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113 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141

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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 3(1): January-February 2014

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL

PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 1.89***

ICV 5.13***

Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!!

EXTENSIVE STUDY ON MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF

MONOCYCLIC HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS

Anshul Chawla, Amanpreet Kaur

CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shahpur, Jalandhar-144020 (Punjab) INDIA.

KEYWORDS:

Monocyclic, Heterocyclic,

Microwaves, Biological

Activity, Synthesis.

For Correspondence:

Ms. Anshul Chawla*

Address: Asst. Professor

(Pharmaceutical

Chemistry), CT Institute

of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Shahpur,

Jalandhar (Punjab)-

144020.

E-mail :

anshul_chawla123@yaho

o.com

ABSTRACT

Monocyclic heterocyclic compounds are regarded as a promising

class of bioactive compounds that exhibit a range of biological

activities like anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-proliferative, anti-

HIV, anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive etc. These

compounds exhibit significant activity as potential antitumor agents,

smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibitors, a treatment for intestinal

cystitis, and in diverse area of chemistry. An important contribution

of microwave techniques to organic synthesis has been observed in

recent years. Microwave assisted organic synthesis allows not only

improve the reaction yield but also decreases reaction time, and

simplifies product purification. Therefore, this present study was

carried out to give a detailed account for the synthesis of monocyclic

heterocyclic compounds using microwaves.

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



1. INTRODUCTION:

In early days, it was recognized that microwaves could heat water in a dramatic fashion. Domestic and

commercial appliances for heating and cooking of foods began to appear in the 1950s [1]. In the new

millennium, the concept of “Green Chemistry” will be forcing greater demands to meet the

fundamental scientific challenges of protecting the health as well as environment, while maintaining

the commercial viability [2]. The use of microwave irradiation in organic synthesis has become

increasingly popular within the pharmaceutical and academic arenas, because it is a new enabling

technology for drug discovery and development [3]. It proves to be a convenient method of heating,

comparable to conventional thermal techniques, since it is clean and cheap and often results in higher

yields with a shorter reaction time [4]. Chief features of the microwave reactions are the enhanced

selectivity, much improved reaction rates, milder reaction conditions and formation of cleaner

products.

Microwave techniques have become more effective than conventionally conducted reactions.

Moreover, in a number of applications, reactions under microwave conditions can provide pure

products in high yield [5]. Microwaves are going to be highly important in future synthesis of

heterocyclic compound. Bearing in mind that most biologically active compounds are heterocyclic and

the importance in combinatorial chemistry to identify leads and to optimize structures, we believe that

the number of applications of microwaves will only increase in the future [6]. Heterocyclic

compounds hold a special place among pharmaceutically significant natural products and synthetic

compounds. [7].

2. Nomenclature

There are three systems for naming heterocylic compounds: 1) The common nomenclature which

convey little or no structural information but it still widely used. 2) The Hantzsch-Widman (IUPAC

or Systematic) method which in contrast is designed so that one may deduce from it the structure of

the compound. 3) The replacement method. [8]

• The ring obtained from the heterocyclic compound by replacing heteroatom(s) by CH2, CH or

C according to the valence of heteroatom(s) is named by IUPAC rules.

• The type of heteroatom is indicated by the prefix (according to the table). Since all the prefixes

end with the letter ‘a’ the replacement nomenclature is also known as ‘a’ nomenclature. The position

and prefix for each heteroatom are placed before the name of the corresponding carbocyclic sytem.

• The replacement names derived from benzene are retained only if three double bonds are

present, otherwise the names with –ene, -diene, etc as necessary are used. [9]



3. Classification

The presence of heteroatoms results in significant changes in the cyclic molecular structure, due to the

availability of unshared pairs of electrons, and in the reactivity, compared with the parent aromatic

hydrocarbons.

3.1 Five membered monocyclic heterocyclic

compounds

3.1.1 Five membered-one atom

a) Pyrrole

b) Furan

c) Thiophene

3.1.2 Five membered-two atoms

a) Imidazole

b) Isoxazole

c) Isothiazole

d) Oxazole

e) Pyrazole

f) Thiazole

3.1.3 Five membered-three atoms

a) Oxadiazole

b) Thiadiazole

c) Triazole

3.1.4 Five membered-four atoms

a) Tetrazole

3.2 Six membered monocyclic heterocyclic

compounds

3.2.1 Six membered-one atom

a) Pyridine

b) Pyan

c) Piperidine

d) Thiopyran

3.2.2 Six membered-two atoms compounds

a) Oxazine

b) Piperazine

c) Thiazine

3.2.3 Six membered-three atoms

a) Triazine

3.2.4 Six Membered-four Atoms

b) Tetrazine



4. Microwave assisted synthesis of monocyclic heterocyclic compounds

In contrast to the number and variety of such heterocyclic compounds, the number of synthetic methods to

afford sulfur and nitrogen-containing molecules is, in practice, restricted to the availability of the, appropriate

sulfur or nitrogen reagent. Sometimes the preparation of these heterocyclic systems by conventional ways is

difficult work that implies many synthetic steps and extensive starting material. For all these reasons, the

various possibilities offered by the microwave technology are particularly attractive where fast, high-yielding

protocols and the avoidance or facilitation of purification are highly desirable. Therefore, the present literature

survey includes synthesis of monocyclic heterocyclic nucleus based on microwaves.

4.1 Five membered monocyclic heterocyclic compounds

4.1.1 Five membered-one atom compounds

a) Pyrrole

Pyrrole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C4H4NH.

Pyrroles are an important class of organic compounds with different types of medicinal activities,

consequently, many methods for the synthesis of diversely substituted pyrroles have been developed [10].

Pyrrole has some pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory [11], cytotoxicity [12], antitumour agents

[13], antibacterial and antifungal activities [14], cardiotonic [15], antidiuretic [16], anticonvulsant and

antioxidant activities [17].

NH Pyrrole(1)

2,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrrole- A 25 mL conical flask, charged with enedione (2) (100 mg, 0.42 mmol),

ammonium formate (3) (267 mg, 4.2 mmol), 5% Pd/C (2 mg) and PEG-200 (2 mL), was irradiated in the

microwave oven at 200 W for 30 s [18].

Scheme 1

ArAr

O

O

Pd/ C(10%), PEG-200NAr Ar

RMW, 0.5-2min, 56-92%RNH3HCOO

(2) (3) (4)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen



Scheme 2

O

ArAr

O Pd/C(10%), PEG-200

MW, 0.5-1min, 60-95% NAr Ar

R

RNH3HCOO

(5) (6) (7)

N-Substituted pyrrole via Furan- Amine (9) (1.0 mmol), 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran (8) (1.2 mmol), and

bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (10–30 mg) were irradiated in a CEM automated microwave oven [19].

OMe MeR NH3

Bi(NO3)3.5H2O

MW N

R(8) (9) (10)

N-Substituted pyrrole via 2, 5-diketone- Amine (11) (1.0 mmol), 2,5-hexanedione (12) (1.2 mmol) and

polystyrene sulfonate (18 wt. % solution in water) in water/ethanol (1:1) mixture was stirred at room

temperature as specified in Table 1 and the progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC every 30 min [20].

R NH3

O

O

Polystyrene sulfonate

Water/Ethanol/RT NR

(11) (12) (13)

Carboxymethyl substituted dihydropyrroles- It was found that the highest conversion was obtained by

exposing substrate (14) (0.1 M) in CH2Cl2 to sealed-vessel under microwave irradiation at 150˚C for 10 min

with 5 mol % catalyst [21].

N

ROCH3

O

Ru cat., MW

CH2Cl2 (0.1M)N

ROCH3

O

N

ROCH3

O

(14) (15) (16)

R N

Ru cat., MW

CH2Cl2 (0.1M)R N

(17) (18)



3,4-Diethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl (phenyl)methanone- To a dry 20 mL microwave vial equipped with a magnetic

stir bar were added unpurified azine (20) (3.76 g, 27 mmol) and pyridine (8.1 mL, 100 mmol). Benzoyl

chloride (6.7 mL, 58 mmol) was then added slowly and the vial capped with a rubber septum. The vial was

shaken vigorously and then heated in the microwave for 60-75 min at 170 °C [22].

HR

O H2NNH2 N N

H H

R R

ArCOCl

Pyridine

Microwave

N

OAr

R R

(19) (20) (21)

b) Furan

Furan is a heterocyclic organic compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon

atoms and oxygen. The synthesis of furan derivatives has become much significant due to their widespread

occurrence in nature and versatile applications in medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical industry [23].

Furan derivatives exhibit antitumor [24], antimicrobial [25], antibacterial [26], antiviral, antioxidant and

antifungal [27], anti-inflammatory [28], antituberculosis activities [29].

O Furan(22)

2,5-Diphenylfuran- When a two-phase reaction mixture of (E)-1,4-diphenyl- 2-butene-1,4-dione(23) , formic

acid, and catalytic palladium on carbon (5%) in poly(ethylene glycol)-200 (PEG-200) was exposed to

microwaves in a domestic microwave oven at 400 W 2,5-diphenylfuran was obtained in 95% yield in 2 min

[30] .

Ar

O

Ar

O

RHCOOH, 5%Pd/C

conc. H2SO4(cat)

PEG-200, MW1-5min, 84-96%

OAr Ar

Rconc. H2SO4 (cat)HCOOH, 5%Pd/C

PEG-200, MW4-5min, 88-93%

O

Ar Ar

O

(23) (24) (25)

Substituted furfural -Substrate sample (26) (100 mg) in [C4 mim] Chloride (2.0 g) was heated at 100 0C

under ambient pressure with a magnetic stirrer until a clear solution formed. To this solution was added an

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic



appropriate amount of catalyst. The reaction system was then transferred to the microwave reactor and

subjected to MI under specified power [31].

Lignocellulosic Biomass

CrCl3.6H2OIonic iquids

MIO

OHHOHO

OH

OH OOHHO

HO

OH

O

O

CHOHOH2C

CHO

(26) (27)(28)

(29)(30)

2-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]furan- Alkylidene cyclopropane (31) (300 mg) was taken in

a ground joint test-tube with a stir bar. It was placed in the microwave oven and equipped with a condenser.

Simple microwave reaction apparatus, 650 W was used. Irradiation was carried out with stirring for 5 min

[32].

R2

OR1

( )n

MW, 5min

neat O

R1

R2( )n

MW, 9min

neat

R2COCH2N

O

(31) (32) (33)

5-tert-Butyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylfuran:2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1 phenyl -1,4-

hexanedione (34) (0.5 g, 1,64 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (2 mL) in a 50-mL round-bottomed flask,

equipped with a stirrer bar and a reflux condenser. HCl (0.1 mL of a 37% solution) was added and heated at

150 W for 4 min (internal temperature 100 °C [33].

Scheme1

R1

O COOMe

R2

O

EtOH/HCL, MW

100O C, 4minO

COOMe

R1 R2

(34) (35)

Scheme2



R1

O COOMe

R2

O

Lawesson, reagent,Toulene

MW, 1200 C, 6-8min O

COOMe

R1 R2

(36) (37)

c) Thiophene

Thiophene, also commonly called thiofuran, is a heterocyclic compound with the formula C4H4S, consisting

of a flat five-membered ring [34].Thiophene has significant biological ativities such as antibacterial [35,36],

antidiabetic [37], anti-HIV [38], antiviral, and analgesic [39,40], antioxidant [41], antitumor [42] , local

anesthetic [43] and antimicrobial activities [44,45].

S Thiophene(38)

2-Aminothiophene- Cyclohexanone (39) (10.18 mmol), ethylcyanoacetate (40) (10.18 mmol), elemental

sulfur (41) (10.18 mmol), and ionic liquid (1.5g) were added to the reaction vessel of the microwave reactor.

Reaction was programmed to 120 W at 80 C for 4min [46].

OR1

R2 X

CNS

L MW 4-8min

S

XR1

R2 NH2

(39) (40) (41) (42)

4.1.2 Five Membered-two Atoms

a) Imidazole

Imidazole is an organic compound with the formula (CH)2N(NH)CH [47]. Imidazole derivatives possess a

broad spectrum of pharmacological activities such as anticonvulsant [48], anti-parkinson [49],

monoamineoxidase (MAO) inhibitory activity [50], anti-inflammatory [51], analgesic [52], antipyretic [53],

antibacterial [54], antirheumatoid arthritis [55], antitubercular [56], antiviral [57], antiepileptic [58], anti-

inflammatory [59], anticancer [60].

N

NH Imidazole(43)

2,4,5-Trisubstituted imidazoles-1,2-diketones (44) and aldehyde (45) were added to the reaction vessel of

the microwave for 5 min [61].





OR1

OR2 H R3

O

NH4OAc (10 equiv.)

HOAc

1800C, microwave5 minutes

HN

NR3

R1

R2

(44) (45) (46)

2,4,5-Trisubstituted imidazoles- At room temperature, aldehyde (48) (1 mmol), benzyl (47) (1 mmol) and

NH4OAc (1g) were added to [HeMIM]BF4 (2mL). The resulted mixture was stirred completely with a glass

bar and then put in the hole of the microwave reactor. The mixture was irradiated at 135W for appropriate

time [62].

O

O

CHOMW, 135W or heating

NH4OAc, ionic liquid NH

N

O

O

RCHO

NH

NR

MW, 135W , NH4OAc

[HeMIM]BF4, 2-6min

O

O

O

NH4OAc,ionic liquid

MW 135WNH

NOH

(47)

(47)

(47)

(48)(49)

(50) (51)

(52)(53)

Triaryl imidazole- 841 mg benzil (54) (4 mmol), 4 mmol aldehyde (55), 617 mg ammonium acetate (8

mmol) (56), and 4 g silica gel or zeolite HY (prepared from zeolite NH4Y in an oven at 600˚C for 5 h that

afforded zeolite HY) were mixed thoroughly in a mortar. Then the reaction mixture was transferred into a

beaker (250cm3) and irradiated with microwaves for 6 minutes [63].

O

O

O

HAr NH4OAc

N

N

Ph

Ph

H

Ar

(54) (55) (56) (57)



N-((4,5-DiphenyI-2-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-lH-imidazol-l-yl)phenyl)methyl)-substituted amine- A

mixture of benzil (58) (25 mmol, 5.25g), 2,3,4- trimethoxy benzaldehyde (59) (25mmol) and ammonium

acetate (10g) in 5 ml glacial acetic acid, the reaction mixture was subjected to microwave irradiation in a

laboratory or domestically available panasonic microwave oven having a maximum power 80-100 W and

operated at 120 ± 5 °C for 3-5 min in domestic microwave oven and then the product 4,5-diphenyl-2-(2,3,4-

trimethoxyphenyl)-4H imidazole derivatives (60), in domestic microwave oven [64].

C C

O O

OHC

H3CO OCH3

OCH3

MW

CH3COONH4

CH3COOH

N

NHH3CO

H3CO

H3COC6H5CHOAr-NH2

MWI

N

NH3CO

H3CO

H3CO

CH2

HNAr

(58) (59)(60)

(61)

b) Isoxazole

Isoxazole is an azole with an oxygen atom next to the nitrogen. Isoxazole is one of important heterocyclic

units, which has been widely used as a key building block for pharmaceutical agents [65]. They show a wide

range of pharmacological properties like anti-inflammatory [66], anti-cancer [67] anti-bacterial [68], anti-

viral [69], antidiabetic [70], antimicrobial, and antifungal activities [71], anti-HIV activity [72].

N

O Isoxazole(62)

3-(Propylisoxazol-5-yl)methanol- Acetonitrile (10 mL), DMTMM (0.69 g, 2.5 mmol), 4

dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (0.03 g, 0.2 mmol) and phenylacetylene (1.07 mL, 10 mmol) were placed in

a 100 mL flask at room temperature. After 10 min nitroethane (0.14 mL, 2 mmol) was added dropwise. The

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azole



open flask was irradiated at 808 0C (by modulation of the power) for 3 min in a self-tuning single mode CEM

discovere focused synthesizer [73].

R1 NO2 R2

NO

R1

R2

DMTMM, DMAP

MeCN,200C

DMTMM, DMAP

MeCN, MWI

R1 NO2N

O

R1

R2

DMTMM, DMAP

MeCN,200C

DMTMM, DMAP

MeCN, MWI

R2

Cl

OH

O n-Pr NO2

DMTMM, DMAP

MeCN/THF

MWI*, 5minO N

O

TFA 5%

CH2Cl2, 20min,r.t.

HO NO

(63)(64) (65)

(66)

(67)

5-(3-Nitrophenyl)-N-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-Amine - It was prepared by the reaction of mixture

of acetanilide (68) (0.01 mol), aldehydes (69) (0.01mol), aq NaOH (30%) in methanol (50 mL). The reaction



mixture was stirred for 1hr. Then the reaction mixture was irradiated for 6-8 minutes in MW at 600 W and

then it is prepared by reacting purified mixture of chalcone (70) (0.01 mol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride

(0.01 mol) and of NaOH (30%) in ethanol (50 mL) under microwave irradiation for 4-6 minutes at 720W [74].

NH CH3

O

O

R

30% NAOH

MeOH

NH

O

RNH2OH.HCL

NH2

H2O

R

N O

HbHa

Hc

(68) (69) (70) (71)

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-one- The diketone (72) (1.25 mmol) and DMFDMA (73)

(1.25 mmol) were mixed and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (74) was added (87 mg, 1.25 mmol) followed by

addition of distilled H2O (0.5 mL). The heterogeneous mixture was then heated in the microwave for 120

seconds at 200 °C [75].

O

O

)n(OMe

OMe

NMe

MeNH2OH

O

)n(

ON

(72) (73) (74) (75)

c) Isothiazole

An isothiazole or 1,2-thiazole, is a type of organic compound containing a five-membered aromatic ring that

consists of three carbon atoms, one nitrogen atom, and one sulfur atom. Isothiazoles are important class of

heterocyclic compounds which have been incorporated into a wide range of biologically active compounds

[76]. Biological activities of isothiazole are antiproliferative and antiviral [77], antitumoral activity [78],

insecticide and fungicide agents [79], antiviral activity [80].

N

S Isothiazole(76)

3,5-Disubstituted isothiszole-4-carbonitriles- Thioenaminone (77) (1 mmole) was dissolved in

dichloromethane (10 ml) and SiO2-CrO3 reagent (3 g, 6 mmoles) was added to it. Dry powder was obtained

from a well stirred mixture thioenaminone (0.301g,1mmol), dichloromethane (2 ml) and SiO2-CrO3 reagent

(3 g, 6 mmol) was irradiated in microwave oven ( 800 W output) for 120s in an open beaker [81].





NHa

S

R2

NC

R1

Hb

a. SiO2-CrO3,DCM, RT

or b. SiO2-CrO3, heat, MW NS

R1 CN

R2

(77) (78)

d) Oxazole

Oxazole is the parent compound for a vast class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds. These

are azoles with oxygen and nitrogen separated by one carbon oxazoles are a kind of attractive heterocyclic

compounds because of their unique structures and varied applications [82]. The wide range of biological

activities of oxazoles includes anti-inflammatory [83], analgesic [84], antibacterial and antifungal [85],

hypoglycemic [86], antiproliferative [87], anti-tuberculosis [88], muscle relaxant [89], and HIV inhibitor

activity [90].

ONOxazole(79)

2,4,5-Trisubstituted oxazole- Oxime (80) (1.0 equiv) and acid chloride (2.5equiv) were added to 1,2-

dichlorobenzene to give a 2.5M solution. After addition of 6.3 mol % of DMAP, the reaction mixture was

heated in the microwave for 10 min at 180 ˚C (150 W) [91].

R1

R2

NOHPyridine, Ac2O

AcCl, 1000

N

O O

R2

OAcR1

HCl (g)1000 CN O

R1 R2

(80) (81) (82)

Br

NOH

Cl

F3C

O

solvent

conditions O

N

(83) (84) (85)

N-Substituted oxazole- Basic alumina (40 g) was added to the solution of phenacyl bromide (86) (0.01mol)

and N-substituted thiourea (urea) (87) (0.01 mol) dissolved in dichloromethane (methanol) (10cm3) at room

temperature. Placed in an alumina bath inside microwave oven and irradiated (at 0.5min intervals; 140°C) for




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azole



a specified time [92].

C

O

CH2BrR1RNH C

O

NH2R1 N

O NHR

Basic alumina

MWI (86)

(87) (88)

e) Pyrazole

Pyrazole is the organic compound with the formula C3H3N2H. It is a heterocycle characterized by a 5-

membered ring of three carbon atoms and two adjacent nitrogen centers. Several pyrazole derivatives are well

established in the literature as an important biologically effective heterocyclic compound [93]. Pyrazole has

wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-malarial [94], antibacterial [95], antifungal [96],

anthelmintic [97], cardiotonic [98], anticonvulsant [99], anti-inflammatory [100), analgesic [101], antiviral

[102], anticancer [103], antiobesity [104].

NNH Pyrazole(89)

5-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid benzyl ester- To a suspension of Perloza VT-100 (1.0

g, 0.5 mmol) swollen in DMF was added a solution of N-formylimidazole dimethylacetal (0.43 g, 3 mmol),

benzyl acetoacetate (0.58 g, 0.52 mL, 3 mmol), and camphosulfonic acid (43.0 mg, 10% w/w) in DMF (15

mL). The open flask was irradiated at 80 0C (by modulation of the power) for 15 min in a self-tuning single

mode CEM discover focused synthesizer [105].

O

R

O

Y

NH

R1NH2XH

a,b

NH2

NN R

Y

O R1

Ph (90) (91)

5-Trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles- A solution of 4-alkoxy-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-alken-2-ones 1

(92)(2 mmol) and semicarbazide hydrochloride (0.268 g, 2.4 mmol) in methanol/ water 3:1 v/v (6 mL) and

pyridine (2 mL) was stirred for a few minutes. The mixture was then irradiated in a microwave at 100 W, 2.2

bar of pressure for 4 min. The temperature was set to 70˚C and the irradiation was automatically stopped at

this temperature [106].


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocycle




ORCF3

O

R1R2

NH2NHCONH2, HCL

MeOH/H2O, Py

MW, 100 W, 700 C2.2 bar, 4min

NN

R1

O NH2

HO

R2

F3C

(92) (93)

1-Phenyl pyrazole- Pyrazole synthesis using nano-organocatalyst 1.0 equiv of 1,3-diketone (94), 1.1 equiv of

hydrazines (95) and nano organo catalyst (25 mg) were placed inside the cavity of a CEM discover focused

MW synthesis system, operated at 140.5˚C (temperature monitored by a built-in infrared sensor),power 50–

250W, and pressure 50–180 psi for 20 min [107].

R1

O O

X

NHNH2

Nano-organocatalyst

H2O,MW- 1400 C

NN

X (94) (95) (96)

4,5-Dihydro-pyrazole- 1,2-diethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (97) (1 mmol, 0.161 g), 1,2-bis-chloromethyl-

benzene (1 mmol, 0.175 g), 2 M sodium hydroxide (1 mL), and potassium carbonate (1 mmol, 0.138 g) in

water (1 mL) microwave was operated at 120±5 ˚C, power 70–100 Watt and pressure 40–80 psi for 20 min

[108].

NHNH2R

X X

K2CO3, H2O

MW R

NN

R

HN

N

(97) (98) (99) (100)

Preparation of methyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5- oxopyrazolidine-3-carboxylate- A mixture of dimethyl

maleate (101) (0.01), (4- chlorophenyl) hydrazine (102) (0.01 mole), chloramine-T and DMF (5 ml) was

exposed to microwaves at 200 W (85ºC) intermittently at 30 sec intervals for 5.5 min [109].



O

O

O

O

NHNH2

R1

R2

Microwave

Chloramine-T, DMF R1

R2

NN

Br

O

O

R1

R2

NN

Br

O

O

R1

R2

NN

Br

HO

O

1. POBr2/AcCN, 700 C, 5h

2. Na2S2O8AcCN/H2SO4

THE/ H2O

LiOH

(101) (102) (103) (104)

(105)

f) Thiazole

Thiazole, or 1,3-thiazole, is a heterocyclic compound that contains both sulfur and nitrogen. According to

literature survey, Thiazoles were reported to possess anti-microbial [110], analgesic [111], anti-inflammatory

[112], anti-cancer [113], anti-tubercular [114], anthelmintic [115] & diuretic [116] anticonvulsant and

antifungal activities [117].

N

S Thiazole(106)

Synthesis of ethyl-2-amino–4-methylthiazol–5-carboxylate – Thiourea (107) (0.01 mol), ethyl acetoacetate

(108) (0.01 mol), N-bromo succinamide (0.01 mol), alumina and 1.5 ml dry ethanol were mixed and placed in

a 10 ml pressure tube. The mixture was placed to alumina bath and irradiated for 3.5 min [118].

H2N NH2

S H2CH3C OC2H5

O O

NO O

Br

Benzyl Peroxide

N

S

CH3

COOC2H5H2N3.5min, MW

(107) (108) (109)

Arylsulfonylhydrazinothiazoles- 1 mmol (0.24 g) of arylsulfonyl-thiosemicarbazide (110) was dissolved in

5 mL DMF, then 1.1 mmol α-halogenocarbonyl derivatives (111) was added and the reaction mixture was

subjected to microwave irradiation in sealed vessel at appropriate time [119].




H3C SO2 NH NHNH2

S

CO R1

R2

H3C SO2 NH NHN

S

R1

R2CHX

(110) (111) (112)

4.1.3 Five membered-three atoms

a) Oxadiazole

Oxadiazole is a heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H2N2O. There are

four isomers of oxadiazole: 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole are known, but the 1,2,3-

isomer is unstable and reverts to the diazoketone tautomer [120]. Oxadiazole have a broad spectrum of

biological activity in both agrochemical and pharmaceutical fields showing antibacterial [121], antimicrobial

[122], insecticidal [123,] herbicidal/ fungicidal [124], anti-inflammatory [125], hypoglycaemic [126] and

hypotension [127] characteristics.

NO

N Oxadiazole(113)

1,2,4-Oxadiazoles- The conversion of carboxylic acid (114) and amidoxime (115) to 1,2,4-oxadiazole was

obtained with 1 equiv of HBTU and equiv of PS-BEMP in acetonitrile at 160 °C for 15 min under microwave

heating [128].

R

O

OH R'

NOH

NH2

METHOD A

HBTU, PS-BEMP, CH3CN

MW, 1600C, 15min

NO

NR R'

R

O

OH R'

NOH

NH2

MW, 1000 C, 5 min

2. DIEA, THF

NO

NR R'

METHOD B1. PS-PPh3 CCl3CN

MW, 1500 C, 15 min

(114) (115) (116)

(114) (115) (116)

3,5-Disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles- The synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles reported yields in excess of 90% on

reacting an aldehyde with an amidoxime for 3 min at 150˚C [129].



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazo



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautomer



R

N

NH2

OH R'O

CNDMF, 950 CMW, 1h

R'

O

ON

NH2R

ON

NH

R

R'

-H2O

(117)(118) (119)

5-Substituted-2-(2-methyl-4-nitro-1-imidazomethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles- A mixture of substituted

carboxylic acid (121) (0⋅01 mol) and hydrazide (120) (0⋅01 mol) was ground in a mortar using a pestle for

uniform mixing. The beaker was kept inside a microwave oven operating at 160 W for about 5 min [130].

N

N

CH2CONHNH2

CH3O2NRCOOH

POCl3, MW N

N CH3O2N

N N

O R

(120) (121) (122)

2, 5-Disubstituted 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-A mixture of hydrazides (0.01 mol) and substituted benzoic acid (127)

(0.01 mol) dissolved in phosphorous oxychloride and subjected to microwave irradiation for appropriate time

[131].

OR

OHSOCl3 MW

OR

Cl3

NHNH2MW O

RNHNH2

POCl3, MWO

R1

OH

NN

OR R1

(123) (124) (125) (126)(127)

(128)

1-(2-(Substituted- phenyl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-3-yl) ethanone-

Isonicotinohydrazide (129), (0.01 mol),aromatic aldehyde (0.01mole), 1.0 mL of GAA and Silica gel (5 g)

was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was irradiated in microwave oven at 400 W intermittently at

30 s intervals for 1 to 2.30 min and then silica gel (6 g) was added to the different isonicotinohydrazide (130)

(0.01 mol) and Ac2O (10 mL) at room temperature [132].

NNH

O

H2N

Ar-CHO

Silica gel, MWN

HN

O

N

Ar

N

NN

O

H3C O

ArAc2O

Silica gel, MW

129) (130) (131)

b) Thiadiazole



It is one of the most prominent heterocyclic nucleus, has been known for more than 150 years, and it is the

structural skeleton of several natural products, synthetic pharmaceuticals [133]. Thiadiazole are known to

show significant pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial [134,135], antitumor [136], antiviral [137],

and anti-inflammatory [138], anticancer [139], anticonvulsant, and antioxidant activities [140].

NN

S Thiadiazole(132)

5-(6-Methyl-2-p-tolyl-1H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-yl)methyl-N-phenyl-1,3,4 thiadiazol-

2-amine- Thiosemicarbazide (0.005 mol) was taken in 50 ml borosilicate glass beaker with 10 mL of 2 N

sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction mixture was irradiated inside a microwave oven for 1 min to 2.5 min

at an output of 300W power, with short interruption of 15 s [141].

N

N

CONHNH2

H3C

CH3

N C S

group FlourineN

N

H3C

CH3

NH

O

HN

HN

Flourine groupS

N

N

H3C

CH3

SHN

Flourine groupN N

conc. H2SO4

Ethanol

(133)

(134)

(135)

N 1–(2'-Amino-5'-methylene)-1', 3', 4'-thiadiazole-2-methyl-benzimidazole -A mixture of 2-methyl-

benzimidazole (136) (0.30 mole, 39.60 g) and ethylchloroacetate (0.30 mole, 36.74 g) with K2CO3 (6.168g)

was added and mixed thoroughly. The mixture was air dried and subjected to microwave irradiation for 3

minutes and then a mixture (137) (0.15 mole, 32.70 g) and thiosemicarbazide (0.15 mole, 30.67g) was ground

in a mortar using a pestle for uniform mixing. The mixture was kept inside a microwave oven operating at

160w for 5 min, followed by the compound (138) [142].



NH

NCH3

ClCH2COOC2H5

N

NCH3

CH2COOC2H5

NH2NHCSNH2

N

N

CH3

CH2CONHNHCSNH2

H2SO4 / NH3

N

NCH3

CH2

NN

S NH2

(136) (137)

(138)

(139)

2-Amino-5-substituted-1,3,4 – thiadiazoles and 2,6-bis (5-amino-1,3,4 thiadiazol -2-yl) pyridine -The

reaction mixture of (0.9 g ,0.01 mole) thiosemicarbazide (141) and (0.01 mole) of the proper carboxylic acid

(140) (0.005 mole for 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid) were mixed with a spatula for a few minutes, placed in

an opend conical flask in a domestic microwave oven synthesis of 2-amino-5-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles

and irradiated for 5 min [143].

RCOOH NH2NHCSNH2

MW, 210, 5min

R= (a-g) R=h

NN

S NH2R N

N

S

NH2

NN

S

H2N

N

R =NH

(a)

N

(b)

N COOH

(c) (d)

ClCH2

(e)

H3C

(f)

NO2

(g)

NHOOC

(h)

(140)(141)

(142) (143)



c) Triazole-Triazole refers to either one of a pair of isomeric chemical compounds with molecular

formula C2H3N3, having a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms. The importance

of triazole derivatives lies in the field that these have occupied a unique position in heterocyclic chemistry,

due to its various biological activities [144]. The synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives has attracted

widespread attention due to their diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antitumoral

[145,146] antimicrobial activity [147], antifungal properties [148], antibacterial and antitubercular agents

[149], neuraminidase inhibitors [150], anticancer compounds [151], antiviral agents [152], analgesic

compounds [153], herbicides [154] and plant growth regulators [155].

NN

HN Triazole(144)

Substituted triazole- A dried heavy-walled Pyrex tube containing a small stir bar was charged with

acetylenic amide (1.2 mmol) and organic azide (145) (1.2 mmol). The tube containing the reaction mixture

was sealed with an aluminum crimp cap fitted with a silicon septum and then it was exposed to microwave

irradiation (120-170 W) for 30 min at a temperature of 55 or 85 °C [156].

N3 (1) or (2) NN

N R2

R1R

(1) or (2) N3

(1) - acetylenic amide (1 equiv), 550 C, 120 W, 30min

(2) - acetylenic amide (1 equiv ), 850 C, 170 W, 30min

(145) (146) (147)

1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles- Benzyl bromide (148) (0.170 g, 1.0 mmol), phenylacetylene (150) (0.107

g, 1.05 mmol), and sodium azide (149) (0.068 g, 1.05 mmol) were suspended in a 1:1 mixture of water and t-

BuOH (1.5 mL each) in a 10-mL glass vial equipped with a small magnetic stirring bar. To this was added

copper turnings (50 mg) and copper sulfate solution (1 M, 200 mL), and the vial was tightly sealed with an

aluminum/teflon crimp top. The mixture was then irradiated for 10 min at 1250 C, using an irradiation power

of 100 W [157].


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_formula





R Br NaN3 R1

Cu (0), CuSO4, MW

ButOH, H2O, 10-15min NNN

R1 H

R

(148) (149) (150) (151)

1,5 Disubstituted triazole- For these reactions the starting materials were dissolved in acetonitrile (to

generate a solution at 0.25 mmol) and then montmorillonite clay (1.25 g for 1.0 mmol of acetylene) was added

and mixed in thoroughly. After mixing in for 10min, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the remaining

powder was exposed to microwave irradiation for the desired amount of time [158].

Ph

N3

PhN

NN

Ph

Ph N

NN

Ph

Ph

N

NN

Ph

N

NN

PhPh

N3 EtO

O

EtO

O

OEt

O

Ph

N3 N

NN

Ph

MeO

O

MeO

O

O

OMeMeO

O

(152)

(152)

(152)

(153)

(154)

(155) (156)

(157)

4-Amino-3-alkyl-5-mercapto-1, 2, 4-triazole - A mixture of thiocarbohydrazide (158) (10mmol) and acetic

acid (159) (15mmol) was irradiated under microwave radiations at 400 W for appropriate time. The reaction

was invariably completed with in 5-10 min [159].

H2NNH

NH

NH2

S

R OH

O MW NN

N SHR

NH2 (158) (159) (160)

1,3,5- Trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazoles- N-Acylated amides (161) (1.0 mmol), hydrazine hydrochlorides (162)

(2.0 mmol), and pyridine (1 mL) were placed in a 50 mL round bottom flask equipped with a reflux

condenser. The reaction flask was microwave irradiated (300 W, 2000 C) for 1 min with stirring [160].



R1 NH

R1

O O

R3

HN

NH2

Pyridine

MW, (300 W, 2000C

NN

NR2

R1

R3

(161) (162) (163)

4.1.3 Five membered-four atom

a) Tetrazole-Tetrazoles are a class of synthetic organic heterocyclic compound, consisting of a five member

ring of four nitrogens and one carbon atom (plus hydrogens). The synthesis of novel tetrazole derivatives and

their biological behavior has gained more importance in recent decades [161]. Tetrazole and their derivatives

possess broad spectrum of biological activity, such as antimicrobial [162], antibacterial [163], antifungal

[164], analgesic [165], anti-inflammatory [166], antinociceptive [167], antitubercular activity [168],

anticancer [169], anticonvulsant properties [170].

N

NN

NH Tetrazole(164)

Aryltetrazoleboronate esters- In a typical experiment, a mixture of TMSN3 and DME was irradiated at 1500

C for 10 min in the presence of 10 mol % Bu2Sn(O). After the addition of an additional of TMSN3 and 10 mol

% Bu2Sn(O), the mixture was subjected to another microwave heating cycle (1500 C, 10 min) to complete the

reaction [171].

CN

O

OB

O

OB

HN

NN

N

TMSN3 , Bu2Sn(O)

MW

(165) (166)

5-Benzyltetrazole- In 30 ml of water a mixture of 10 mmol of benzyl cyanide (167), 11 mmol of NaN3 (168),

and 10 mmol of ZnCl2 was stirred for 6 h at 95°C under conditions of microwave activation [172].

RCN NaN3

N

N NN

RZnCl2

H2O, MBA

(167) (168) (169)

4.1.4 Six- membered one-atom

a) Pyridine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synthesis







Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5 H5 N. It is structurally related

to benzene, with one methine group (=CH-) replaced by a nitrogen atom. Pyridine derivatives possessing

diverse biological activities and many other practically useful properties e.g. antimicrobial [173], anticancer

agents [174], peroxynitrite inhibitory activity and antioxidant [175], antidote and antileishmanial [176].

N Pyridine(170)

Substituted pyridine- Dienes were converted into pyridines by ozonolysis with mild reductive work-up,

followed by exposure of the crude 1,5-dicarbonyl products (172) to excess NH4HCO3 in methanol with

microwave irradiation for 10 min at 1000 C [177].

R3 R5

R4 Ts

R2 R6

O O

R3 R5

R4 Ts

R2 R6

1. O3

2. Me2S

NR2

R3

R4R5

R6

NH4HCO3 (8 equiv)

MeOH, MW, 1100C,10min

(171) (172) (173)

2,4,6-Triarylpyridines- To a 50 mL flask was added N-phenacylpyridinium bromide (174) (1.2 mmol, 0.280

g), aromatic aldehyde (175) (1.0 mmol), aromatic ketone (176) (1.0 mmol), ammonium acetate (3.0 g) and

acetic acid (2.0 mL). The mixture was heated in a microwave for about 3–4 minutes (130 W) [178].

(174) (175) (176) (177)

2-Amino-6-(2-oxo-2 H-chromen-3-yl)-4-3-carbonitriles- A mixture of the aromatic aldehyde (182) (1

mmol), 3-acetylcoumarin (181) (1 mmol), malononitrile (183) (1 mmol), ammonium acetate (2 mmol), and

acetic acid (5 mL) in an Erlenmeyer flask (25 ml) equipped with reflux condenser was irradiated in a

microwave oven for 10–13 min [179].

N

CH2COPhBr

ArCHO Ar'COCH3NH4OAc/HOAc

N

Ar

Ar'Ph







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methine_group




CHO

OHCH3COCH2CO2C2H5

Piperidine

MWIO O

C

O

CH3

O O

C

O

CH3

ArCHO CH2(CN)2

AcONH4/AcOH

MWIO O

N

Ar

CN

NH2

(178) (179) (180)

(181) (182) (183)(184)

Ethyl 2-methyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-carboxylate- A solution of ethyl-aminocrotonate (185) (0.26 g, 2.0

mmol) and 1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-one (0.13 g, 1.0 mmol) in DMSO (3.0 ml) in a sealed pressurerated reaction

tube (10 ml) was irradiated at 170°C (initial power 150 W) for 20 min in a self tuning single mode CEM

Discover Focused Synthesiser [180].

H2N Me

EtO2C R4O

R6

MW, 1700C, 20 min(24-94%)

N

EtO2C

R4

Me R6

(185) (186)

((1( 2-Amino-3-cyanopyridines- A dry flask (25 mL) charged with aldehyde (187) (2 mmol), methyl ketone

(188) in oven. The flask was then connected with refluxing equipment. After being irradiated for 7-9 min, the

reaction mixture was washed with ethanol (2 mL) [181].

ArCHO RCOCH3

CN

CN

NH4OAc

MWIN

Ar

NC

H2N R (187) (188) (189) (190)

Polysubstituted pyridines –Aldehyde (191) (1 mmol), malononitrile (192) (2 mmol), KF/alumina (10 mol%),

thiophenol (193) (1 mmol) and anhydrous ethanol (1.5 mL) were mixed and placed in a sealed pressure

regulation 10-mL pressurized vials with “snap-on” cap and was irradiated in the single-mode microwave

synthesis system at 120W power and 80ºC temperature for 5-10 minutes [182].



CHO

R3

R2R1

CN

CN2

SH

R4

KF/alumina, Microwave

800C, 5-10 min,(62-93%)

N

R2

R1 R3

CNNC

H2N S R4(191) (192) (193)

(194)

2,4,6-Triaryl pyridines - A mixture of neat reactants, 3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)- 1-(4 bromophenyl)-2-

propen-1-one (195) (3.32 g, 0.01 mol), methyl-ketone (196) (0.01 mol) and ammonium acetate (197) (1.54 g,

0.02 mol) was taken in an Erlenmeyer flask and irradiated under microwaves at an interval of 20 sec [183].

O

Br

O

O

R C

O

CH3 NH4OAc

Br

O

O

N

R

MW

(195) (196) (197) (198)

b) Pyran

In chemistry, pyran, or oxine, is a six-membered heterocyclic, non-aromatic ring, consisting of

five carbon atoms and one oxygenatom and containing two double bonds. Pyran derivatives represent an

important class of compounds which possess high activity profile due to their wide range of biological

activities such as antimicrobial [184], antiviral [185], anticancer [186], antimalarial [187], anti-tuberculosis

and anti-inflammatory agents [188], antibacterial activities [189], antifungal activities [190], ,anti-coagulant

and anti-ancaphylactia [191].

O Pyran(199)

2-Amino-4-aryl-3-cyano-4H-pyran-5-carboxylates-A mixture of PEG 4000 (1 g, 0.5 mmol) and TKD (1.5

mmol) in anhydrous toluene (10 mL) was irradiated under microwave cavity at 350W for 3 min and then

followed by the mixture of PEG-linked acetoacetate (202) (0.5 g, 0.25 mmol), arylaldehyde (1.0 mmol),

malononitrile (1.0 mmol), and piperidine (1–2 drops) in ethanol (20 mL) was heated under microwave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond



irradiation at 400W for the needed time and then the solution of PEG-bound intermediate (203) (0.25 g) in 1N

MeONa/MeOH (10 mL) was irradiated at 460W for 2 min [192].

PEG-OCH2CH2OH

O

O

O

Toulene,3min

MW,350W O

OO

PEG

RCHO,NCCH2CN

Piperidine(cat)

MW,400W

O

R

CN

NH2

OC

H3C

O

PEG

O

R

CN

NH2

H3COC

H3C

O

NaOMe/MeOH

MW,460W,2min

3.5-5min,EtOH

(200)

(201)(202)

(203)(204)

4H-pyran -A mixture of aromatic aldehyde (205) (1.0 mmol), malononitrile (206) (1.0 mmol), active

methylene compounds (207) (1.1 mmol) and methanol 2 mL were taken in 50 mL beaker followed by

addition of sodium acetate (10 mol%). The beaker was covered by watch glass and kept for microwave

irradiation at 280W [193].

CH3COONa

CH3OH, MW

CHO

R CNH

CN R'

O O

O

R' CN

O

NH2 (205) (206) (207) (208)

5-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-amino-4-phenyl-3-cyano-6-methyl-4H-pyrans

A mixture of aromatic aldehydes (210) (5 mmol), malononitrile (211) (5 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (209) (5

mmol), water (2 mL) and [2-aemim][PF6] (3 mL) was subjected to microwave irradiation (100 0C) for an

optimized period [194].

EtO

Me O

O

H OH

Ar CNC

CN

[2-aemin][PF6]

H2OMicrowave

1000C, 1-4 minO

EtOCN

Ar

NH2Me

O

(209) (210) (211) (212)

c) Piperidine



Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)5NH. This heterocyclic amine consists of

a six-membered ring containing five methylene bridges (-CH2) and one amine bridge (-NH-). Several

substituted piperidines display important biological properties like antiviral activity [195],

antidepressant

effects [196],

cytotoxic activity [197], antimalarial activity [198],

neuroleptic agents [199], antimicrobial

activity [200], antiulcer and antiarrythmic agents [201].

NH Piperidine(213)

2-(Aroyl-5-hydroxy-1,3,5-triaryl-4-piperidyl)(aryl)methanone- A mixture of 2-[(2-oxo-2-

arylethyl)anilino]-1-aryl-1-ethanones (1 mmol) (214), arylidene acetophenone (1 mmol) and a catalytic

amount of sodium ethoxide was taken in a glass tube and mixed thoroughly. The open glass tube was then

immersed partially in a silica bath and microwave irradiated for 3 minutes at power level 4 in a total scale of 5

[202].

NY

O

O

X

X

O

Z

Cl

N

ZOH

O

O

Y

X

Cl

X

NaOEt

MW

(214) (215)

Piperidine-4-one thiosemecarbazone- Dry ammonium acetate (218) (0.02mole), was dissolved in 10ml

ethanol and then solution was mixed with 4-substituted benzaldehyde (219) (0.1mole), benzaldehyde (216)

(0.1mole) and butane-2-one (217) (0.05mole) was added. The reaction mixture was placed in conical flask

covered with a glass funnel. A petridish containing the ice pieces was kept on the funnel to prevent the

evaporation of the solvent. The reaction mixture was irradiated with microwaves at different intestities for

different duration [203].



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_bridge



CHO

H3CR

O

H3C ONH4

O

CHO

R'

NH

O

R

R'

EtOH

(216)

(217)

(219)(220)

218

4.1.5 Six membered-two atom

a) Oxazine

Oxazines are heterocyclic compounds containing one oxygen and one nitrogen atom. Heterocycles containing

the oxazine nucleus were found to possess a wide range of valuable biological properties like anti-

inflammatory and antimalarial [204], antipyretic [205], anticancer [206], antioxidant [207], anticonvulsant

[208], ntibacterial [209,] antiulcer [210], antihypertensive [211], antifungal [212] and antithromobotic activity

[213].

N O Oxazine(221)

3,4-Dihydro-3-phenyl-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine A mixture of the amine (1 mmol), formaldehyde (2 mmol)

and phenol (222) (1 mmol) was irradiated in a microwave digester at 5– 10 bar, 80–120 W, 180–250 seconds

without the use of solvent [214].

OH

RArNH2/CH2O

MWI (solventless) O

NR

Ar

(222)(223)

2-Substituted 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine- A mixture of aromatic carboxylic acids (5 mmol) and 3-amino-

1-propanol (224) (5 mmol) was irradiated (800 W) in a microwave [215].

HO NH2Ar-COOH

MW, (800W)

O

NAr

(224)(225)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen




b) Piperazine

Piperazine is an organic compound that consists of a six-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms at

opposite positions in the ring.Piperazine derivatives are nowadays an important group of organic compounds

that is used as hair stimulating [216], antibacterial [217], anti-inflammatory [218], antidepressant [219], and

antitumor [220], fungistatic activity [221], antiviral activity [222].

NH

HN

Piperazine(226)

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-piperazine hydrochloride- The mixture of bis-(2-chloroethylamine) hydrochloride

(228) (10 gm, 0.056 mol), 3-chloroaniline (7.85 gm, 0.061 mol), p-toluenesulphonic acid (PTSA) (0.3 gm,

3%) in xylene (30 mL) was placed in a conical flask, covered with glass funnel. The reaction mixture was

irradiated with microwaves at different microwave intensities for different duration by following the pulse

heating approach (irradiation in 30s increments) [223].

HN

OH

OH

SOCl3

XYLENEHN

Cl

Cl

.HCL

NH2

ClPTSA

XYLENE

HN N

Cl

(227) (228) (229)

c) Thiazine

Thiazines are organic compounds containing a ring of four carbon, one nitrogen and one sulfur atom.

Thiazines are an important class of heterocyclic compounds reported to possess a wide spectrum of biological

properties such as antibacterial [224], antifungal [225], antimycobacterial [226], anthelminthic [227], anti-

HIV [228], herbicidal [229], pesticidal [230], analgesic [231], anti-inflammatory [232], antiserotinin [233],

and anticonvulsant [234] activities.

N S Thiazine(230)

8-Oxo-6-p-tolylamino-5-thia-9-aza-spiro[3.5]non-6-ene-7-carbonitrile- Typically, in a 10 mL Emrys

reaction vial, p-tolyl isothiocyanate (232) (1.0 mmol) with cyanoacetamide (231) (1.0 equiv) was performed

in DMF-catalyzed sodium hydroxide (0.2 equiv) for 30 min at room temperature, and then HOAc (1.0mL,



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoms




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur



excess) and cycloketones (233) (1.1 equiv) were added into the reaction system. Subsequently, the mixture

was irradiated by microwave at 80 0C for 8 min [235].

X

CN

H2N

S C N RO 1) NAOH, DMF

2)HOAC, MWS NH

CNN

XHN

R

X=O,S

(231) (232)(233)

(234)

2-Aryl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazines- A heterogeneous mixture of (235) (200 mg, 0.68 mmol), and LR

(160 mg, 0.41 mmol) in 2 mL of xylene was irradiated in a sealed tube with microwaves for 8 min at 150 0C

[236].

HN

COOMe

Ph

O

R

LR, Xylene

1500 ,C (MW), 8min

N S N S

Ph Ph

H H

HH

RCOOMe R COOMe

(235) (236) (237)

5-Acylamino-3,6-diarylperhydro-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazin-4-ones- Thoroughly mixed N-acylglycine (238)

(10.0 mmol), an aromatic aldehyde (10.0 mmol), anhydrous sodium acetate 0.82 g (10.0 mmol), acetic

anhydride 3 mL (32 mmol) and ammonium N aryl -dithiocarbamate (10.0 mmol) were taken in a 100 mL

conical flask and subjected to MW irradiation at 480 W for 2 min [237].

RCONHCH2COOH Ac2Oanhyd. AcONa N

O OR

ArCHO

N

O OR

Ar

Ar'HN

S

S-NH+

N

O OR

ArS

ArHN

S

N

S S

Ar'

O

Ar

ROCHN

(238) (239) (240)(241)

(242)

(243)



30-(Fluorophenyl)-spiro[3H-indole-3,20-tetrahydro-1,3-thiazine]-2,40(1H)-dione-

An equimolar mixture (0.01 mol) of indole-2,3-dione (244), 4-fluoroaniline (245) and 3-mercaptopropionic

acid (246) was adsorbed on clay and, after removal of the solvent, irradiated under microwave irradiation at

640W for 8 min [238].

NH

O

O FH2N SHCH2CH2COOHNeat :4 min 85% (1400C)

KSF:6 min 94% (1350C)NH

S

N

F

O

O

HM

HA

HM'HA

'

(244) (245) (246) (247)

d) Triazine

A triazine is one of three organic chemicals, isomeric with each other, whose molecular formulas C3H3N3 and

whose empirical formula is CHN. The 1, 2, 4 triazine moiety is a structural element in anti malarial [239],

anticancer [240], antifungal [241], anticonvulsant [242], antibacterial [243], antiviral [244] anti-angiogenesis

[245], and anti-HIV [246], activities.

N

N

N

Triazine(248)

Phenyl dihydrotriazines-A mixture of substituted aniline (249) (2 mmol), cyanoguanidine (250) (2.2 mmol),

acetone (251) (7 mL), and concentrated hydrochloric acid (2 mmol) was added into a 10-mL glass tube with a

magnetic stirring bar and covered with a plastic cap. The synthesis was carried out at 90 °C for 35 min under

100 W of microwave irradiation [247].

NH2

RH2N NH

HNCN

H3C CH3

OHCl

Heat

R

N

N+

N

NH2

H

H2N

CH3

C3H

(249) (250) (251) (252)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemical






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formula



1,3,5-Tri-N-substituted hexahydro-1,3,5-triazines

A mixture of substituted aniline (253) (1.23 g, 10 mmol) and aqueous formaldehyde (254) (4 ml, 12 mmol) in

open borosil beaker (100 ml) was irradiated inside a microwave oven at 640 W till the completion of reaction

[248].

NH2X

H

C O

H

MW N

N

N

XX

X

(253) (254) (255)

N-4-Substituted 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine -A mixture of sodium methoxide (0.75 mmol,1.5 equiv)

prepared from Na and methanol, arylbiguanide hydrochloride (257) (0.5 mmol,1 equiv) and ester (1.5 mmol, 3

equiv) in dry THF (3 ml) was introduced into a 50 ml round-bottomed flask equipped with a condenser and a

magnetic stirring bar. The flask was placed in the microwave cavity and exposed to microwave irradiation for

20 min at 70 0C using irradiation power of 100 W [249].

HN NH

NH2

N

RNH2/dioxane

MW, 900C, 15minHN NH

NH2

HN R1

R2CO2Et/MeONa/THF

MW, 700C, 20 min N N

N

R1

NH2R2

(256) (257) (258)

6-Aryl-2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine- A suspension of a mixture of arylnitrile (259) (10 mmol), dicyandiamide

(0.93 g, 11 mmol) and powdered KOH (0.11 g, 2 mmol) in [bmim][PF6] (3 mL) was subjected to microwave

irradiation (temperature setting: 130 0C) for an optimized period [250].

CN

R

H2N NH

NH

CN

KOH,[bmin][PF6]

MW, 1300C, 10-15min

N N

N NH2H2N

R(259) (260)

3,5,6-Trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazines- A mixture of fatty acid hydrazide (261) (2 mmol), diketone (262) (2

mmol) and silica gel was ground in a pestle, NH4OAc and Et3N were added in catalytic amounts and the



prepared mixture in an open pyrex beaker was subjected to microwave irradiation for the appropriate time

[251].

O

R1

NH NH2

O

R2 R3

O NH4OAc, Et3N

SiO2, MW NN

N R2

R3

R1

(261) (262) (263)

4.1.6 Six membered- four atom

a) Tetrazine

Tetrazine is an unstable compound that consists of a six membered aromatic ring containing four nitrogen

atoms with the molecular formula C2H2N4. Numerous biological activities were reported for

tetrazoloheterocycles, such as being useful as antiallergic and antiulcer [252], analgesic and bronchodilating

[253], hypotensive [254], pesticidal [255], antimicrobial [256], and

anti-inflammatory [257], antibacterial

[258], antifungal [259], and herbicidal [260] activities.

HN

HN NH

NH

Tetrazine(264)

6-Aryl-1,2,4,5-tetrazinane-3-thiones(ones)- A mixture of 10 mmol of thiourea (urea) (266), 10 mmol of

substituted benzaldehyde (267), 20 mmol of ammonium acetate (265), and 100 mg NaHSO4–SiO2 was placed

in a bath filled with alumina, the mixture was thoroughly stirred with a glass rod for 19 s, then it was

subjected to microwave irradiation at the power 320W [261].

H2N NH2

X

-O

O-O

OH O

R

NH+4

NH+4

NaHSO4.SiO2

MW, 120-180 s

HN

HN NH

NH

X

R

X=O,S

R=H,Ph

(265)

(266)

(267)(268)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound







5. Abbrevations

IUPAC- International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

PEG- Poly Ethylene Glycol

Pd/C- Palladium on carbon

TLC- Thin Layer Chromatography

MI- Microwave Irradiation

DMTMM- 4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholin-4-ium chloride

MW- Microwave

DMFDMA- N,N-Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal

DMAP- 4-Dimethylaminopyridine

Perloza VT-100- Amino cellulose

DMF- Dimethyl Formamide

HBTU- N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-O-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate

PS-BEMP- Phosphazene Bases

GAA- Glacial Acetic Acid

t-BuOH- Tertiary Butanol

TMSN3- Trimethylsilyl azide

DME- Dimethoxyethane

DMSO- Dimethyl sulfoxide

[2-aemim][PF6]- 1-aminoethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphateA

THF- Tetra Hydro Furan.

6. Conclusion

In conclusion, it has been proved that monocyclic heterocyclic compounds are versatile organic compounds as

they are potent biologically and can be synthesized in good yield by various methods. Moreover, microwave

assisted synthesis worked much upon the problems like poor yield, lower reaction rates, environment

hazardous chemical reaction, use of toxic solvents by conventional methods. There are much future prospects

in this direction yet to be explored.

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