1.1 introduction toict
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INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION AND
SOCIETY
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What is ICT?
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INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY• ICT is a technology required for
information processing, in particular, the use of electronic computers, communication devices and software applications to convert, store, process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime.
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INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
• Information – Input data that has been processed by the computer; data that is organized, meaningful and useful.
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INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
• Communication – process of sharing data, programs and information between two or more computers.
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Evolution of computers• 1st generation (1951-57) : vacuum tube• 2nd generation (1958-63) : transistor• 3rd generation (1964-69) : integrated
circuit • 4th generation (1970-90) :
microprocessor• 5th generation (1991-beyond) :
connectivity
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1st generation : vacuum tube
• Computers were built with vacuum tubes – – electronic tubes that were made of
glass– the size of a bulb– Were used as the internal computer
component
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1st generation : vacuum tube (cont)
The first electronic digital computer – UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)– Introduced by Dr. John W. Mauchly
and J. Presper based on ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
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1st generation : vacuum tube (cont)
• Disadvantages:– A great deal of heat as thousands of
tubes were required– All the tubes working simultaneously,
causing the tubes to burnout– Programming used was machine
language – difficult & time consuming.
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2nd generation : transistor
• First computers were built with transistors– Small devices that transfer electronic
signals across a resistor• This computer use less power &
less heat than vacuum tubes• Faster, smaller and more reliable
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3rd generation : integrated circuit
• 1964 : manufacturers began replacing transistors with integrated circuits.– Complete electronic circuit on a small
chip made of a silicon.• These computers are
– more reliable, – compact and – less cost to the manufacture.
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3rd generation : integrated circuit (cont)
• IBM introduced its System/360 line of compatible system computer, which can be used by the same programs and peripherals.
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4th generation : microprocessor
• Many key advances were made – microprocessor– A specialized chip developed for
computer memory and logic– Use a single chip to create a smaller
personal computer• Revolutionized the computer
industry
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5th generation : connectivity
• Referred as the connected generation because of the connectivity of computers.
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5th generation : connectivity
• Rapidly expanding Internet, World Wide Web and Intranet – Created an information superhighway
that has enabled both computer professionals and home computer users to communicate with others across the globe.
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ICT usage in everyday life
• Education• Banking• Industry• Commerce
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ExerciseFind 1 example of ICT usage in1. Education2. Banking3. Industry
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ICT Usage: Education
• E-learning• Resources / references from the
internet
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ICT Usage: Banking• Pay bills using online banking• Make a transactions anywhere,
anytime
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ICT Usage: Industry• Replaced human energy with
machine
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ICT Usage: Commerce• E-commerce, e-shopping• Selling & buying through internet
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Computerized vs. non computerized system
Field Computerized Non-computerized
Education
Online teaching and learning, using computers, internet – more interesting
Teaching and learning in the classroom, using chalk and blackboard.
Banking system
Transaction using computers at anytime, anyplaceAutomated teller machine (ATM) – provide 24-hours service without incurring additional employee costs.
Transaction – working hoursTakes time to approve loan applicationsTaking deposits manuallyNeed to queue and takes time for any transaction.
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Computerized vs. non computerized system
Field Computerized Non-computerized
Industry Popular and profitable since production can be increased through an all day operation
Production was slow because everything was done manually and totally depended on human labor
Commerce
E-commerceDistribution, buying, selling, and servicing products that are done electronically
Trading extremely slow, late and expensive. Traders had to find ways to market local products in the global marketAdvertisement - mouth, billboards, printed flyers
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Other sector• Architecture
– Computer graphics to experiment with possible interiors
• Arts– Modern artist use computer to express their
creativity• Career
– Job opportunities related to the ICT such as system analyst, programmer or technical writer.
• Government– To forecast weather, process immigrant,
manage parks and etc.
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Other sector• Healthcare
– To promote telemedicine and information sharing. Doctors and medical practitioners apply modern treatment such as laser treatment.
• Home– For record keeping, writing letters, preparing budget
and communicating with others.• Law enforcement
– Maintaining national fingerprint files, modeling DNA.• Transportation
– Used in Rapid Transit System and track railway system.
• Travel– Room reservation, helps tourists to plan their
holidays.
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Impact of ICT on society
• Positive:– Faster communication speed
• via e-mail– Lower communication cost
• People do not have to pay for any basic services provided by the internet.
– Reliable mode of communication• Information can be accessed and retrieved from
anywhere and anytime.– Effective sharing of information– Paperless environment– Borderless communication
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Impact of ICT on society
• Negative:– Social problems
• People become individualistic• Hacking, pornography, online gambling
– Health problems• Exposed to bad posture, eyestrain,
physical and mental stress.• Ergonomic environment can be
introduced
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The end of chapter Introduction ICT