11 NETWORK CONNECTION HARDWARE Chapter 3. Chapter 3: NETWORK CONNECTION HARDWARE2 NETWORK INTERFACE...

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NETWORK CONNECTION HARDWARE

Chapter 3

Chapter 3: NETWORK CONNECTION HARDWARE 2

NETWORK INTERFACE ADAPTER

Provides the link between a computer and the network

Requires a device driver to perform both data-link and physical layer functions

Plugs into a bus slot or universal serial bus (USB) port on a computer

Also referred to as a network interface card (NIC)


A NETWORK INTERFACE ADAPTER


TRANSMISSION FUNCTIONS

Network interface adapters perform the following functions during data transmission: Data transfer, buffering, and encapsulation

Media Access Control (MAC)

Parallel/ serial conversion

Signal encoding and amplification


NETWORK INTERFACE ADAPTER FEATURES Multiple duplex modes and autonegotiation

of modes Processor offloading features

Bus mastering Checksum processing Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

segmentation IP Security (IPSec) processing

Network management Wake on LAN


HALF-DUPLEX AND FULL-DUPLEX MODES


SELECTION CRITERIA

When selecting network interface adapters, you must consider the following: The data-link layer protocol being implemented and

the specific standard

The transmission speed requirements for the local area network (LAN)

The specific cabling and connector types that will be used

Each computer’s bus architecture and resource availability

Network interface driver availability

The operating system type


INSTALLING A NETWORK INTERFACE ADAPTER IN A COMPUTERTo install a network interface adapter:

1. Physically insert the network interface adapter card into the slot.

2. Configure the card to use the appropriate hardware resources.

3. Install the card’s device driver.

NIC Installation


A NETWORK INTERFACE ADAPTER IN A COMPUTER


CONFIGURING A NETWORK INTERFACE ADAPTER

Network interface adapters that do not support plug and play (PnP) must be manually configured for some or all of the following hardware resources: Interrupt request (IRQ)

I/O

Memory address

Direct memory access (DMA) channel


NETWORK INTERFACE ADAPTER DEVICE DRIVERS

Network interfaces require a device driver to provide the link between the computer and the interface.

Operating systems ship with device drivers for common interfaces.

Operating systems that support PnP detect and configure the interface automatically.

You can get drivers from the manufacturer’s Web site.

The driver configuration must match the interface’s resource settings.


TROUBLESHOOTING A NETWORK INTERFACE ADAPTER

To troubleshoot the suspect network interface adapter, open the computer case and do the following: Verify that the interface is seated properly in

the bus slot.

Remove the card, clean the slot, and then reseat the card in the same slot or try another slot.

Test a different interface (known to be functional) in the same slot and in a different slot


PHYSICAL, DATA-LINK, AND NETWORK LAYER HARDWARE


HUBS, REPEATERS, AND CONCENTRATORS

Hubs, repeaters, and concentrators are all physical layer devices that Amplify and repeat signals

Extend the distance of a network


THICK ETHERNET REPEATERS

Thick Ethernet repeaters extend the distance of a bus network.

The maximum segment length is 500 meters.

The maximum network distance is 2500 meters.

You must observe the 5-4-3 rule.


THIN ETHERNET REPEATERS

Thin Ethernet repeaters extend the distance of a bus network.

The maximum segment length is 185 meters.

The maximum network distance is 925 meters.

You must observe the 5-4-3 rule.


AN ETHERNET REPEATER


10BASE-T AND 100BASE-X HUBS

10Base-T and 100Base-TX/100Base-T4 standards define Ethernet networks that function at 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps, using baseband signaling over twisted-pair wire.

10Base-T Maximum distance limitation for each connection:

100 meters, including workstation-to-hub and hub-to-hub connections

Can have up to four hubs connected to form a hierarchical star

Includes an internal crossover circuit

Uses an uplink port to form a hierarchical star


10BASE-T AND 100BASE-X HUBS (CONT.)

100Base-TX and 100Base-T4 There are two types of hubs: Class I and

Class II.

The maximum distance for each node connection is 100 meters.

Class II hub-to-hub connections can be no more than 5 meters long.


HUB CONNECTIONSPlay Video


10BASE-T HUB


BRIDGES AND SWITCHES

Are data-link layer devices that use destination addresses to forward frames

Are protocol independent

Do not filter broadcast packets

Do not define separate networks

Two forwarding modes in switches: cut-through and store-and-forward

One forwarding mode in bridges: store-and-forward


CUT-THROUGH SWITCHING

The cut-through method is the fastest way to forward frames. Looks at only the first 6 bytes (destination

MAC address) before forwarding

Does not perform cyclical redundancy check (CRC) on the frame contents

Does not define separate collision domains

Hubs & Switches


STORE-AND-FORWARD SWITCHING

Store-and-forward switching is slower but more reliable than the cut-through method of forwarding frames.

Store-and-forward switching pulls in the entire frame and performs a CRC check on the frame contents.

Each port defines a separate collision domain.


TRANSPARENT BRIDGING AND SWITCHING

Perform three basic functions: Flood

Frames with unidentified destination addresses are transmitted out all ports except the one they were received through.

Learn Switches use the source addresses within frames to

learn which devices use specific ports, and then they use this information to build their internal address tables.

Forward Frames are selectively forwarded to a port using

known destination addresses stored in the MAC address table.


FLOODING AND LEARNING


FORWARDING


OTHER BRIDGING TECHNOLOGIES

Source route bridging Source route bridging is used in Token Ring networks. The source host determines the path through the

network, not the bridge. Bridges add path information when frames are

forwarded and use this information to continue to forward frames between source and destination hosts.

Translation bridging Translation bridging is used to connect dissimilar

data-link architectures. Remote bridge

A remote bridge connects two segments across a wide area network (WAN) link.


OTHER DATA-LINK LAYER TECHNOLOGIES

Spanning tree protocol Used to avoid bridging loops

Ensures a single active path to all segments within a LAN

Virtual LANs (VLANs) Are logical LANs defined on switches

Layer 3 switches Have built-in routing capabilities


SPANNING TREE


VLANS


ROUTERS

Routers are network layer devices that connect LANs. Connect similar or different data-link layer LANs Must understand and support the network layer

protocol and addressing Perform fragmentation Strip the data-link header and footer off received

frames Add a new data-link header and footer before

transmitting frames Use routing protocols to build routing tables and

forward frames Define separate broadcast domains

Bridges & Routers


A SIMPLE ROUTED NETWORK


A ROUTED INTERNETWORK


GATEWAYS

Can include the functions of all seven layers of the OSI model

Connect dissimilar systems and protocols

Perform translation and conversion services


SUMMARY

Network interface adapters provide the physical link between computers and the network.

Hubs are physical layer devices that amplify and repeat signals out all ports except the one they were received through.

Bridges and switches are data-link layer devices that use destination addresses to forward frames.

Spanning tree is used by bridges and switches to avoid loops. VLANs are logical LANs used to group computers within a

switched network. Routers are network layer devices that forward datagrams

between LANs. Gateways translate and convert protocols between dissimilar

systems.

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