12. Fall 2011 Religions in Roman Britain
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Transcript of 12. Fall 2011 Religions in Roman Britain
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Religious Suppression
• Druids
• Isis and other foreign religions
• Nero – Christians and Jews
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Religions
• Native Religion
• State religion
• Personal
• Military imports
• Christianity
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Celtic (iron Age) Gods
• Cernunnos-horned god
• Coventina-water god
• Antenociticus ?
• Brigantia
• Epona-equestrian goddess
• Mother goddesses
• Veteris
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Cernunnos
Gundestrup
Cauldron
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Antenociticus
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Temple of Antenocitcus
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Coventina
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State Religion
• Festivals
• Imperial Cult – No evidence after Claudius
– Numen Augustii – divine power of the emperor
• Municipal Cults
• Dedications to Roman Gods
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Military Introductions
• Dedications to Roman Gods
• Dedications to Spirit of Military Unit
• Dedications to Emperor
• Dedications to Discipline of Emperor
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Roman Gods
Dedications
Jupiter Juno
Minerva Mars
Mercury Diana
Vulcan Neptune
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Graeco-Roman Gods
Aesculapius/Hygeia Apollo/Sol
Hercules
Dedications
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Jupiter Altars
Dedicated to Jupiter
by C. Caballius
Priscus, a
commander of the
1st Cohort of
Spaniards
Old
Kilpatrick,
Antonine
Wall
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Sacrifice
Distance marker at Bridgeness on Antonine Wall
Dedication to Antoninus. Sacrifice of sheep. 14
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Classical Roman Temple
Sulis-Minerva Bath
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Classical Roman Temple-Plan
Verulamium-St. Albans
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Numina Augustorum
To the numina of the Augusti
and the god Mars Camulus,
Tiberinius Celerianus,
citizen of Beauvais
and shipper overseas/moritix
of London wares...
(set this up).
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27 c
m
Mars -Votives
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Vulcan
• Image of blacksmith
• Associated with home
and hearth
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Thanks
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Romano-Celtic
• “Conflation” of Gods
• Classical representation
• Temples often on pre-Roman religious sites
• Sanctuary and ambulatory
• Floors-gravel, old tiles, cement or rarely
mosaic
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Romano-Celtic Gods
• Mars ≡ Belatucadrus
• Mars ≡ Lenus
• Mars ≡ Cocidius
• Silvanus ≡ Cocidius
• Sulis ≡ Minerva
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Celtic and Roman
Mercury and
Rosmerta
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Romano-Celtic temple
Pagan’s Hill 24
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Romano-Celtic Priest’s Helmet
Hockwold 2-4 C CE
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Rural Altar
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Three Horned Deity
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Pewter Bowls
• Abercynafon, S. Wales
• Late 3rd – early 4th century
• Pewter bowls generally
found in wet places
• Often have inscribed names
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Egyptian Deities
Harpocrates29
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Bacchus
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Military Introductions• Matres
• Dedications to Genius of
the Place
• Dedications to Genius of
the military unit
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Genius - Guardian
To the Mothers of the
Parade Ground,
and to the Genius of the
First Spanish Wing of
Asturians
[...] Gordians own,
Terentius Agrippa, the
prefect, restored this
temple from the ground up
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Military Introductions
• Eastern religions
– Isis
– Apollo
– Cybele
– Mithras
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Vindolanda
Religion
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Mogons
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Altar to Jupiter
222-235 CE
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Gallia
The troops from
Gaul dedicate this
statue to the goddess
Gallia, with the full
support of the
British-born troops
3rd Century
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Protective Statues & Amulets
Vindolanda 2006
Corbridge
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Mother Goddesses
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Matres
To the Mother-goddesses of our
fatherland beyond the sea
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Ge
nii C
ucu
llatti, H
ou
ste
ads
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Apollo Cunomaglus
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Apollo Cunomaglus
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Cybele
Catterick
St. Albans
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Cybele
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Mithras
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Mithras-London 47
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Castor or Pollux-
London
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Mithraeum-London
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Mithraeum-London
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Littlecote
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Orpheus
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Christianity
• Persecutions
– 209 Severus –permitted strict enforcement of existing laws
– 251 Decius – persecution of priests
– 303 Diocletian Persecution of laity; destruction of churches
• St Albans, martyr 209, 251-259, 304?
– Martyrs at Caerleon
• Most identified finds are post Constantine
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Christian sites
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Christ - Orpheus
• Tamer
• Shepherd
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Christian Symbols
α Ω
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Jet ring
IUSTINE.VIVAS.
IN.DEO 57
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Hoxne Hoard
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Cup - Water Newton treasure
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Cup, Silver plaque and gold disc - Water Newton
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Silchester Church?
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Silchester Plan
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Icklingham Plan
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Icklingham - Cistern
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Wa
lesb
yL
ea
d T
ank
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Lead Tanks
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Richborough font
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68
Hinton-St Mary
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Hinton-St Mary
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Lullingstone-Chapel
British Museum70
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Lullingstone
British Museum71
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Fate
• Littlecote demolished by 400
• Lullingstone abandoned by 420
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