11b classicalstyle&forms
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Transcript of 11b classicalstyle&forms
Chapter 11: Prelude: Music and the Enlightenment
Classical Style and Forms
Key Terms
• Classical style
• “natural”
• “pleasing variety”
• Classical orchestra
• Classical counterpoint
• repetition
• cadences• sonata form• minuet• rondo• theme and
variations
Two Central Concepts
• the “natural” and “pleasing variety”• can work hand in hand• can also oppose each other
– “natural” can be too simple, boring– “pleasing variety” can invite “unnatural”
complexity• appear in all elements of Classical
technique• create a new expressive quality
Rhythm
• “pleasing variety” dominates• new flexibility valued
– gradual increase or decrease in energy– sudden contrasts– sudden stops– smooth, continuous motion– pressing forward by fits and starts
• real contrasts become possible
Dynamics
• “pleasing variety” dominates
• new precision in notating dynamics
• new emphasis on gradations of volume
• rise in popularity of the pianoforte
Tone Color
• “pleasing variety” dominates
• increasing attention to tone color
• orchestra developed into subtle, versatile instrument
The Classical Orchestra
• strings still at the heart
• woodwinds and brass given clearly defined roles
• percussion used in new ways
• offered enormous variety in musical elements and overall effect
Development of the Classical Orchestra
Melody: Tunes
• the “natural” dominates• Baroque melody now “unnatural”
• new preference for clear, simple tunes– some works use tuneful phrases– others use entire tunes (theme and
variations)
Texture: Homophony
• the “natural” dominates
• a single melody dominates the texture
• simple but flexible accompaniment– continuo fell out of use– more control over specific color and
spacing of chords
Classical Counterpoint
• homophony was dominant• polyphony still offered expressive
possibilities– creating tension and intensity– creating contrast with homophony
• contrapuntal texture frequent in sonata form development sections
Baroque vs. Classical Style
Baroque• repetitive, dance-influenced
rhythms• only two dynamics (f, p)• same colors throughout• basic or festive Baroque
orchestra• complex, ornate melodies• unequal phrase lengths• polyphonic texture• constant continuo support• homogeneous—single affect
expressed in each work
Classical• flexible, constantly changing
rhythms• many dynamic gradations• variety of colors in one piece• larger orchestra, regular use of
brass and winds• clear, memorable tunes• regular phrase lengths• homophonic texture• constantly varied accompaniment• heterogeneous—variety of
feelings express in each work
Form in Classical Music
• the problem:– How can you extend a musical work over a
long time span when music must be “natural,” simple, and easy to understand?
• the Classical solution:– repetition and return– transitions between themes– clear cadences
Repetition and Return
• first theme repeats immediately
• first theme often returns later
• other main themes handled the same way
• makes themes easy to remember
• return provides a “homecoming” feel
Transitions Between Themes
• themes connected with transitions– prominent; distinct from surrounding
themes– not very melodic—no clear tune, no
repetition– create urgency to get to next theme
• transition lends emphasis to beginning of next theme
Clear Cadences
• themes often end with repeated cadences
• the more important the theme, the more emphatic the repetitions
• clear cadences strengthen the ending of a theme
Repetitions and Cadences
• Haydn, Symphony No. 95, II
• Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito”
Classical Forms
• a frame of reference for composers and audiences
• permit contrasts—“pleasing variety”• control, even tame contrasts• clarified by repetitions, transitions, and
cadences• sonata, minuet, rondo, theme and
variations
Mozart, 1781
“Music, even in the most terrible situations, must never offend the ear, but must please the hearer, or in other words must never cease to be music.”