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1.1 - 1.3Introduction to Physics & the Quantity
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1.1 Introduction to Physic
Understanding Physics
The study of the laws that determine the structure of the universe with reference to the matter and energy of
which it consists.
The study was divided into separated fields; heat , the properties of matter, light, sound ,wave, electricity,
magnetism, mechanics, nuclear physics etc.
In physics , there is the need to make careful observations, precise and accurate measurements.
Understanding natural phenomena and observing everyday objects such as a table, a mirror etc and discuss
how they are related to physics concepts has always been a central aim of physics.
The roots of all science are firmly based in experiment. Of course , mastering scientific skills applying
scientific knowledge must be the important thing to learn physics.
Physical Quantities
Physics is based on measurement. We discover physics by learning how to measure the quantities that are
involved in physics and we call its as physical quantities.
The meaning of Physical Quantities
Physical quantities are quantities that can be measured.
Examples of physical quantities are length, mass, time, weight, pressure, current and force.
A physical quantity is a property ascribed to phenomena, objects, or subtances that be quantified.
Example are:
(i) Frequency of oscillation frequency is the quantity and oscillation is the phenomenon
(ii) Length of a wooden block Length is the quantity and the wooden block is an object
(iii) Density of water density is the quantity and the water is the substance
There are two types of the physical quantities,
Base quantities
Derived quantities
Base Quantities
The physical quantities which are used as the basis for the measurement and cant be derived from
other physical quantities.
There are five base quantities as shown in the following table:
Base Symbol Unit Unit Measured
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quantity
name
Abbreviation
by
Length l meter m Ruler
Mass m Kilogram kgTriple Balance
beam
Time t Second s Stopwatch
Temperature T Kelvin K Thermometer
Current I Ampere A Ammeter
Derived Quantities
The physical quantities which were derived from base quantities by multiplication operation or
division operation or both
There are three examples for derived quantities as shown in the following table.
Derived
quantity
Symbol In term of the
base quantities
Derived unit
Area A m x m m2
Velocity v m s-1
Density kg m-3
1.2 Unit of Measurement
Introduction
Physics is an experimental science. Theories are useful only if their predictions agree with the results of
experiments. So measurement plays an important part in physics.Together with other scientists , physicists
have agreed on a single system of units for the measurement of physical quantities .
A physical quantity is clearly defined with a numerical value and a unit. A physical quantity can be
measured using a standard size called the unit.
Units identify the quantity that has been measured.
The standard size used must
(i) be easily reproduced
(ii) not have its magnitude changed
(iii) be internationally accepted
Although various systems of units have been used over the years, scientists have generally agreed to use the
International System of Units (S.I. Unit).
Units for the base quantities are known as base units, i.e. metre , kilogram, second, kelvin and ampere.
The definition of base units.
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The metre is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1299,792,458 of a
second
The kilogram is the mass of a prototype cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy that is kept
at the International Bereau of Weights and Measures.
The second is 9192631770 periods of a specified radiation from Cesium-133 atoms
The kelvin is 1/ 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water
The ampere is the current carried by two long parallel wires placed one meter apart,
when the attractive force per unit length between two wires is 2 x 10 -7Nm-1.
Prefixes
Prefix is a scientific notation word before the base units and have certain value uses powers of 10.
Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol
1024 yotta Y 10-1 deci d
1021 zetta Z 10-2 centi c
1018 exa E 10-3 milli m
1015 peta P 10-6 micro
1012 tera T 10-9 nano n
109 giga G 10-12 pico p
106 mega M 10-15 femto f
10
3
kilo k 10
-18
atto a102 hecto h 10-21 zepto z
101 deka da 10-24 yocto y
100 One -
Standard Form
The radius of earth 6400000000 mm and the diameter a metal wire is 0.00000045 km. What is the best way
to write these numbers ?
The best way is try to write the numbers in shorthand form.
The shorthand form of writing numbers is called standard form.
In general, the standard form number is
a x 10n
where
and n are positive integers or negative integers.
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so 6 400 000 000 mm becomes 6.4 x 109mm
1.3 Scalar and vector
> A scalar quantity is a physical quantity which has only magnitude. For example, mass, speed(laju), density, pressure, .
> A vector quantity is a physical quantity which has magnitude and direction. For example, force,momentum, velocity (halaju), acceleration .
Graphical representation of vectors
A vector can be represented by a straight arrow,
The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the vector.
The vector points in the direction of the arrow.
Basic principle of vectors
Two vectors P and Q are equal if:
(a) Magnitude of P = magnitude of Q
(b) Direction of P = direction of Q
When a vector P is multiplied by a scalar k, the product is k P and the direction remains the sameas P.
The vector -P has same magnitude with P but comes in the opposite direction.
Sum of vectors
Method 1: Parallelogram of vectors
It two vectors and are represented in magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides OAand OB of a parallelogram OABC, then OC represents their resultant(paduan).
Method 2: Triangle of vectors
Use a suitable scale to draw the first vector.
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From the end of first vector, draw a line to represent the second vector.
Complete the triangle. The line from the beginning of the first vector to the end of the secondvector represents the sum in magnitude and direction.
Example 4
A kite flies in still air is 4.0 ms-1. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity of thekite when the air flows across perpendicularly(serenjang) is 2.5 ms-1. If the distance of the kite is30 m,
what is the time taken for the kite to fly? Calculate the height of the kite from the ground.
Vector 1- direction (yes)
2- magnitude (c2=a2+b2)
c= 4.7m s-1
Principles of vectors
Relative velocity
Let us look at two cases: VA = 10 ms-1 VB = 3 ms
-1.
Case one
The velocity ofA relative to B = (VA VB)
= (10- 3) ms
= 7 ms -1 (in forward direction).
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Case two
The velocity ofB relative to A = (VB VA)
= (3 10) ms
= -7 ms -1 (in backwards direction).
We observe that(VB VA) and (VA VB) are same magnitude but different direction.
Resolving(leraian) vector
A vector R can be considered as the two vectors. R refers to the resultant vectors. There are twomutually perpendicular component Rx and Ry
Example 5
The figure shows 3 forces F1, F2 and F3 acting on a point O. Calculate the resultant force and thedirection of resultant.
F1 F2 F3magnitude 3N 5N 4N
Direction
degree 0 150 240
Resolving X-axis
F1x=+3N
X-axis
F2x=-4.3N
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Y-axis
F1y= 0
Y-axis
F2y =2.5N