhpay; ghh;f;fhtpl;lhy; iy/Ng Nghh; mbj;JtpLk;;’ vd;fpwhs; ghl;b.

‘njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; njhlh;fisg; ghh;f;fhtpl;lhy; tho;f;ifNa ntWj;JtpLk;’ vd;fpwhs; ghl;b.

45

3. ,e;j nrQ;Rhp ‘nld;~d;’ epiwe;jJ. ,e;j Áw;whz;L kdmOj;jk; epiwe;jJ. 4. ];ypk;khf ,Ug;gNj gpA+l;b vd;w vz;zk; gutp tUfpwJ. cly; nkypthf ,Ug;gNj moF vd;w vz;zk; gutp tUfpwJ. 5. ek];fhuk; vd;W rh];lhq;fkhf tpOe;jtid Mrph;tjpj;Njd;. tzf;fk; vd;W neLQ;rhz; fpilahf tpOe;jtid tho;j;jpNdd;. 6. gpuahzp gpuahzj;ij uj;J nra;jTld; &gha; gl;L thlh nra;ag;gl;lJ. gazp gazj;ij tpyf;fpaTld; gzk; jpUk;gf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. 7. nry;tDf;Fk; fps;isf;Fk; jyh Ie;J G];jfk; nfhL. nry;td;> fps;is Mfpa xt;nthUtUf;Fk; Ie;J Gj;jfq;fs; nfhL. 8. FwpQ;rp jhf;fy; nra;j tof;F R%fkhfg; igry; nra;ag;gl;lJ. FwpQ;rp njhLj;j tof;F ey;y Kiwapy; Kbf;fg; ngw;wJ. 9. re;epjpapy; rfy [dq;fSk; cge;epahrk; Nfl;fj; jpuz;bUe;jdh;. Nfhtpypy; kf;fs; midtUk; Md;kPf ciu Nfl;fj; jpuz;bUe;jdh;. 10. ge;J kpj;jpuh; rfpjk; te;J MrPh;tjpf;ff; NfhUfpNwd;. cwtpdh;> ez;gh;fSld; te;J tho;j;jpl Ntz;LfpNwd;. 11. vd; Vf Gjy;tdpd; [hdthrj;jpw;Fr; rfyUk; tuZk;. vd; xNu kfdpd; khg;gps;is miog;gpw;F midtUk; tuNtz;Lk;. 12. = uq;fj;jpy; ];thkp = uq;fehjh;Nfhtpy; nfhz;Ls;shh;. jpUtuq;fj;jpy; ,iwtd; jpUtuq;f ehjh; Nfhtpy; nfhz;Ls;shh;. 13. = uq;fj;jpy; = uq;fehjUf;Ff; Fk;ghgpN~fk; eilngw cs;sJ. jpUtuq;fj;jpy; jpUtuq;f ehjUf;Ff; FlKOf;F eilngw cs;sJ. 14. ehd; nra;j jtWf;F rfy [dq;fSk; vd;id ~kpj;jUs Ntz;Lk;. ehd; nra;j jtWf;F kf;fs; midtUk; vd;id kd;dpj;jUs Ntz;Lk;.

15. “tPf;fhd vd; Md;l;b nu];l; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W `hh;l; ];ng~yp];l; ml;it]; $wpdhh;.

“clyeyk; Fiwe;j vd; mj;ij Xa;T vLf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W ,jatpay; ty;Yeh; mwpTiu $wpdhh.; 16. lahngl;bf; Ng~z;l; ];tPl; rhg;gpLtij ];lhg; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ePhpopT Nehahsp ,dpg;G rhg;gpLtij epWj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;;;;.

nfhr;irr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jp vOJjy; 1. mg;gprp khrk; mlks ,k;ghq;f

Ig;grp khjk; milkio vd;ghh;fs;. 2. Nfhsp Kl;il jhthuj;jpy; cUz;lJ.

Nfhop Kl;il jho;thuj;jpy; cUz;lJ. 3. ntbaq;fhl;bAk; ntj;jpiy NghlwJ xU gsf;fkh?

tpbtjw;Fs; ntw;wpiy NghLtJ xU gof;fkh? 4. xUj;jd; xz;baha;g; Nghdhy; mJ Ch;Nfhykh?

xUtd; xd;wpaha;g; Nghdhy; mJ Ch;tyk; MFkh? 5. nfhLj;j Nrjpiaf; Nfhh;itaha;g; NgR

nfhLj;j nra;jpiaf; Nfhitaha;g; NgR. 6. NrhW jpd;W> gok; cz;L> ghy; rhg;gpl;Lg; gLj;jhd;.

NrhW cz;L> gok; jpd;W> ghy; gUfpg; gLj;jhd;. 7. Mj;jq;fiuapy; mQ;R fhzp eQ;ir epyk; ,Uf;F.

Mw;wq;fiuapy; Ie;J fhzp ed;nra; epyk; cs;sJ. 8. tyJ gf;fr; Rtw;wpy; vOjhNj

tyg;gf;fr; Rthpy; vOjhNj 9. eQ;irAk; GQ;irAk; fhQ;rp Nghapd.

ed;nra;Ak; Gd;nra;Ak; fha;e;J Nghapd. 10. mz;zhf; fapW mWe;jJ.

miuQhz; fapW mWe;jJ.

46

thf;fpag;gpiofisj; jpUj;Jjy; gpio jpUj;jk;

1. tz;bfs; XlhJ - tz;bfs; Xlh 2. mit ,q;Nf csJ - mit ,q;Nf cs 3. mJ vy;yhk; - mit vy;yhk; 4. kf;fs; fpilahJ - kf;fs; ,y;iy 5. tUtJk;NghtJk; fpilahJ - tUtJk; NghtJk; fpilah 6. xd;Nwh my;yJ ,uz;Nlh jUf- xd;Nwh ,uz;Nlh jUf 7. nrd;id vd;w efuk; - nrd;id vd;Dk; efuk; 8. vdJ kfd; - vd; kfd; 9. Vw;fj; jf;fJ my;y - Vw;fj; jf;fJ md;W 10. mtsJ je;ij - mts; je;ij 11. Gyp te;jd - Gyp te;jJ 12. vUJfs; XbaJ - vUJfs; Xbd 13. G+f;fs; kyh;e;J kzk; tPrpaJ - G+f;fs; kyh;e;J kzk; tPrpd 14. ,q;Fs;sJ vy;yhk; ey;y goq;fNs- ,q;Fs;sit vy;yhk; ey;y goq;fNs 15. vdf;Fg; gy tPLfs;cs - vdf;F tPLfs; gy cs;sd 16. ,J nghJ top my;y - ,J nghJ top md;W 17. tpohtpy; gy mwpQh; Ngrpdh; - tpohtpy; mwpQh; gyh; Ngrpdh; 18. njd;wy; nky;y tPrpd - njd;wy; nky;y tPrpaJ 19. thfdj;ij ,lJ gf;fk; jpUg;ghNj- thfdj;ij ,lg;gf;fk; jpUg;ghNj 20. gj;J goq;fspy; xU goNk ey;yd- gj;Jg; goq;fspy; xU goNk ey;yJ 21. tyJ gf;fr; Rthpy; vOjhNj - tyg;gf;fr; Rthpy; vOjhNj 22. xt;nthU rpw;W}h;fspYk; Cuhl;rp cs;sJ. xt;nthU rpw;W}hpYk; Cuhl;rp cs;sJ. 23. khzth;fs; fy;tpawpT xOf;fj;jpw; rpwe;J tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. khzth;fs; fy;tpawptpYk;> xOf;fj;jpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. 24. mth; jhd; $wpdhh; ,th; jhd; $wpdhh; vd;W ghuhJ vth; jhd; $wpdhYk; nka;g;nghUs; fhz;f-

mth;jhk; $wpdhh; ,th;jhk; $wpdhh; vd;W ghuhJ vth;jhk; $wpdhYk; nka;g;nghUs; fhz;f.

25. ey;yitfSk; nfl;litfSk; gj;jphpf;iffspy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd. ey;ydTk;> nfl;ldTk; gj;jphpf;iffspy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd. 26. fz;zd; KUfd; kw;Wk; Ntyd; te;jdh;. fz;zd;> KUfd;> Ntyd; MfpNahh; te;jdh;. 27. nrd;idf;F mUfhikapy; ,Ug;gJ fd;dpahFkhp my;y. nrd;idf;F mUfpy; ,Ug;gJ fd;dpahFkhp md;W. 28. jiytp jiytNdhL nrd;whh;. jiytp jiytNdhL nrd;whs;. 29. ,jidr; nra;jth; ,tuy;yth? ,jidr; nra;jth; ,tuy;yNuh? 30. nghpaJk; rpwpaJkhd rhkhd;fisr; nra;fpwhh;fs;. nghpadTk;> rpwpadTkhd rhkhd;fisr; nra;fpwhh;fs;.

47

kuG t*cr;nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJjy; 1. fhfk; $Tk;> eha; fj;Jk;

fhfk; fiuAk;> eha; Fiuf;Fk; 2. fhl;y ahid fj;jpaJ> Gyp $tpaJ

fhl;by; ahid gpspwpaJ> Gyp cWkpaJ 3. ePhpd;wp eQ;irAk;> GQ;irAk; tpisatpy;iy

ePhpd;wp ed;nra;Ak;> Gd;nra;Ak; tpisatpy;iy 4. ahid Nka;g;gNdhL Ml;Lg; ghfDk; te;jhd;

ahidg; ghfNdhL Ml;L ,ilaDk; te;jhd; 5. fUk;Gj; Njhg;Gf;F mUfhikapy; eha; fj;jpaJ

fUk;Gf; nfhy;iyf;F mUfpy; eha; Fiuj;jJ. 6. kapy; $t> Fapy; mft> fpsp ghbaJ

kapy; mft> Fapy $t> fpsp NgrpaJ 7. Njapiyj;Njhg;Gf;F mUfpy; gyhj; Njhl;lk; cs;sJ.

Njapiyj; Njhl;lj;jpw;F mUfpy; gyhj; Njhg;G cs;sJ. 8. Nrhsf;fhL - Myq;nfhy;iy

Nrhsf; nfhy;iy - Myq;fhL 9. Fjpiuj; njhOtk; - ahid nfhl;by;

Fjpiuf;nfhl;by; - ahidf; $lk; 10. Njhl;lj;jpy; thior;nrbAk; khQ;nrbAk; el;ldh;.

Njhl;lj;jpy; thiof; fd;Wk;> khq;fd;Wk; el;ldh;.

jkpohf;fk; jUf 1. A Friend in need is friend in deed Mgj;jpy; cjTgtNd cz;ikahd ez;gd;

2. A Little Knowledge is dangerous miuFiw mwpT Mgj;jhdJ.

3. A penny saved is a penny gained rpWJsp ngUnts;sk;

4. A young calf knows not fear ,sq;fd;W gakwpahJ

5. A man of courage never want weapons ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk; MAjk;

6. Do not add fuel to the flame vhpfpw neUg;gpy; vz;nza; Cw;whNj

7. All covet all loss (or) Covet all lose all Nguhir ngUel;lk;

8. All that glitters is not gold kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y

9. Art is long and the life is short fy;tp fiuapy fw;gth; ehs; rpy

10. As is the king so are his subjects murd; vt;topNah kf;fs; mt;top

11. A young thing is easier twisted that an old tree. Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisAkh?

12. A calm before a storm Gyp gJq;FtJ gha;tjw;fhfj; jhd; (m) GaYf;F Kd; mikjp.

13. A crying child will get milk

48

mOfpw gps;is ghy; Fbf;Fk;

14. Barking dogs seldom bite Fiuf;fpw eha; fbf;fhJ 15. Birds of the same feather flock together ,dk; ,dj;NjhL NrUk; 16. Blood is thikcker than water. jhdhlh tpl;lhYk; jd; jir MLk; 17. Child is the father of the man tpisAk; gaph; KisapNy njhpAk; 18. Cast no pearls before swine fOijf;Fj; njhpAkh fw;G+u thrid? 19. Delay is dangerous fhy jhkjk; Mgj;jhdJ 20. Dimond cuts dimond Ks;is Ks;shy; vL 21. Distance lends enchantment to the view ,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir 22. Diligence is the mother of good luck Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk; 23. Eagles don’t catch flies Gyp grpj;jhYk; Gy;iyj; jpd;dhJ 24. East or west home is best vyp tisahdhYk; jdptis Ntz;Lk; 25. Empty vessels make much noise Fiw Flk; $j;jhLk; 26. Every tide has its ebb. rhz; Vwpdhy; Kok; rWf;Fk;. 27. Every homer some times nods Midf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk;. 28. Face is the index of the mind mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njhpAk.; 29. Familiarity breeds contempt gofg;gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fk.; 30. Failure is the stepping stone to success Njhy;tpNa ntw;wpf;F Kjy;gb. 31. First deserve than desire Kltd; nfhk;Gj; NjDf;F Mirg;glyhkh? 32. God is love md;Ng flTs.; 33. Honesty is the best Policy Neh;ikNa rpwe;j nfhs;if. 34. Haste makes waste gjwpa fhhpak; rpjWk; 35. Knowledge is Power mwpNt Mw;wy; 36. Idleness is the root of all evils Nrhk;gNy vy;yhj; Jd;gq;fSf;Fk; mbg;gil. 37. Look before you leap Mok; mwpahky; fhiy tplhNj

38. Money makes many things gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;

39. Make hay while the sun shines fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;

1

BLUE PRINT

SUBJECT : ENGLISH

CLASS : XII

UNIT / PAPER I MAXIMUM MARKS: 100 TIME : 3 HOURS

S.No

OBJECTIVES Form of Questions

Knowledge(Vocabulary Writing, Reading, Study Skills)

Comprehensive (Reading ,Study Skills, Occupational, Competency & Writing)

Expression (Creatives, Strategic Competancy and Writing)

Total

Units/ Sub Units

E/LA SA VSA O E/LA SA VSA O E/LA SA VSA O

1 Section A

10(10) 10(10) 10(10) 30(20)

2 Section B

8(5) 12(15) 20(15)

3 Section C (i) (ii)

2(5)

3(5)

3(5)

4(5)

3(5)

5(5)

10(5)

4 Section D (i) (ii)

2(1)

5(1)

1(1)

2(1)

2(1)

3(1)

5(1)

10(1)

5 Section E (i) (ii) (iii)

3(1)

3(2)

3(9)

1(1)

1(2)

3(9)

1(1)

2(2)

3(9)

9(9)

6(2)

5(1)

TOTAL 10 3 26 10 4 1 10 6 2 28 100(59)

2

BLUE PRINT

SUBJECT : ENGLISH

CLASS : XII

UNIT / PAPER II MAXIMUM MARKS: 80 TIME : 3 HOURS

S.No OBJECTIVES Form of Questions

Knowledge(Vocabulary Writing, Reading, Study Skills)

Comprehensive (Reading, Study Skills, Occupational, Competency & Writing)

Expression (Creatives, Strategic Competancy and Writing)

Total

Units/Sub Units E/LA SA VSA O E/LA SA VSA O E/LA SA VSA O

1 Section A Qn.No. 1-12

7(1)

3(5) 5(1)

2(5)

2(5) 3(1) 3(5) 25

2 Section B Qn.No. 13-22

6(10) 4(10) 5(10) 15

3 Section C Qn.No. 23-24

6(2) 4(2) 5(2) 15

4 Section D Qn.No. 25-26

2(1) 3(1) 5

5 Section E Qn.No. 27-36

4(10) 6(10) 10

6 Section F Qn.No. 37-39

5(1) 2(1) 3(1) 10

TOTAL 18 - 10 3 6 19 2 11 11 80

3

Definite Scoring

Njh;r;rpngWtjw;fhd vspa topKiwfs;

Fwpg;G: fPo;f;fz;l tpdhf;fSf;Fhpa tpilfis gapw;rp fl;lfj;jpypUe;J

ed;F gapw;rp nra;jhy; Njh;r;rp ngWtJ cWjp.

ENGLISH – Paper I ENGLISH – Paper II

01-05 Synonyms 06-10 Antonyms

02/05 03/05

Rearranging Choosing the best options Comprehension

02/05 02/05 02/05

LEXICAL COMPETENCIES 12/ 20 I D (12) Non-Detailed Essay 03/10

11) Plurals

01/02

II A (13 – 17) Questions Error Spotting

04/10 02/05

13) Abbreviation 01/02 III A (23) Summary 03/05

15) Blending 01/02 III B (24) Responding to Advt 06/10

16) Syllabification 02/02 IV A (25) Non – Lexical 02/02

18) Brit. & American English 01/02 IV B Guiding a Person/ Road Map Matching General Essay (Mere Attempt)

01/03 06/10 03/10

20) Prefix & Suffix 01/02 Total 36/80

21) Compound Word (Formation) 01/02

23) Clipping 01/02

II A Modals/ Semi Modals Relative Pronoun

01/02 01/02

Julius Caesar : Essay / Paragraph The Ceaseless Crusader : Essay / Paragraph

05/15

Field Identification (Q No. 39-43) 03/05

31) Sentence Pattern 32) Kind of Passive Voice

01/01 01/01

IV B (61 – 63) Poetic Devices 03/03

IV C (64 - 66) ERC Poem Paragraph (Unit 1 & 2)

02/06 02/05

Total 45/100

I PAPER - 45/100 II PAPER - 36/80 ----------- 81/180 -----------

4

Mq;fpyj;jpy; Njh;r;rp kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWtJ (Fiwe;jgl;rk; 81 kjpg;ngz;fs;) kpf kpf

vspJ. ,jw;F khzth;fs; gpd;gw;wNtz;ba tit fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

English Paper I

1. 1-5 tpdhf;fSf;F (Synonym) xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;F gpd;dhy; cs;s gapw;rp tpdhf;fis

Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.

2. ,NjNghy 6-10 tpdhf;fSf;F (Antonym) xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;F gpd;dhy; cs;s gapw;rp

tpdhf;fis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.

3. 11-23 tpdhf;fs; tiu ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;ij ed;F fw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; Plural ,

Homophones , Syllabification , Blending words , Framing compound words kw;Wk; Clipped

words Mfpa tpdhf;fspy; khzth;fs; vspjhf kjpg;ngz;fis ngwyhk;.

Grammar part

Modal verb tpdhtpw;F 'should' my;yJ 'must' vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Semi Modal / Quasi Modal tpdhtpw;F ____w;FgpwF not ,Ue;jhy; need vd;W tpil

vOj Ntz;Lk;.

How w;F gf;fj;jpy; ____ ,Ue;jhy; dare vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Correct tense form tpdhtpw;F bracket y; cs;s verb cld; s Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Burst /

read vd;wpUe;jhy; mij mg;gbNa tpilahf vOj Ntz;Lk;.

If y; Muk;gpj;J bracket y; be vd;W ,Ue;jhy; were vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Phrase / Preposition tpdhtpw;F inspite of / despite vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Type of Passive voice tpdhtpy; by vd;W ,Ue;jhy; personal passive voice vd;Wk; by

,y;iy vd;why; impersonal passive voice vd;Wk; tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

35 tJ tpdhtpw;F if I ePf;fptpl;L should / had / were vd;W Muk;gpj;J mLj;J

Subject ( I, She , He,You,We) Mfpatw;wpy; xd;iw vOjp kPjk; cs;s thf;fpaj;ij

mg;gbNa vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Relative Field tpdhtpy; epr;rakhf Computer , Sports , Science , Commerce Mfpa

Jiwfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F khzth;fs; vspjhf tpilaspf;fyhk;.

Comprehension tpdhtpw;F tpdhtpy; cs;s Keyword I itj;Nj tpilia

fz;Lgpbj;Jtplyhk;.

PROSE Part

Prose paragraph and Essay tpdhtpw;F Kjy; 2 ghlq;fis ed;F gbj;jhNy

Fiwe;jgl;rk; KiwNa 2 kw;Wk; 5 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.

5

Poetry Part

Figure of Speech y; As / like ,Ue;jhy; Simile vd;Wk; As / like ,y;iy vd;why;

Metaphor vd;Wk; vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Poem paragraph tpdhtpw;F Kjy; 2 Poem fis ed;F gbj;jhNy Fiwe;jgl;rk;

2 Kjy; 3 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.

English Paper II

Kjy; tpdhtpw;F nkhj;jk; 6 thf;fpaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jpy; Kjy; kw;Wk;

filrp thf;fpaq;fis mg;gbNa order khw;whky; vOjpdhy; 1 kjpg;ngz; epr;rakhf

ngwyhk;.

2 Kjy; 6 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;jpy; cs;s tpdhf;fis gapw;rp

nra;jhNy NghJkhdJ.

Kjy; 3 Jizg;ghl fl;Liufis ed;F gapd;why; 12 tJ tpdhtpw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 3

Kjy; 5 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.

Study skills tpdhf;fSf;F ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;jpy; cs;s tpdhf;fis gapw;rp nra;jhNy

NghJkhdJ.

23 tJ tpdhtpw;F Rough Draft I vOjp ,lkpUe;J tykhf FWf;Nf ngd;rpyhy;

mbj;JtplNtz;Lk;. Fair Draft I njspthd ifnaOj;jpy; mofhf vOj Ntz;Lk;.

nghUj;jkhd jiyg;ig vOj Ntz;Lk;.

24 tJ tpdhtpw;F ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;jpy; cs;s patternI gapw;rp nra;jhy; 4 Kjy; 5

kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.

25 tJ tpdhtpw;F Er kwWk; mmm vd;w Answer I vOj Ntz;Lk;.

26 Kjy; 38 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;jpy; cs;s tpdhf;fis

gapw;rp nra;jhy; ey;y kjpg;ngz;fis ngw KbAk;.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; Njh;r;rp kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw (Fiwe;jgl;rk; 81 kjpg;ngz;fs;) vOjp

ghh;g;gJ kpf kpf mtrpak;. vdNt khzth;fs; ,g;gapw;rp fl;lfj;ij ed;F fw;W vOjp

gapd;why; Njh;r;rp ngWtJ cWjp.

6

mjpfgl;r kjpg;ngz; ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs;

Areas to be more concentrated to get maximum marks

PAPER- I PAPER- II

Idioms Rearranging the jumbled sentences

Homophones in the form of Paragraph

Parts of speech Global Comprehension

Phrasal Verbs(Optional) Non detailed essay with

Tenses sub-headings and quotations

Relative Pronouns Study Skills Q & A

Linkers Error Spotting

Reporting the dialogue Summarizing the given paragraph

Comprehension meaningfully

Prose : Paragraph and Essay Responding to advertisement with

proper pattern

Poem Appreciation Questions

Poem ERC General Essay with sub-headings

Poem Paragraph and quotations

7

Mq;fpyj;jpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWtJ (Fiwe;jgl;rk; 190 kjpg;ngz;fs;) kpf kpf

vspJ. ,jw;F khzth;fs; gpd;gw;wNtz;bait fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

English Paper I

1-5 tpdhf;fSf;F (Synonym) xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s gapw;rp tpdhf;fSk;

Glossary Sectiony; nfhLf;fg;gl;l thh;j;ijfisAk; Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.

,NjNghy 6-10 tpdhf;fSf;F (Antonym) xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s gapw;rp

tpdhf;fisAk; ,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu)

Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.

11-23 tpdhf;fs; tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;Fg; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s midj;J gapw;rpfisAk;

,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu) Nfl;fg;gl;l

tpdhf;fisAk; Kiwahfg; gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.

Grammar Part

Modal verb tpdhtpw;Ff; fl;lhak; kw;Wk; flikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; thf;fpaq;fSf;F

'should' my;yJ 'must' vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. KbAk; vd;w mh;j;jj;ij cila

thf;fpaq;fSf;F 'can' vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; like , rather , mind Nghd;w

thh;j;ijfs; tpdhtpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; would vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. mDkjp

kw;Wk; Ntz;LNfhs; njhlh;ghd tpdhf;fSf;F may vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Semi Modal / Quasi Modal tpdhtpy; ____w;FgpwF not ,Ue;jhy; need vd;W tpil

vOj Ntz;Lk;.

fl;lhak; kw;Wk; flikia Fwpf;Fk; thf;fpaq;fSf;F ought to vd;W tpil vOj

Ntz;Lk;.

When kw;Wk; While Nghd;w thh;j;ijfs; tpdhtpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; Used to

vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

How w;F gf;fj;jpy; ____ ,Ue;jhy; dare vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Correct tense form tpdhtpw;F bracket y; cs;s verb cld; 's' Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Burst /

read vd;wpUe;jhy; mij mg;gbNa tpilahf vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Since / For vd;wpUe;jhy; have been my;yJ has been + verb + ing vOj Ntz;Lk;.

If y; Muk;gpj;J bracket y; be vd;W ,Ue;jhy; were vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

8

Phrase / Preposition tpdhtpw;F inspite of / despite vd;W tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Type of Passive Voice tpdhtpy; by vd;W ,Ue;jhy; personal passive voice vd;Wk; by

,y;iy vd;why; impersonal passive voice vd;Wk; tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;.

34 tJ tpdhtpw;F ,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu)

Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fismbf;fb gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

35 tJ tpdhtpw;F if I ePf;fptpl;L should / had / were vd;W vOjp me;j thf;fpaj;ij

khw;whky; mg;gbNa vOj Ntz;Lk;.

o Example: If it were not for the expenses involved I would go by air.

Were it not for the …………………………………….by air.

36 Kjy; 38 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F ghlg;Gj;jfj;jpy; 294 Kjy; 297 tiuapyhd

gapw;rpfis Kiwahf nra;jhy; 6 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngwyhk;.

Relative Field tpdhtpy; epr;rakhf Computer , Sports , Science , Commerce Mfpa

Jiwfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F khzth;fs; vspjhf tpilaspf;fyhk;. ,Jtiu

nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu) Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fismbf;fb

gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Comprehension tpdhtpw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l gj;jpia ed;F gbj;J nghUis czh;e;jhy;

tpdhtpy; cs;s Keyword I itj;Nj tpilia fz;Lgpbj;Jtplyhk;.

Prose paragraph and Essay tpdhtpw;F ghlj;jpd; KO gFjpiaAk; jFe;j Quotationfis

Nrh;j;J vOjpdhy; 8 Kjy; 9 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.

Figure of Speechy; As / like ,Ue;jhy; Simile vd;Wk; As / like ,y;iy vd;why;

Metaphor vd;Wk; vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Poetry Part

Poem paragraph tpdhtpw;F jFe;j Poetic lines fis Nrh;j;J vOjpdhy; 4 Kjy; 5

kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;.

9

English Paper II

Kjy; tpdhtpw;F nkhj;jk; 6 thf;fpaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jpy; Kjy; kw;Wk;

filrp thf;fpaq;fis mg;gbNa order khw;whky; vOjpdhy; 1 kjpg;ngz; epr;rakhf

ngwyhk;. Jizg;ghlg; gFjpapy; cs;s fijfis ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhNy

,t;tpdhtpw;F tpilaspf;fyhk;.

2 Kjy; 6 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F xt;nthU Jizg;ghlj;jpw;F gpd;dhy; cs;s gapw;rp

tpdhf;fisAk; ,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu)

Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.

12 tJ tpdhtpw;F Jizg;ghl fl;Liufis ed;F gapd;W jFe;j Quotation fis

Nrh;j;J vOjpdhy; 8 Kjy; 9 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf ngw KbAk;. fl;Liuapd; Kbtpy;

Moral vOJtJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ.

Study Skills tpdhf;fSf;F ,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; 2015

tiu) Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.

23 tJ tpdhtpw;F Rough Draft I vOjp ,lkpUe;J tykhf FWf;Nf ngd;rpyhy;

mbj;JtplNtz;Lk;. Fair Draft I njspthd ifnaOj;jpy; mofhf vOj Ntz;Lk;.

nghUj;jkhd jiyg;ig vOj Ntz;Lk;.

24 tJ tpdhtpw;F Kiwahd pattern I gapw;rp nra;jhy; KO kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf

ngw KbAk;.

25 tJ tpdhtpw;F Er kwWk; mmm vd;w Answer I vOj Ntz;Lk;.

26 Kjy; 36 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F ,Jtiu nghJj;Njh;tpy; (khh;r; 2006 Kjy;

mf;Nlhgh; 2015 tiu) Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis Kiwahf gapw;rp nra;jhNy NghJk;.

37 Kjy; 39 tiuapyhd nghJf;fl;Liu tpdhf;fSf;F gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfis Rakhf

jahh; nra;J jFe;j Quotationfis Nrh;j;J vOjpdhy; 8 Kjy; 9 kjpg;ngz;fis vspjhf

ngw KbAk;.

My Ambition in Life, Computer, Pollution, Rain Water Harvesting,

Media – Advantages and Disadvantages, AIDS Awareness, Role of Women in Modern

India Mfpa fl;Liufs; nghJj;Njh;tpy; mbf;fb Nfl;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw (Fiwe;jgl;rk; 190 kjpg;ngz;fs;) vOjpg; ghh;g;gJ

kpf kpf mtrpak;. ifnaOj;J kpf kpf njspthfTk; mofhfTk; gpioapd;wp ,Uj;jy;

mtrpak;.

10

+2 ENGLISH – STUDY MATERIAL

ENGLISH PAPER I

SECTION-A [Vocabulary-Lexical Competencies]

I. A. SYNONYMS (Q.No.1-5)

The asterisked words are Textual exercises. Learn them thoroughly]

Lesson : 1 JULIUS CAESAR Other Important Synonyms

1. valiant - brave * 1. valour - courage

2. Captives - prisoners * 2 ruffle up - disturb/ upset

3. Mourned - grieved * 3 wit - intelligence

4. assembly - crowd/gathering * 4 vanquished - defeated

5. grievous - serious * 5. mutiny - revolt

6. Sacred - holy *

7. Entreat - request *

8. Vile - evil/base/bad *

9. Interred - Buried

10. slew - Killed

Lesson : 2 THE CEASELESS CRUSADER

1. Ceaseless - untiring * 1. libel - false statement 2. Construed - interpreted * 2. pertinent - relevant 3. intuition - insight * 3. patronizing - supporting 4. emerged - arose * 4. subjugation - suppression 5. cultivate - develop *

6. Crusader - fighter/fought

7. dormant - latent/inactive

8. advent - arrival

9. complement - complete

10. frailty - weakness

Lesson : 3 TO THE LAND OF SNOW

1. awakened - roused * 1. pursuit - chasing 2. delicately - carefully * 2. deterred - discouraged 3. consummate - complete * 3. fascinated - attracted 4. stranded - marooned/unable to move* 4. Visage - face 5. retained - continued to possess *

6. bizarre - strange

7. Recce - survey

8. Menacing - threatening

9. Shrouded - covered

10. Sturdy - Strong

Lesson : 4 A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

11

1 animated - encouraged / excited * 1. perusal - read carefully 2 censure - criticism * 2. copious - abundant /plenty 3 seduce - tempt * 3. inadvertency - unintentional 4 Repress - restrain /control* 4. Reproach - disgrace 5 perplexity - complication * 5. Risible - ridiculous/laughable 6 tranquility - calm /undisturbed

7 Exuberance - uncontrolled excitement

Lesson : 5 THE MARK OF VISHNU 1 battered - thrashed *

2 vile - evil *

3 petrified - immobile *

4 sullen - silent

5 squashed - subdued

6 yelled - shouted

7 contempt - disrespect

8 hysterically - screamed

9 instantly - Immediately

Lesson : 6 HIROSHIMA 1 accelerated - increased *

2 unheralded - unannounced *

3 stench - stink *

4 industrious - hard working *

5 harness - control *

6 serenely - calmly

7 enigma - mystery

8 unleash - let loose / release

9 assail - attack

10 proliferate - multiply/grow rapidly

11 catastrophic - disastrous

B. ANTONYMS (Q.No.6-10)

Lesson : 1 JULIUS CAESAR

1 broad x narrow *

2 tyrant x democrat *

3 empty x full *

4 fleeting x lasting/permanent *

5 sublime x mean/low *

6 methodical x random / confused*

7 slow x Fast / quick *

8 noble x ignoble / mean*

9 agitated x calm *

10 selfish x selfless/generous*

11 faithful x disloyal

12 honourable x dishonourable

12

13 blunt x sharp

14 praise x criticise

15 traitors x patriots

16 valour x cowardice

17 valiant x coward

Lesson : 2 THE CEASELESS CRUSADER

1 marvellous x ordinary *

2 radically x moderately *

3 frailty x strength *

4 domineering x submissive *

5 bestowed x denied *

6 dormant x active

7 subservient x dominant

8 inferiority x superiority

9 creation x destruction

10 descent x ascent

11 pertinent x irrelevant/impertinent

12 unique x common

13 ancient x modern

Lesson : 3 TO THE LAND OF SNOW

1 sturdy x weak *

2 abandoned x inhabited *

3 shrouded x uncovered *

4 continuously x intermittently *

5 eventually x initially *

6 vanish x appear

7 deterred x encouraged

8 bustling x inactive

9 forbidden x allowed

10 majestic x humble

Lesson : 4 A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

1 exuberance x apathy *

2 risible x serious *

3 copious x meagre *

4 tranquility x agitation *

5 obscure x clear *

6 vigorous x spiritless

7 perfect x imperfect

8 omitted x included

9 brief x detailed

10 folly x wisdom

11 contented x dissatisfied

13

12 ignorance x knowledge

Lesson : 5 THE MARK OF VISHNU

1 despise x love/appreciate *

2 creator x destroyer *

3 trusted x doubted/suspicious *

4 indifferent x interested/disinterested *

5 humble x arrogant

6 undamaged x damaged

7 literate x illiterate

8 sacred x Unholy / impure

9 instantly x gradually

Lesson : 6 HIROSHIMA

1 ultimate x initial *

2 extinguished x lit *

3 trivial x significant *

4 cursed x blessed *

5 liberal x conservative *

6 destruction x construction

7 serenely x violently/noisily

8 defeat x success

14

Memory Tips

Q.No.11. PLURALS

(C) Answer any ten. [10x2=20]

Singular ending Plural ending

1. Datum - I saw the data -um a

2. Alumnus - We are alumni of this school. -us i

3. Index - I saw the indices -ex ices

4. Matrix - I do the matrices -ix ices

5. Analysis - I do the analyses of the test -is es

6. Formula - Write the formulae -a ae

7. Criterion - Fix the criteria -ion a

8. Tooth - Brush your teeth -oo ee

9. Child - Children like animals ld en

Q.No.12. Using the idioms in sentence of your own.

1. honour bound.

I am honour bound to help you.

2. in the pink of health.

The old man is in the pink of health.

3. to be on cloud nine.

I am on cloud nine to hear the news.

4. a yellow streak.

He is a man of yellow streak.

5. to be at loggers heads.

We are always at logger heads.

6. once in a blue moon.

He visits here once in a blue moon.

7. a bolt from the blue.

His death came as a bolt from the blue.

8. put on airs.

He puts on airs after becoming rich.

9. to be at the end of one’s tether.

The girls are shouting so the teacher is at the end of her tether.

10. a shadow of one’s self.

The player is now a shadow of himself.

15

Q.No.13. Write a sentence using expanded form of

Abbreviation/Acronym:

1. UGC University Grants Commission

He works in University Grants Commission

2. NLC Neyveli Lignite Corporation

He works in Neyveli Lignite Corporation

3. BBC British Broadcasting Corporation

He works in the British Broadcasting Corporation

4. WHO World Health Organisation

He works in World Health Organisation

5. PSU Public Sector Unit

He works in Public Sector Unit

6. ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation

He works in Indian Space Research Organisation

7. CAD Computer Aided Designing

I use Computer Aided Designing

8. VCR Video Cassette Recorder

I use Video Cassette Recorder

9. LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas

I use Liquified Petroleum Gas

10. CPU Central Processing Unit

I use Central Processing Unit

11. RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging

I use Radio Detection and Ranging device

12. ATM Automated Teller Machine

Automated Teller Machine is very useful

13. AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficency Syndrome

Acquired Immuno Deficency Syndrome is a killer

disease.

14. LAN Local Area Network

The Local Area Network is busy

15. UNO United Nations Organisation

India is a member of United Nations Organisation

16. NASA National Aeronautical and Space Administration.

He works in National Aeronautical and Space

Administration.

Q.No.14. Homophones :

16

1. I had no peace till he gave me a piece of advice.

2. The story told by the credulous old man is not credible.

3. They had dates for dessert in the desert.

4. The police tried to elicit information from the bootlegger who sells illicit liquor.

5. The most eminent scientist in the world has been warning about the

imminent danger of nuclear war.

6. The book which has been prescribed for the B.A. class has been

proscribed for containing some remarks on religion.

Other Important Homophones :

7. The adopted boy has now adapted to the new environment.

8. The stationary lorry is loaded with stationery goods.

9. M.S. Dhoni is a popular player who lives in a populous city.

10. His handwriting is illegible so he is not eligible for the competition.

11. Our principal is a man of principle.

12. The industrial workers are very industrious.

13. The luxurious hotel has a luxuriant lawn.

14. An official should not be officious always.

15. The army personnel loses their personal interest in life.

16. Those who are conscious of their conscience dare not do mistakes.

Q.No.15. Form a word by blending the words and use the blended

word in your own sentence :

1. documentary + drama docudrama

I saw the docudrama

2. education + entertainment edutainment

I use the edutainment

3. motorway + hotel motel

I saw the motel

4. smoke + fog smog

I saw the smog

5. helicopter + airport heliport

I saw the heliport

6. motor + bike mobike

I use the mobike

17

7. breakfast + lunch brunch

I had my brunch

8. news + broadcast newscast

I watch newscast

9. vegetable + burger vegeburger

I ate vegeburger

10. international + police Interpol

I am an Interpol officer

11. lecture + demonstration lecdem

The lecdem is very useful

12. electro + execute electrocute

He was electrocuted

13. travel + catalogue travelogue

I read a travelogue

14. information + commercial informercial

It is the informercial centre

15. technology + wizard technowizard

He is a technowizard

Q.No. 16 Syllabify any two words :

Two syllable Three syllable Four syllable daugh-ter, pre-si-dent, par-ti-cu-lar don-key, ex-pres-sion, com-pre-hen-sive stu-pid. ba-na-na, in-spi-ra-tion de-tect, con-fi-dence, ap-pa-ra-tus en-ter-tain, in-sti-tu-tion ad-van-tage, fa-ci-li-tate fan-tas-tic, in-tel-li-gent ac-ci-dent, si-mul-ta-neous de-mon-strate, mag-ni-fi-cient do-mes-tic, as-tro-lo-gy dra-ma-tic, sta-tis-tics, ec-cen-tric, cu-cum-ber, for-mi-da-ble,

18

Q.No.17. Write a sentence using the word in Grammatical Function :

1. address

This is my address. (Noun)

I addressed yesterday. (Verb)

2.

Hope

Hope is life. (Noun)

I hope to get pass. (Verb)

3. Old

Old is gold. (Noun)

He is an old man. (Adj)

4.

equal

He is not my equal. (Noun)

All have equal rights. (Adj)

5. fine

I pay the fine. (Noun)

I fine you. (Verb)

6.

well

I saw the well (Noun)

Tears welled her eyes. (Verb)

7. like

The film has many likes. (Noun)

I like you. (Verb)

Like poles repel. (Adj)

8.

Love

Love is God. (Noun)

I love India. (Verb)

God is love (Adj)

Q.No.18. Write a sentence using the American English word:

1. tin

can

I saw the can 10. crisps

potatochips

I like potatochips

2.

lorry truck

I saw the truck 11. biscuits cookies

I like cookies

3. film

movie

I saw the movie 12. sweet

candy

I like candy

4.

taxi cab

I saw the cab 13. Ground

floor

first floor

I live in the first floor

5. lift

elevator

I use the elevator 14. flat

apartment

I live in the apartment

6. Mobile phone

cellphone

I use cellphone 15. autumn

fall

It is a fall season

7. petrol

gasoline

I use the gasoline 16. post

mail

I saw the mail

8 holiday

vacation

I like the vacation 17. aerial

Antenna

I saw the Antenna

9. luggage

baggage

Bring the baggage

18. railway

rail road

Don’t cross the rail road

19

Q.No.19. Use the Compound word in your own sentence :

1. He is a well-to-do person. 8. I saw the duty-free shop.

2. He is a taxi-driver. 9. I saw the dancing-bird.

3. He is a shop-owner. 10. I saw the sun-rise.

4. He is my son-in-law. 11. I like wood-work

5. He is good-for-nothing . 12. It is a kitchen-garden

6. He is a sports-man. 13. It is a day-to-day problem.

7. He is an out-patient. 14. It is a down-to-earth plan.

Q.No.20. Write a sentence using a word with ‘Prefix’ or ‘Suffix’ :

PREFIX

Prefix Word Sentence 1. un - unhappy I am unhappy.

2. in - inactive I am inactive

3. ir - irregular He is irregular to class.

4. non - non-vegetarian I am a non-vegetarian.

5. dis - disagree I disagree with you.

6. il - illegal It is an illegal offence.

7. fore - foretell I foretell the future.

8. im - impossible It is impossible.

9. pre - prepaid I use prepaid card.

10. post - postpaid I use postpaid card.

11. dia - diagram I like the diagram.

SUFFIX

Suffix Word Sentence 1. less - careless I am careless.

2. hood - childhood I like my childhood.

3. ly - slowly I write slowly. 4. able - curable Fever is curable.

5. tion - examination I wrote my examination.

6. ful - careful I am careful.

7. ment - government I like our government.

8. ence - difference There is no difference.

9. ness - kindness I like your kindness.

10. ity - ability His ability is well-known.

11. ise - criticise Don’t criticise others.

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Q.No.21. Form Compound Words :

1. Noun + Noun School girl 2. Noun + Verb Sun rise 3. Verb + Noun Call taxi 4. Noun + Adjective Duty free 5. Adjective + Noun Old man 6. Adjective + Verb White wash 7. Noun + Gerund Hand writing 8. Gerund + Nouns Walking stick 9. Prep + Nouns After noon

Q.No.22. Write sentences using the Phrasal Verbs :

1. pick up : Pick up your speed.

2. pick on : Pick on the bad boy.

3. look after : Please, look after my son.

4. look into : Please, look into the matter.

5. call on : Please, call on him.

6. call off : Please, call off your strike.

7. call upon : Please, call upon him to speak.

8. keep up : Keep up your rank.

9. keep on : Keep on your speed.

10. give away : Please, give away the prizes.

11. give up : Please, give up your smoking.

12. give off : Please, give off the bad smell.

13. put on : Put on the new dress.

14. put off : Please, put off the lights.

15. take off : The plane took off .

Q.No.23. Write sentence using the Clipped Words :

1. laboratory lab I go to the lab.

2. gymnasium gym I go to the gym.

3. advertisement ad I like the ad.

4. discotheque disco I like the disco.

5. handkerchief kerchief I use kerchief.

6. telephone phone I use the phone.

7. microphone mike I use the mike.

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8. taxicab taxi I saw the taxi.

9. perambulator pram I saw the pram.

10. helicopter copter I saw the copter.

11. aeroplane plane I saw the plane.

12. demarcate mark I mark the line.

13. demonstrate demo I attend the demo.

14. kilogram kilo I bought a kilo of rice.

15. influenza flu I am suffering from flu

16. fountain pen pen This is my pen.

17. spectacles specs This is my specs.

18. photograph photo This is my photo.

19. paragraph para Write a para.

20. examination exam I write my exam.

21. refrigerator fridge The fridge is very useful.

22. signature Sign Sign here.

SECTION B (Grammatical Competencies) [10x1=10]

II. (A) Q.No.24 Use a Modal Verb : (Must/Should)

1. Eve-teasers must be punished severely.

2. In the army, soldiers must obey their officers.

3. The world must avoid war in the larger interest of the human race as a whole.

4. One must always keep his promises.

5. Caesar’s wife must be above suspicion.

6. All citizens should obey the laws of the land.

7. People who live in glass house should not throw stones.

8. Law makers should not be law breakers.

Q.No.25. Use the given verb in suitable form (Tenses) :

[Proverbs, scientific, universal facts are to be in simple present tense)

1. Water boils (boil) at 100 centigrade.

2. The children burst (burst) in the peals of laughter.

3. The milk man knocks (knock) the door at 6’O clock every morning.

4. She goes (go) to church every Sunday.

5. Rahim read (read) a poem last night.

6. I shall go (go) to Chennai tomorrow.

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7. I am preparing (prepare) for the examination at present.

8. He is reading (read) his lessons now.

9. When I saw him, he was playing (play) Cricket.

10. I have been studying (study) in the school since 2010.

Q.No.26. Use a Semi-Modal Verb : (need, dare, used to, ought to)

Sentence-y; dash w;Fg;gpd; not ,Ug;gpd; ‘need’ vOjTk;.

Ans : You need not read every chapter. You need not feel sorry for what you have done.

Sentence-y; ‘when’ or ‘during’ ,Ug;gpd; used to vOjTk;.

Ans : He used to play foot ball in his college days. He used to wake up at 5 O’ clock in the morning when he was young.

Sentence-y; ‘How’ ,Ug;gpd; ‘dare’ vOjTk;.

Ans : How dare you ask me such a question?

ought to – (moral obligation - flikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;)

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W (dare, need, used to) vDk; thh;j;ijfs; cs;s clue

,y;iynadpy; 'ought to' vOjTk;.

Ans : He ought to submit his work on time.

Q.No. 27-28. Use a Relative Pronoun :

Sentence-y; dash-f;F Kd; Noun (person-I Fwpg;gpd;) gpd; Verb ,Ug;gpd;

‘who’ vOjTk;.

1. This is the boy who won the race.

(Noun) (Verb)

2. Shakespeare who lived in the 16th Century is considered to be the

greatest dramatist.

3. The movie is about a leader who led the freedom struggle of his nation.

Sentence-y; dash-f;F Kd; Noun (person-I Fwpg;gpd;) gpd; Noun ,Ug;gpd;

‘whose’ vOjTk;.

1. My friend whose father works in Agra, has made a clay model of the Taj.

(Noun) (Noun)

2. Kumaraswamy whose house I live in, owns most of the mills in this town.

Sentence-y; dash-f;F Kd; Noun (person-I Fwpg;gpd;) gpd; pronoun ,Ug;gpd;

‘whom’ vd vOjTk;.

1. Most of the friends whom she had invited came for her wedding.

(Noun) (Pronoun)

Sentence- y; dash-f;F Kd; (things) nghUl;fisf; Fwpg;gpd; that vOjTk;.

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1. Show me the book that you bought yesterday. (thing)

2. The wrong deeds that we do are more often remembered than our

good ones.

Sentence- y; dash-f;F Kd; (Place) ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpd; where vd vOjTk;.

1. This is the house where I was born. (Place)

2. This is the school where I studied. (Place)

Q.No. 29. Use a phrase/preposition :

(Use a phrase vd te;jhy; ngUk;ghYk; ‘inspite of’ vd vOjyhk; )

We enjoyed our outing, even though the weather was terrible.

They continued with the match in spite of the rain.

His lecture was very boring even though his English was good.

He continued to bowl despite his shoulder injury.

Although we started early, we reached late.

You must not go against the advice of your parents.

Q.No.30. Use the given verb in suitable form :

If clause Main Clause

‘If’ Clause-y; work(V1) ,Ug;gpd; will pass tUk;. Ans: If you work hard, you will pass (pass) in the exam.

‘If’ Clause-y; worked(V2) ,Ug;gpd; would pass tUk;. Ans: If you worked hard, you would pass (pass)in the exam.

‘If’ Clause-y; were ,Ug;gpd; wouldfly (V1) Ans: If I were a bird, I would fly.

‘If’ Clause-y; ____(be) te;jhy; ‘were’ vd vOjTk;. Ans: If I were (be) a bird, I would fly.

‘If’ Clause-y; had worked (past perfect) would have passed (would have + V3)

Ans: If you had worked hard, you would have passed (pass)in the exam.

Q.No.31. Write a sentence of the pattern :

1. Ram gave a pen S V O

2. Ram gave me a pen S V I O D O

3. Ram was ill S V C

4. Ram made him chairman SVOC Adjunct – KjypYk; tuyhk;> filrpapYk; tuyhk;. Adjunct tUk; ,lj;jpy;

(Kjypy; my;yJ filrpapy; Yesterday-it Nrh;j;J vOjTk;)

A-adjunct

Yesterday

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Q.No. 32. Write the kind of Passive Voice :

1. Sentence-y; by (doer) ,Ug;gpd; personal passive voice vd vOJf.

Ex: The novel is written by Premchand. This is an example of Personal

passive voice.

2. Sentence-y; by (doer) ,y;iynadpy; Impersonal passive voice vd vOJf.

Ex: One Hundred neem trees are planted. This is an example of

Impersonal passive voice.

Q.No. 33. Use a Suitable link word :

Time (Neuj;ij) Fwpg;gpd; When.

Eg : When the cat is away, the mice are at play.

Reason (fhuzk;) Fwpg;gpd; As.

Eg : As it rains they will not continue the match.

Contrast (khWghL) Fwpg;gpd; Though/but.

Eg : Though we started early, we reached late.

Man proposes but God disposes.

She is rich yet/but she is humble.

(B) Q.No.34. Transform the following sentence as instructed.

Report the dialogue.

Points to remember Report the dialogue

1. Statement - Add ‘that’ – a conjunction used in statements.

2. Question - ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ – add ‘whether’ or ‘If’ ‘Wh’ word – add the same ‘wh’ word.

3. Command/Request (positive)

- Add ‘to’ before the imperative sentence.

(Negative) - Remove ‘don’t and add ‘not to’.

4. Exclamations - Add ‘that’. Remove exclamation mark (!) and add full stop.

Reporting verbs:-

1. Statement - told / replied.

2. Question - asked, enquired.

3. Commands - advised, ordered.

4. Request - Requested.

5. Exclamations - Exclaimed happily / sadly.

Example :

Tourist :- How can I reach Mahabalipuram?

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Tourist guide :- You can drive along the east coast road. The road is smooth and free from the traffic and in about 90 minutes, you will reach Mahabalipuram.

Tourist : Oh! That’s fine. Thank you.

Ans :- The tourist asked the tourist guide how he could reach Mahabalipuram. The tourist guide replied that he could drive along the east coast road. He added that the road was smooth and free from traffic and in about 90 minutes he would reach Mahabalipuram. The tourist thanked the guide.

Q.No. 35 Rewrite as given in the brackets starters

" WERE, SHOULD, HAD " :

Step 1 Remove ‘if’ Step 2 You should - Should you He had - Had he Ex:

It were - Were it vd;W ,lk; khw;wp vOjNtz;Lk;

1. Begin with ‘Were’ If the management were to go back on its promise, there would be strike. (were)

Were the management to go back on its promise, there would be strike.

If an angel were to tell me such a thing of her, I would not believe it.

Ans: Were an angel to tell me such a thing of her, I would not believe it.

2. Begin with ‘Should’

If you should need to meet me, you can call this number. (should)

Should you need to meet me, you can call this number.

If you should be late once again, you will lose your job.

Should you be late once again, you will lose your job.

3. Begin with ‘Had’

If he had explained the problem, I would have helped him. (Begin with ‘Had’)

Had he explained the problem, I would have helped him.

Q.No.36 COMPOUND SENTENCE :

1. As the transport workers were on strike, I had to walk back home.

(Rewrite as a compound sentence)

Ans: The transport workers were on strike and so I had to walk back home.

2. The villagers moved out of their Village as they had no rains that year.

(Rewrite as a compound sentence)

Ans: They had no rains that year and so the villagers moved out of their

village. 3. We must eat to live (Change into compound).

Ans: We must eat then only we can live.

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4. Priya has recovered after the accident. Her fractured arm is still in a cast. (Combined the sentence as a compound sentence)

Ans: Priya has recovered after the accident but her fractured arm is still in a

cast. 5. Unless you work hard, you will not clear the semester. (Rewrite as a

compound sentence)

Ans: Work hard or else you will not clear the semester.

6. Though he is poor he is happy. (Rewrite as a compound sentence)

Ans: He is poor but he is happy.

Q.No. 37 SIMPLE SENTENCE :

1. This is mango from my garden. It is sweet.

Ans: This sweet mango is from my garden.

(combine the sentences)

2. Thara types quickly. Thara types correctly.

Ans: Thara types quickly and correctly.


3. Ram lost the match. He decided to resign as captain.

Ans: Having lost the match, Ram decided to resign as captain.(combine the sentences)

4. Bharath is very arrogant, Bharath will not apologise.

Ans: Being very arrogant, Bharath will not

apologise. (or) Bharath is too arrogant to

apologise.


5. We must eat. We cannot live.

Ans: We must eat to live.


6. I had completed my work, I set out to play.

Ans: Having completed my work I set out to play.


Q.No. 38 COMPLEX SENTENCE :

1. In spite of his illness at the time of the exam, he obtained a high score in the

subject. (use ‘though’).

Ans: Though he was ill at the time of the exam, he obtained a high score in the

subject.

2. On seeing the dog the thief ran away. (Use ‘when’)

Ans: When the thief saw the dog, he ran away.

3. We must eat to live. (Change into complex)

Ans: We must eat so that we can live.

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4. I like tea, I prefer coffee. (Change into a complex sentence)

Ans: Though I like tea, I prefer coffee.

5. I stand for justice and fair play. The whole world knows about it. (Combine the sentence using ‘That’)

Ans: The whole world knows that I stand for justice and fair play.

6. I studied very hard but I failed. (Rewrite as a complex sentence)

Ans: Though I studied very hard, I failed.

7. He tried his best. He could not open the box. (Combine the sentences using ‘though’)

Ans: Though he tried his best, he could not open the box.

Combine the sentences into a Simple sentence

1. Anne Mansfield Sullivan was poor and ill yet she taught Keller with a passion

(Rewrite as a simple sentence)

Ans: In spite of being poor and ill, Anne Mansfield Sullivan taught Keller

with a passion.

2. The coffee is very hot. I can’t drink it. (Change into simple sentence)

Ans: The coffee is too hot for me to drink.

3. She told me a story. It was about a giant. (Change into simple sentence)

Ans: She told me a story about a giant.

4. She was poor. She was always happy. (Use ‘inspite of’)

Ans: In spite of her poverty, she was always happy.

5. Ram lost the match. He decided to resign as captain.

Ans: Having lost the match, Ram decided to resign as captain.

SECTION – C (READING COMPETENCIES)

Q.No. 39-43 Identify the field-Clue words : [5x1=5]

Some keywords would help you to identify the field in the list given below:

Agriculture :- tilling, pesticide, yield, manure, crops, harvest, fertilizer.

Travel :- Jet, visa, embassy, ferry, luxury, motel, yacht, skipper. Space :- Satellite, orbit, the milky way, galaxy, comet, shuttle, landing. Nutrition & Dietetics :- Dieting, vitamins, in take, calorie, stodgy, spicy, bland. Education :- dropout, competency, curriculum, three Rs, pedagogy, enrolment. Sports:- match ,refree, semifinal , final , century, boundary Computer:- menu, browse, surfing, key board , mouse , bit Commerce:- profit, gain, loss, returns, invest, margin, dividend

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Weather :- Fog,cloudy,drizzling,raining,windy,cyclone,storm

Q.No. 44-48 Comprehension passage with five questions : [5x2=10]

Note: Question-y; cs;s words-f;Fk; passage-y; cs;s words-f;Fk;

nghUj;jkhd thf;fpaq;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJ.

IV.(A) Q.No.49-51 Prose Paragraph/(B) Q.No.52-54 Prose Essay : [10]

1. Julius Caesar

Introduction : ‘Julius Caesar’ is a play written by William Shakespeare.

The Oration of Brutus : The Oration of Brutus is simple. He tried to justify the murder of Caesar. He assured that he loved Rome more than Caesar. He rejoiced at Caesar’s valour, love and fortune. But he killed Caesar because he was ambitious. He told that if Caesar were alive all Romans would be slaves. Thus he successfully convinced the angry mob.

The Oration of Mark Antony : Mark Antony was a talented orator. He touched the heart of the people. He tried to prove that Caesar was not ambitious. He explained how Caesar filled the state treasury, how he refused the kingly crown thrice. He spoke about the will of Caesar but refused to read it. He showed the wounds on Caesar’s body. He wept and said it was “the unkindest cut of all”.

Conclusion : The two speeches are typical of the two great leaders.

2. The Ceaseless Crusader

Introduction : Gandhiji was a Ceaseless Crusader of Women’s equality.

Experiments with Truth :

Gandhi was a lover of truth. He did experiments with truth. He was a domineering husband. But Kasturba was a spirited wife. He expected implicit obedience from her. Later he realized it to be brutal.

Tradition and Superstition :

Gandhi was no advocate of blind adherence to tradition. He disregarded the tradition, which has no morality. He was strictly against the untouchability, child widowhood and child marriage.

Faith in Women :

According to Gandhi, women are the embodiment of sacrifice, humility, faith, non violence and knowledge. Women are the nobler of the two sexes.

Messengers of the Gospel :

Ahimsa means infinite capacity for suffering. Satyagraha means soul force. Women have great moral strength. Women are the messengers of the Gospel of non violence. Gandhiji hopes that women with all the divine qualities will dazzle the world if they wake up.

Conclusion : Gandhiji concludes that if all the women of the world gather together,

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they will kick the atom bomb without fear.

SECTION – E (LITERARY COMPETENCIES)

V. Q.No. 55-60 POETRY - Appreciation Questions : [6x1=6]

1. What are mournful numbers? Ans: sad songs

2. What is bivouac of life? Ans: temporary army camp

3. What does grave refer to? Ans: death

4. What is meant by strife? Ans: struggle

5. What does forlorn refer to? Ans: lonely

6. What are beating like muffled drums? Ans: our heart beats.

7. What is the meaning of muffled drums? Ans: covered drums.

8. What is the meaning of jarring? Ans: unpleasant sound

9. What is inane abstraction? Ans: stupidity/absent-minded.

10. Explain ‘To Sleep our life’. Ans: wasting time

11. What is meant by cherished circle? Ans: family circle

12. What is the meaning of unobstrusive? Ans: not easily seen

13. What is a promontory? Ans: high point of land

14. What is gossamer thread? Ans: fine cobweb

15. What is the meaning of marked? Ans: noticed/seen

16. What do owls symbolise? Ans: ignorance

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17. What is the meaning of ‘aeons bright’? Ans: bright future

18. What is meant by gospel? Ans: goodnews

19. What is meant by ‘Indo-Aryan blood’? Ans: Branch of the Aryans who came to india

20. What is meant by chant? Ans : song

21. What is the meaning of cosmic riddle? Ans: universal puzzle

22. What is the meaning global merchandise? Ans: World trade

23. Whom does someone refer to? Ans: snake

24. Who is the first comer? Ans : snake (He)

25. Who is the second comer? Ans : The poet (I)

26. What is meant by Etna? Ans: Volcanic mountain

27. What does the voice of education refer to? Ans: Knowledge about snakes/Rational thinking

28. What is meant by pettiness? Ans: act of trying to kill the snake/ mean act.

29. What is an albatross? Ans: Sea bird

30. What is a nipper kin? Ans: A glass of beer / wine

31. What is meant by infantry? Ans: foot soldier

32. What is a trap? Ans: two wheeled carriage

33. What is the meaning of ‘out of work’? Ans: without work/unemployment

34. What does half -a - crown refer to? Ans: British coin

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35. What is meant by ‘foe’? Ans: enemy

POETIC DEVICES

B) Q.No.61-63 [3x1=3]

Q.No. 61 Figure of Speech

Simile

Poem Line-y; as my;yJ like ,Ue;jhy; figure of speech - simile vd

vOjTk;.

Eg. 1. Still like muffled drums simile.

As humble plants by country hedgerows growing simile

Metaphor

Poem line-y; as my;yJ like ,y;iynad;why; figure of speech Metaphor

vd;W vOjTk;.

Eg. 1. Life is but an empty dream Metaphor

2. To sleep our life away Metaphor

Q.No. 62 Alliteration

Poem line-y; repetition of consonant sound cs;s word-I jdpNa

vLj;J vOjp Kjy; vOj;ij underline nra;J fhl;lTk;.

And the grave is not its goal

Alliterative words : grave, goal

Q.No.63 Allusion

1. Dust that art, to dust returnest was not spoken.

Allusion : “The Bible”

2. “Let the dead past bury its dead”

Allusion : The Bible

3. In the beginning was the Word and the Word was God.

Allusion : The Bible

4. And I thought of the albatross.

Allusion : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by S.T. Coleridge.

C) Q.No.64-66 E.R.C. (Any two) [2x3=6]

Poem-1 : A Psalm of life - H.W. Longfellow. ERC Clue words

mournful, empty, dream, grave, dust, muffled drums, driven cattle, great

men, foot prints, forlorn, any fate, tomorrow, art, life, battle field.

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1) Context : Poem : A Psalm of life.

Poet : H.W. Longfellow.

Explanation : Life is not an empty dream. Life’s goal is not end up with grave.

Our heart beats like muffled drums. The world is like a battlefield Act in the

living present. We follow the foot prints of the great men. We must learn to

work hard.

Poem-2 : Women’s Rights – A.L.Walker

E.R.C. Clue words

rob, cherish, bright picture, quiet, seclusion, harsh strife, jarring, dreamy,

sleep, sunshine, hedgerows, unobtrusive, privilege, cherished.

2) Context : Poem : Women’s Rights

Poet : A.L. Walker

Explanation : Men cannot rob the rights of women. They claim to live within

four walls. They do not waste their time in laziness. They are like humble

plants. They aren’t known beyond the family circle. They make people happy

but they are uncared by others.

Poem-3 : A Noiseless Patient Spider – Walt Whitman

E.R.C. Clue words

promontory, vacant, filament, unreeling, soul, measureless, musing,

throwing, ductile, gossamer, anchor, bridge.

3) Context : Poem : A Noiseless, patient spider

Poet : Walt Whitman

Explanation : The poet saw a spider on an elevated place. It tried to build a

web. It sent out filament endlessly. The spider was noiseless and patient. Like

the spider the soul tries to connect with God. The soul is musing endlessly.

Poem-6 : The Man He killed - Thomas Hardy

E.R.C. Clue words

inn, wet, nipperkin, infantry, face, shot, killed, foe, off-hand, traps, curious,

half-a-crown.

3) Context : Poem : The Man He killed

Poet : Thomas Hardy

Explanation : The poet was in the battle field. He stood face to face with his

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enemy. The poet shot the enemy when he tried to kill him. Both of them were

unemployed , sold their traps and joined the army. War is strange and curious

because it is fought between innocent soldiers.

POETRY - PARAGRAPH [5]

D) Q.No.67-69

1. A Psalm of Life – H.W. Long fellow

The poem ‘A psalm of life’ gives us a great deal of good advice. The poet

says that life is not an empty dream. It is real and earnest. ‘Man comes from

dust and he returns to dust.’ The life does not end up with grave. Only the

human body dies and not the soul. ‘Art is long but life is short.’ The world is

like the battle field. We should act like heroes and not to be mute cattle. Man

should neither think of his future nor past. We must work hard in the present

to make every tomorrow a better one. We must follow the foot prints of great

men. They give us hope and courage. One must learn to labor and to wait.

2. Women’s Rights – Annie Louisa Walker

The poem humbly supports the women’s rights. Men cannot rob their

rights. Their mission is to make home bright. Women claim to live a lonely life.

They live under the roof. They do not waste their time. Like humble plants,

women also fill their homes with light and love. They are uncared. Women are

not known beyond their family circle. They live in seclusion spread happiness

and die unknown. They endure everything passively for the sake of society.

3. A Noiseless, Patient Spider – Walt Whitman

The poet sees a spider standing alone on an elevated place. It tries to

build a web. The spider stands for patience and perseverance. The spider

wants to make connections in the vast vacant surrounding. The spider is

never tired of making its home. But human being doesn’t take effort. The poet

compares the spider to the human soul. Human soul should make a home in

heaven as the spider.

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ENGLISH PAPER II

Section - A : Supplementary Reader

A) Q.No.1 Write a paragraph by rearranging the following

sentences in correct sequence. The first and last

sentences are already in order.

(5 marks) ,t;tpdhtpy; nkhj;jk; 6 thf;fpaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jpy; Kjy; kw;Wk;;

filrp thf;fpaj;ij khw;wNtz;bajpy;iy. Jizg;ghlg; gFjpapy; cs;s

fijfis ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhNy ,t;tpdhtpw;F tpilaspf;fyhk;.

Example :

Once there lived a Selfish Giant.

The Giant became angry and built a high wall around the garden. The children used to play in the garden. He had a beautiful garden. The children had now nowhere to play.

They became very unhappy.

Answer : Once there lived a selfish Giant. He had a beautiful garden. The children used to play in the garden. The Giant became angry and built a high wall around the garden. The children had now nowhere to play. They become very

unhappy.

B) Q.No.2-6 Choose the best answer. (5)

[The asterisked words are Textual exercises. Learn them thoroughly]

1. THE SELFISH GIANT – OSCAR WILDE.

1. The children visited the giant’s garden everyday.* 2. The giant stayed with his friend for Seven years. * 3. The poor children had no place to play. * 4. The children entered the giant’s garden through a little hole in the wall . * 5. The giant died when he became old and feeble. * 6. The selfish giant longed for the little child. * 7. The giant’s journey was to paradise. * 8. The only people who were pleased to stay in the giant’s garden were the snow

and the frost. * 9. The giant heard a linnet singing outside the window. 10. The giant lay dead covered with white blossoms. 11. There were 12 peach trees on the giant’s garden. 12. The giant’s friend was Cornish ogre. 13. The little boy kissed the giant. 14. The little boy was Jesus Christ.

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1. 2. THE LOTTERY TICKET – ANTON CHEKHOV

The possibility of winning the prize in the lottery ticket bewildered them. * 2. The first twenty five thousand of the prize money was never received. * 3. Ivan went to none of these places. * 4. Masha was interrupted in the middle of Ivan’s dream. * 5. Disappointment in not winning the prize made Ivan and Masha hate each other.

* 6. The prize amount of the lottery ticket was 75,000/-. 7. Ivan’s income was 1200 roubles a year. 8. The series of the lottery ticket was 9499 number 26. 9. Ivan had no faith on lottery luck. 10. One of the countries Ivan wished to visit was India / Italy/ south of France 11. The winning number of the lottery ticket was 9499 number46 12. Ivan considered his relatives reptiles.

3. THE LAST LEAF – O’HENRY

1. Sue and Johnsy were painters by profession. * 2. Mr. Pneumonia was a deadly person. * 3. Johnsy started counting backward from number twelve. * 4. Mr. Behrman was a friend to sue. * 5. The wollen shoulder scarf that sue was knitting was blue in colour. * 6. Sue found Behrman smelling strongly of juniper berries. * 7. Mr. Behrman died of pneumonia. * 8. Behrman’s master piece was the last leaf. * 9. Behrman earned his living by serving as a model. 10. Johnsy wanted to paint the Bay of Naples. 11. Sue came from Maine. Johnsy came from California. 12. Mr.Behrman was a failure as an Artist 4. HOW THE CAMEL GOT ITS HUMP - RUDYARD KIPLING

1. The camel lived in the middle of a howling desert. 2. The camel refused to work because he was lazy. * 3. The three animals patiently made a complaint to the Djinn. * 4. Djinn punished the camel using his magic. * 5. The camel did not work for three days. * 6. All the animals were unhappy with the camel’s attitude. * 7. Djinn was incharge of all deserts. 8. The man asked the three to work double time. 9. The horse came to meet camel on Monday. 10. The camel said hump to all the questions. 11. The camel was a howler himself. 12. The three referred to in the story are the ox , the horse and the dog.

5. TWO FRIENDS – GUY DE MAUPASSANT

1. Morrisot and Sauvage had a common interest on fishing.

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2. The people of Paris were angry with Prussians. * 3. The two friends drank absinthe when they met after a long time. 4. They encountered the Prussians while fishing in the river. * 5. The friends were taken prisoners. 6. The Prussians offered to release the friends in exchange for the password. * 7. The friends were finally shot dead. * 8. After shooting the two friends dead the Prussians threw them into the river. 9. Finally the Prussian officer fried the fish alive to eat. * 10. The value highlighted in the story ‘Two friends’ is patriotism. * 11. The two friends were anglers. 12. Morrisot was a Watch-maker and Sauvage was a draper.

6. THE REFUGEE – PEARL S.BUCK 1. The refugees were in uniform. 2. The uncommon men and women who entered the city were from one region. 3. The noodle vendor stopped near the old man because he was keen on selling. 4. The vendor made the old man to buy noodles. * 5. The old man decided not to spend money on food because he decided to spend

the money on buying seeds to sow. 6. The man offered the old refugee a silver coin and a copper penny. 7. The child was old man’s grandson. 8. They became refugees due to flood. 9. The last one of the large procession of refugee was a little wizened old man. 10. The city dwellers hated the refugees. 7. OPEN WINDOW - SAKI 1. The girl Vera talked to him about the tragic death of Mrs. Sappleton’s

husband and her brothers. * 2. Vera, on seeing the men-folk approaching the window looked with dazed

horror. * 3. The three figures came in carried a white coat and guns. * 4. While visiting Mrs. Sappleton, Mr. Nuttel carried a letter of introduction. * 5. The hunting party went through a French Window. * 6. Romance at short notice was Vera’s speciality. * 7. Mrs. Sappleton told the visitor that the men folk had gone out for snipe

shooting. * 8. Spaniel is a kind of hunting dog.*

9. Vera was Mrs. Sappleton’s niece. 10. The party was engulfed in a bog. 11. The hunting party was accompanied by a spaniel. 12. Vera said that the tragedy happened just three years ago.

C) Q.No. 7 to 11 Comprehension from non-detailed stories

Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. (5)

nfhLf;fg;gl;l fijg;gFjpia ed;F gbj;J Ghpe;Jnfhz;L nghUj;jkhd

thh;j;ijfisnfhz;L tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(To answer this Question students have to use the apt words)

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D) Q.No.12 Supplementary Reader – Essay (10)

khzth;fs; Kjy; %d;W fijf;fhd fl;Liufis gbj;jhy; NghJk;.

1. THE SELFISH GIANT – OSCAR WILDE The Giant’s Garden:

Once there was a Giant. He had a beautiful garden. Children played in the garden happily every day. The Giant returned after seven years. He saw the children playing in the garden. Then he built a high wall around the garden. The children had no place to play. So they were unhappy. The selfish Giant:

As the giant was selfish, the spring did not come. There was only winter in his garden. One day children entered the garden through a little hole in the wall. They climbed up and started playing. Beautiful flowers and birds had come to the garden again. Heart melted:

The Giant saw a little boy unable to climb the tree. He helped the little boy to climb. The little boy kissed him. His heart melted. The giant broke down the wall. After some years , the Giant saw the little boy again. He was shocked to see wounds of nails on the boy’s palm and feet. The boy told him that they were the wounds of love. In the afternoon, the children found the Giant dead. His body was covered with white blossoms.

2. THE LOTTERY TICKET - ANTONCHECKOV

Ivan and Masha:

AntonCheckov’s “The Lottery Ticket” brings out the nature of people at different moods. Ivan Dimitrich and Masha belonged to middle class. Ivan’s income was 1200 roubles a year. Masha asked him to see the results of the lottery ticket. Ivan had no faith in lottery luck. Masha’s ticket serial was 9499 and number was 26. Ivan saw only the series.

Ivan’s dreaming:

They were very happy and started dreaming to spend the amount of 75000 roubles. Ivan thought of buying an estate, new furniture and deposit in the bank and would get interest from it. Ivan feared that his relatives would ask for financial help. He had a fear of his wife’s behavior.

Merry became worry:

Masha thought that it was her ticket. So she had her own dreams and plans. Ivan wanted to verify the number again. The winning number was 46 not 26. Both their hope and dreams were shattered at once. They became disappointed. They hated each other. The merry dreams end in worry.

3. THE LAST LEAF – O.HENRY Budding Artists:

The author says that hope is essential for life. Sue and Johnsy were painters by profession. They were from Maine and California. Jonhsy was attacked by pneumonia, a deadly disease. The doctor told Sue that she could recover only if she had will to live. Johnsy was in bed.

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False notion of Johnsy:

She was looking outside the window. She saw the leaves falling one by one from the vine. She started counting down from twelve. She thought that she would die when the last leaf fell. Master piece of Behrman:

Behrman was an old artist. He earned by serving as a model. Johnsy found only one leaf at last. Johnsy found the last leaf still clinging to the vine. She regained hope and cured. But the old painter died of pneumonia. Behrman’s last leaf saved the life of Johnsy. Life is to live.

SECTION – B (LEARNING COMPETENCY – STUDY SKILLS)

II.(A) (Q.No.13-17) Answer the following. [5x2=10]

1. What are the sections in a library? Reference, The Stacks, Journal, Electronic and Reprography.

2. What does the reference section contain? Atlases, Dictionary, Indexes and Year Books.

3. What does the stacks section contain? Except the books in the reference section, all books are stored.

4. What does the journal section contain? Journals and periodicals. The back numbers are kept for research.

5. What does the electronic section contain? Audio/Video Cassettes, CD ROMS and microforms.

6. What is a reprography section? This section is used for photo copying. (Xeroxing)

7. What are the three ways of searching a book in the library? The author index, title index and computer search.

8. Arrange the authors in the library catalogue. John Keats and Jonathan Swift. (Alphabetical thpirapy; vOjTk;.)

Keats, John

Swift, Jonathan 9. What are the two most widely used system of classification of books in a library?

Dewey Decimal System

American Library of Congress System. 10. Expand and explain OPAC.

Online Public Access catalogue.

It is an interactive search module of an automated library management

system. 11. Mention e-mail ID of any two service organization.

[email protected]

[email protected] 12. What is Euphemism? Give an example.

Euphemism is the use of an inoffensive word in place of an offensive one.

Eg : Homemaker is the euphemism for housewife. 13. What is cliché? Give an example.

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Cliché is a phrase which is used too often to the point of monotony.

(Eg) He came out with flying colours in the exam.

14. What are instructions to be followed while using in the library? Observe silence Do not write anything in the book

Do not fold the corner of a page

Don’t tear off the pages 15. When and why do you consult a dictionary?

To know,

the spelling,

the pronunciation,

the meaning and

the usage.

16. What are Eponymous words? Words derived from individual names are called Eponymous words.

Eg. Boycott is derived from the name Charles Boycott. 17. What is a thesaurus?

It is a book that lists words in group of synonyms and related concepts.

(B) Q.No. 18-22 Spot the errors. [5x1=5]

1. Prefer, prior, senior, junior, inferior, superior gpd; ‘than’-f;F gjpyhf ‘to’ vOjTk;. Older vd;W te;jhy; elder vd;W khw;wp vOjTk;.

Ex : Ram is junior than me - Ram is junior to me. He is older than me - He is elder to me.

2. One of the f;Fg;gpwF ‘Noun’ plural y; tUk;. Ex : One of the boys vd;W tUk;.

Ram is one of the best students in the class. NkYk; one of the boys te;jhy; singular ‘verb’ (looks, is) tUk;. Eg : One of the boys look happy - One of the boys looks happy. One of the boys are happy - One of the boys is happy.

3. One rupee - university, universal, useful, European, union Kd; cs;s ‘an’ I

vLj;Jtpl;L ‘a’ vOjTk;.

Eg : Ram is an university scholar - Ram is a university scholar.

4. NkYk; Abbreviation Kd; cs;s M, H,F vOj;JfSf;F Kd; ‘a’ tuhJ ‘an’ tUk;.

‘h’ silentMf tUk; thh;j;ijfSf;F Kd;dhy; an tUk;.

Eg : Ram is a M.Sc. Student - Ram is an M.Sc. Student. Ram is a honest man - Ram is an honest man. I bought a HMT watch - I bought an HMT watch.

5. thf;fpaj;jpy; Though-Tk; but-k; te;jhy; but I kl;Lk; ePf;fp vOJ.

Though he is poor but he is happy – Though he is poor he is happy.

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6. thf;fpak; ‘ing’ (working, writing) njhlq;fpdhy; gpd;dh; tUk; and I ePf;fp

vOjTk;.

Working hard and he passed – Working hard he passed.

7. Some verbs cld; Fwpg;gpl;l preposition kl;Lk; tUk;. (confident of , hope for, met with, by foot, congratulate on) Eg : He is confident on his success He is confident of his success Let us hope through the best Let us hope for the best. I met in an accident I met with an accident. He goes to school by foot He goes to school on foot. He congratulated of his success He congratulated on his success.

8. NkYk; discuss, enter, told, despite Nghd;w thh;j;ijAld; cld; preposition Nrh;e;J tuhJ. They discuss about politics - They discuss politics (about tuhJ) I enter in to the room – I enter the room. (into tuhJ) They told to me – They told me. (to tuhJ) Despite of his working hard , he passed the exam - Despite his working hard , he passed the exam. (of tuhJ)

9. Neither. . nor, either . . or cld; singular verb (looks, is) tUk;.

Neither you nor he are active Neither you nor he is active.

10. Physics, Economics, Politics, Mathematics, Civics, News mLj;J singular verb jhd; tUk;. (Eg) The news is very good.

11. Some words are used only in Singular form. Eg: advice, furniture, meal. He gave a lot of advices He gave a lot of advice. I bought new furnitures I bought new furniture. He has finished his meals He has finished his meal.

12. (Language) nkhopf;F Kd; ‘the’ tuhJ.

We speak the English We speak English.

13. cyfj;jpy; cs;s xNu xU nghUis kl;Lk; Fwpf;f ‘the’ article gad;gLj;jTk;.

Sun rises in the east The sun rises in the east.

14. Other Models Two and two make four Two and two makes four. He is my cousin brother He is my cousin. No one know the answer No one knows the answer. He plays piano very well He plays the piano very well.

15. thf;fpaj;jpy; as (my;yJ) since (my;yJ) because -Tk; so-Tk; te;jhy; so I kl;Lk;

ePf;fp vOJ.

As he is poor so he is proud – As he is poor he is proud.

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Q.No.23 Summarising [5]

(nfhLj;Js;s Paragraphs-I %d;wpy; xU gq;fhf RUf;fp Kjypy; Rough

draft gpwF fair draft vOjTk;. gpd;G Kjy; thf;fpaj;jpy; ‘Title’-f;Fhpa

Word or Phrase ,Uf;Fk;. mij ‘title’-f;F vOJf)

Rough Draft – 1 Mark

Fair Draft – 3 marks

Title – 1 mark

SECTION-D

STRATEGIC COMPETENCY (LIFE-SKILLS)

IV.(A) Q.No.25 Fill in the blanks with non-lexical fillers in the following

conversation. [2]

Customer : Do you have any books by African authors? Salesman : Er. . . . . We have books by international publishers. Customer : What is the price of this book? Salesman : Mmm or Hmm I’ll check the catalogue.

Er , Mmm kl;Lk; gjpyhf vOjpdhy; 2 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk;.

(B) Q.No.26 Giving three instructions based on a road-map. [3]

Key Points 1. Go straight 2. Turn right my;yJ left 3. You will find _________________ opposite to ______________

III.(B) Q.No.24 Respond to the following advertisement [10]

Wanted Wanted Salesman. Graduate with fluency in English and Computer knowledge. Apply with Bio-data to Box No.4231 C/o. The Hindu, Chennai -21.

From Date : 29/09/2015 Xxxx yyyy, zzzz. To Post Box No. 4231, C/o. The Hindu, Chennai-21. Dear Sir, Sub : Application for the post of Salesman – Reg. Ref : Your advt. in ‘The Hindu’ dt. September 28, 2015. I saw your advertisement.I wish to apply for the post. I have enclosed my bio-data.

Thanking you. Yours faithfully,

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xxxx

Bio-Data 1. Name : x x x x x 2. Father’s Name : y y y y y 3. Date of Birth & Age : 14.06.1990, 24 4. Address : 1, South Street, Tiruchirappalli 5. Nationality : Indian 6. Sex : Female 7. Qualification : B.Sc. (Phy) I Class 8. Experience : 5 years 9. Languages known : Tamil and English

If I am appointed, I will do my duties sincerely. Place : Tiruchirappalli x x x x x Date : 29/09/2015 Signature Address on the envelope: To

Post Box No. 4231, C/o. The Hindu, Chennai-21.

SECTION – E

(Creative Competencies)

V.A) Match the proverbs with the meanings. [5 marks]

QUESTION No. 27 - 31

PROVERBS MEANINGS

1. One flower makes no garland - A single person cannot be powerful. 2. Waste not want not - Do not waste, be frugal. 3. Pen is mightier than the sword - Words can be more powerful than the

wars. 4. To err in human - No one is perfect. 5. Haste makes waste - Hurry makes worry. 6. United we stand, divided we fall - Union is strength. 7. Work is worship - Be conscious of your duty. 8. Truth alone triumphs - Always speak the truth. 9. Blood is thicker than water Your relatives are more interested in

you. 10. Covet all, lose all - Do not be over ambitious. 11. All that glitters is not gold - Do not be misguided by appearances. 12. As you sow as you reap - Accept the result of your actions.

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13. Look before you leap - Think well before taking any action. 14. Make hay while the sun shines - Act in the right time. 15. Too many cooks spoil the broth - A work should not be entrusted to

many people. 16. Birds of the same feather flock

together - Like minded persons always help one

another. 17. Better late than never - Even if delayed attend the meeting. 18. No pain, no gain - One cannot succeed without hard

work. 19. Seeing is believing - Do not believe in rumours. 20. Strike while the iron is hot - Make use of every opportunity. 21. Honesty is the best policy - Always speak the truth. 22. Empty vessels make much noise - People who talk more will achieve

nothing. 23. Many a drop makes an ocean - Small saving makes one rich. 24. Manners maketh a man - You should learn good manners. 25. Even Homer sometimes nods - Even perfect people fail some time. 26. Reading makes a perfect man - Try to read as much as possible. 27. Borrowed garments never fit well - Don’t imitate others. 28. Rome was not built in a day - Nothing can be achieved at once. 29. Brevity is the soul of wit - Be short while speaking and writing. 30. Where there is a will, there is a way - Strong will power is needed to achieve

anything. 31. Health is wealth - Take care of your health.

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B) Match the slogans with their relevant products.

QUESTION No. 32 - 36

SLOGANS PRODUCTS

1. Box of matches - Make fire in a rare way. 2. Glass - Handle with care. 3. Ointments - For external use. 4. Eraser - Erases everything but the past. 5. Music system - Hear more, enjoy more. 6. Micro tip pen - Flawless writing flows from this pen. 7. Cell phone - Talk more pay less. 8. Ice cream - Children’s delight. 9. Credit card - Buy now, pay later. 10. Boost - Secret of my energy. 11. Detergent - Cleans well and fine. 12. Air Conditioner - Bring Switzerland into your room. 13. Mobile phones - Immediate contact. 14. Camera - Fine snaps. 15. Motor bike - For extra mile and smile. 16. Watch - Sharp time for sharp people. 17. Mineral water - Quench your thirst without bacteria. 18. Radio - Enjoy the news and songs. 19. Shaving cream - A neat face in two seconds. 20. Digital Camera - Say cheese and freeze. 21. Tooth paste - Use for a while and get a sparkling

smile. 22. Lens - Gives clear vision. 23. Newspaper - World news for a rupee. 24. Dictionary - Increase your word power. 25. Lipstick - Paint the town red. 26. Dress - Modest and a smart look. 27. Ball point pen - Flawless writing flows from this pen. 28. Tea - The cup that cheers most Indians. 29. Gum - Fixes everything except broken heart. 30. All out - Have a peaceful sleep. 31. Scooter - For smooth driving. 32. Calendar - Printout the passing of days. 33. Shoes - A comfortable some in a cosy hole. 34. Shampoo - Leaves your hair smooth and silky. 35. Computer - Doorstep to knowledge. 36. Mixi - Grinder - Kitchen mate. 37. Car - Make the travel easier.

SECTION – F (Extensive Reading)

VI. Write a general essay on any one of the following topics. [10]

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1. RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Introduction : Rain is an important source of water. If it is preserved properly we can reduce the water problem. Benefits of harvesting : It increases the ground water level. When rain water is not stored, it results in flood and soil erosion. Rain water reduces the demand for drinking water and used for agriculture. It is a clean and salt-free. It reduces salt-accumulation in the soil which is harmful to plants and crops. Means of storing : Everyone is to take pledge to construct rain water harvesting system in all buildings. In turn, the underground water level is increased. The benefit is immense. Conclusion : Rain water harvesting is the need of the hour. It saves our money and electricity. Hence we must use available water wisely.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Introduction : Pollution means making things dirty. It causes various problems. Air Pollution : Air pollution means release of carbon-di-oxide in air. Vehicles, Cement factories, tanneries and thermal stations cause air pollution. It causes lung disease. It also affects the ozone layer. Water Pollution : Industrial waste and domestic sewage mix with drinking water. Industries use a lot of water which is discharged along with chemicals. Impure water causes many water-borne diseases. Noise Pollution : Cities are noisy. Loud speakers, automobiles distract our attention. Factories, trains and vehicles make a lot of noise. It causes deafness, ulcer and skin diseases. Conclusion : Lead simple life. Have a peace of mind.

3. MY AMBITION IN LIFE

Introduction : Everyone should have an aim in life. One should develop an ambition early in life. Various goals : The ambition may vary from person to person. I want to become a teacher. To achieve my goal I must work hard to serve the society. Ideal Teacher : The teachers are the real builders of the nation. The world of tomorrow will be born from the school today. India’s destiny is determined in the classrooms. Noble Profession : Teaching profession is a noble one. The teacher always moves with children. The teacher is responsible for moulding the behavior of the children. Conclusion : Now-a-days, teachers are respected. Hence I like this profession.

WISH YOU ALL SUCCESS

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