Chapter 1.1 Introduction - Petroleum

8/20/2019 Chapter 1.1 Introduction - Petroleum

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1.1 PETROLEUMBy : Nurul ‘Uyun Binti Ahmad

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1.1 Petroleum

A form of bitumen composed principally of hydrocarbons which exists in the gaseous or liquid state in its naturalreservoirs.

Petroleum = hydrocarbon compound + non hydrocarboncompound.

Hydrocarbon = organic compounds of carbon !" #hydrogen H" only.

$on%hydrocarbon = compound that contain some sulphur&oxygen and nitrogen atoms besides ! # H


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1.1.1 History

1'() * first well was drilled in Penn ylvania& ,A

1')- * first well was drilled offshore in !alifornia& ,A

1)1 * first well was drilled in /alaysia well /iri $o.1 inarawa0"

1)(& 1) # 1)' % the search for oil had been diverted tothe offshore areas.

1)-2 % P3456$A or Petroliam $asional 7erhad

1)- # today % /alaysia is now a net exporter of petroleum


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8n general& 9 theories exist:1. 8norganic theories

% reaction of !69 with H96 under suitable conditions

% assumes oil form from the reduction of primordial

carbon or its oxidi;ed form at high temperatures deep inthe earth

9. 6rganic theories

% remains of plants and animals most widely accepted"

% accumulation of H! from living things

% generation of H! by heat action on biogenicallyformed organic matters

1.1.9.1 6rigin of petroleum


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1.1.9.9


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1.1.? Petroleum !onstituent


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Natural Asphalt,

(McKittrick, California)

Asphalt is the thic0& tarry fraction that istypical of natural oil seeps. 4hisdeposit was once mined for ready%madepavement.

Crude Oil (California)

6ffshore oil seeps occur in manyparts of the world...


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Condensate

>iquid phase produced by thecondensation of steam or anyother gas.

Natural Gas

as mixture consistingprimarily of methane...


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Crude oil is the term for CunprocessedC oil& a mixture ofH! that exists in the liquid phase that comes out of theground. 8t is also 0nown as petroleum.

!rude oil is a fossil fuel& meaning that it was madenaturally from decaying plants and animals living inancient seas millions of years ago.

8t will remains liquid at atmospheric pressure afterpassing through surface separating facilities

1.1.?.1 !rude 6il


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Crude oils vary in color& from clear to tar%blac0.


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A mixture of H! compounds and small quantities of variousnon%H! eg. $9 and !69" existing in the gaseous phase or insolution with oil in natural underground reservoirs atreservoir conditions.

/ain H! component: methane !H2".


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weet and sour gases refer to the low and high content ofH9 respectively

Application: power generation& industrial feedstoc0 eg.Bertili;ers or liquefied into >$ for efficient transportation


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Associated gas:

% Bree natural gas& commonly 0nown as gas%caps whichoverlies and in contact with crude oil in the reservoir


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Water

Gas

Oil

Associated gas reservoir

Gas Non - associated gas reservoir

Water


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H!s which are in the gaseous state under reservoirconditions but become liquid either in passage up the holeor at surface due to the reduced pressure conditions.

!omposed mainly of compounds in which moleculescontain at least ( ! atoms.

!olour: yellowish to colorless

1.1.?.? !ondensate


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4hic0 brownish or blac0 substance derived from the samecrude oil which produces 0erosene& gasoline and vinyl.

!omposed of at least 'E carbon& which explains its deep

blac0 color.

ulphur is another ingredient found in the tar%li0e asphalt&as well as some trace minerals.

Application: sealant for rooftops and a durable surface forroads& airport runways& playgrounds and par0ing lots.

1.1.?.2 Asphalt


18/49Cracked Asphalt


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A place that oil migrates to and is held underground.

>ittle holes and cavities inside roc0s allow oil to be stored.

4hese roc0s are usually sandstones& limestone or dolomites.

1.1.?.2.1 5eservoir roc0


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A reservoir roc0 always lies underneath a cap roc0.

>i0e the cloth of a hot air balloon prevents air fromescaping& a cap roc0 0eeps oil in the underlying reservoirroc0.

Fithin the reservoir roc0 gas may exist above the oil& and water below the oil.

4he layering is similar to the separation seen in oil basedsalad dressings& and it occurs for the same reason.


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A sponge holds liquid li0e a Greservoir roc0 holds oil.6il can be extracted because li0e a sponge& the roc0Is small

cavities have interconnecting tunnels allowing oil to flowfrom thousands of feet away to a small cylindrically shaped

hole drilled into the roc0.

A sponge shares the structural properties of a reservoir roc0.


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Acquisition of 5ight

3xploration

Appraisal


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• 6nce a potential site is identified& exploration drilling can be used to determine whether or not the site haspetroleum accumulation or not.

•$o direct method of locating a pool of petroleum withoutfirst drilling test wells.

• 4his is done by sin0ing a drill bit which ta0es a coresample into the ground.

• amples from the drill are analy;ed to determine thequality of the crude oil& while geologists wor0 on estimatesof how much oil may be available at the site.

9. 3xploration drilling : 4o search for oil # gas

http://offshore%20drilling%20animation.flv/http://offshore%20drilling%20animation.flv/


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Juestions to be answered

Fhere& how deep is the

reservoirK

How thic0 is itK

Fhat 0ind of roc0 is itK Fhat is the porosity of

this roc0K

Fhat does it contain

water& oil or gas"K Fhat will it produceK

Fhat is its areal extentK


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eismic data acquisition

eismic method involves generation of elastic vibration causing ground

motion which can be detected by geophones.


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4ypes 6f 6ffshore


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2. Fhat is a field development planK

Highlight the planned development activities in the field Addresses the following:

% geology of the field

% oil and gas original in place& reserve and production

forecast% schedule of field development

% no. of platforms and wells

% methods for improving oil recovery

% well completion design% production facilities aspects

% gas utilisation and conservation schemes

% proLect cost and proLect economic


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(. 6il Production ystem

OG3 - Oil Prodction *(stem

http://ogx%20-%20oil%20production%20system.flv/http://ogx%20-%20oil%20production%20system.flv/


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T.ing

Christmas Tree

Choke 0low line

*eparator

*torage Tank

Christmas Tree


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4ubing * a small pipe of diameter ?M inch installed inthe well to handle the fluid flow from the reservoir

!hristmas tree * assembly of valves on a final casing tocontrol the rate of oil production

cho0e * a removable steel orifice device fitted to a wellflowline to restrict fluid flow

Blowline * a pipeline that connects the well to theseparator

eparator * vessel for separating mixtures of oil& gas and water

torage tan0 * a tan0 in which oil is stored


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1.1.( Petroleum 5efining Processes

4he refinery is designed to process several differenttypes of crude oil to produce useful petroleumproducts such asN asoline

iquefied petroleum gas


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5efining crude oil is carried out in ? main stages:


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1.1.(.1 eparation

!rude oil contains a mixture of hydrocarbon chains ofdifferent lengths when it is extracted from the earth.

4he first phase in petroleum refining

operations is the separation of crude oil

into its maLor constituents using

? petroleum separation processes:

atmospheric distillation& vacuum distillation&

and light ends recovery gas processing".


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However& demand for lighter petroleum products such asgasoline is much greater than that of heavier products&ma0ing the next phase& conversion& an especially importantpart of the refining process.

4hese distillation towers allow components of the oil to beseparated according to their unique boiling points& withlighter substances such as gasoline collecting at the cooler

top of the tower and the heaviest components collecting atthe bottom.


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4utorial 1 : Blow in eparation Process


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1.1.(.9. !onversion

8n the process of conversion& heavier molecules can be converted&or Ccrac0ed&C into the lighter products for which there is higherdemand.

/odern techniques also facilitate the Loining of smaller

hydrocarbons into larger ones& called unification& as well as therearrangement of molecules through a process called al0ylation.

!onversion may be accomplished in several ways depending onneeds as well as a refineryOs capabilities


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Cracking

Thermal cracking

4(dro-cracking

Cat-cracking

*team

cracking

Conversion

5is.reaking

6reaking down

o" large 4C

molecles into

smaller

vala.le ones

at temp2

4igher than in

7C

Cracking sg

catal(st Prod2

Components "or

6lending into high

octane motorgasoline, diesel

"el Components,

C%-C& gases

4eat 8 pressre

alone was theoriginal method

o" o.taining

greater amonts

o" motor

gasoline

Catal(st and

h(drogen gas

present at high

pressre

9PG or light

distillates.roken down

in presence

o" steam at

high T and

low P

:sed to

improve ;alit(

o" heav( "el

oils 8 to make

diesel "el

components

Alk(lation

Plat"ormer!


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1.1.(.?. 4reatmentPurification

Petroleum treating processes stabili;e and upgradepetroleum products by separating them from lessdesirable products and by removing obLectionableelements.

,ndesirable elements such as sulfur& nitrogen& andoxygen are removed by hydrodesulfuri;ation&hydrotreating& chemical sweetening& and acid gasremoval.

4reating processes& employed primarily for theseparation of petroleum products& include such processesas deasphalting.


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/ercaptans: organic sulphur compound.

How to remove sulphurK Pass the untreated products with astream of H9 through a bed of catalyst& converted to H9 gas

then addition of chemicals& extracted and converted toliquid or solid sulphur for sale.

6thers: $9& 69 and various metallic compounds which

needed removal


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7lending

/ost fuels and lubricants are blends of limited no. of basicgrades from refinery.

!ontain additives designed for particular uses.

!arried out in batching tan0s

complete with stirrer or

circulating pumps or byin%line blending


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1.1.(.2 Product of 5efining

>iquified petroleum gas >P"asoline also 0nown as petrol"

$aphtha

erosene and related Let aircraft fuels

ubricating oils

Paraffin wax Asphalt and tar

Petroleum co0e


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Different products at different temperature


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1.1. elected petrochemicals processing

4utorial 1

Chapter 1.1 Introduction - Petroleum

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