(108190963) 66508144 Microelectronic Capsule
Transcript of (108190963) 66508144 Microelectronic Capsule
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O
ur Body is a sensitive system.
any times even doctors aren able to interpret the disease
Th M t . us itbecome too late to cure it.
To remove this problem scientists discovered electronic capsule in
1972. Use of discrete & relatively large components, poor reliability, short
lifetimes & low sensitivity makes it outdated.
To overcome all these problems Professor Jon Cooper and Dr Erik
Johanessen from Glasgow University , U.K has led to the development of
a modern microelectronic pill.
When Microelectronic pill is swallowed, then it will travel through the
Gastro Intestinal Tract & simultaneously perform multi parameter in situ
physiological analysis
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After completing its mission it will come out of the body by normal
bowel movement
The pill is 16mm in diameter & 55mm long weighing around 5 gram
It records parameters like temperature, pH, Conductivity, & Dissolved
Oxygen in real time.
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Capsule endoscopy is a
way to record images of
the digestive tract for
use in medicine.
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The capsule is the size and shape of a pill and contains a
tiny camera. After a patient swallows the capsule, it takes
pictures of the inside of the gastrointestinal tract.
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PARTS
CONTROLCHIP
BIOCOMPATIBLE CAPSULE
ENCASING
MICROSENSOR
RADIO
TRANSMITTE
R
2 SILVER
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OXID E CE LLS
SILICONDIODE
ION-
SELECTIVE
FIELD
EFFECTTRANSISTO
R (ISFET)
DIRECT
CONTACT
GOLD
ELECTRODE
3 ELECTRODE
ELECTROCHE
MICAL CELL
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It measures the body core temperature. Also compensates with the temperature induced signal changes in other sensors.
It also identifies local changes associated with TISSUE INFLAMM A TION & ULCERS.
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The ISFET measures pH.
It can reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels
These abnormalities include :
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Pancreatic disease Hypertension
Inflammatory bowel disease
The activity of fermenting bacteria
The level of acid excretion
Reflux of oesophagus
Effect of GI specific drugs on target organs.
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The pair of direct contact Gold electrodes measures conductivity, by measuring the contents of water &salt absorption, bile secretion & the breakdown of organic components into charged colloids etc. in the GI tract.
Since the gold has best conductivity among all the elements, Therefore it gives true value of conductivity asmeasured.
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The three electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of dissolved oxygen in solution. It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal to the distal GI Tract
It investigates :
Growth of aerobic or bacterial infection
Formation of radicals causing cellular injury & pathophysiological conditions like inflammation &Gastric ulceration.
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It develops 1st
generation enzymes linked with amperometric
biosensors.
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MICRO
ELECTRONIC PILL
CHIP - 1 CHIP - 2 CONTROL CHIP
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A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to
mechanically support and electrically
connect electronic components using
conductive pathways, tracks or traces etched
from copper sheets laminated on to an on-
conductive substrate.
PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly
reliable. However,the space required for
this solution is too big.
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Microelectronics
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Miniaturitzation
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How it all got started...
Microelectronics is related to the study and manufacture or micro fabrication of electronic
components which are very small.
These devices are made from semiconductors.
1947 The Point contacttransistor Bell Labs
1958 The First IC
Texas Instruments
1961 The First
Planar IC Fairchild
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And Finally .
2007 Penryn Intel
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The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that connectstogether other components of the micro system.
It contains an analogue signal conditioning module operating the sensors,10-bit analogue to digital (ADC) & digital to analogue (DAC) converters, & digital data processing
module
The temperature circuitry bias the diode at constant current so that change in temperature reflectsa corresponding change in diode voltage.
The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with
the source voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH.
The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the electrode pair
as an inverse function of solution conductivity.
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An incorporated potentiostat circuit operates the O2
sensor with a 10bit DAC
controlling the working electrode potential w.r.t the reference
Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being digitized by ADC.
ASIC & sensors consume 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA of current.
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Size of transmitter = 853 mm Modulation Scheme = Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbps
Frequency = 40.01 MHz at 20C Bandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHz
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Power Consumption = 12.1 mW Corresponding currentconsumption = 3.9mA Supply Voltage = 3.1 V
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RANGE :
Temperature from 0 to 70C
pH from 1 to 13
Dissolved Oxygen up to 8.2 mg per liter
Conductivity above 0.05 mScm-1
Full scale dynamic Range analogue signal = 2.8 V
ACCURACY :pH channel is around 0.2 unit above the real value
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OxygenSensor is0.4mgL.
Temperature &Conductivityiswithin
1%.
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It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human
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It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human
Very long life of the cells(40 hours), Less Power, Current & Voltage requirement (12.1 mW, 3.9 mA,3.1 V)
Less transmission length & hence has zero noise interference.
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It cannot perform ultrasound & impedance tomography. Cannot detectradiation abnormalities
Cannot perform radiation treatment associated with cancer & chronic inflammation. Micro Electronic Pills are expensive & are not available in many countries.
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Still its size is not digestible to small babies
Further research are being carried out to remove its draw backs.
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VECTOR Capsule: ASIC
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uPinside8kB program memory, 2kB data memoryI2C bus implemented
Additional sensing/actuating capabilities
Vision Sensor Control
WR/RD camera registers via I2C bus
Illumination control Control of
groups of 4 LEDS Programmable
intensity
Interface with RF communications
Reception with specific RX channel
I2C bus for sending messages
Time stamp generation Only2
external capacitors Powering at
3.3V and 1.8V
10MHz external clock
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uPinside8kB program memory, 2kB data memoryI2C bus implemented
Power consumption< 30mW@10MHz
mailto:30mW@10MHzmailto:30mW@10MHz -
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WEB REFERENCE:-
1. http://ubimon.doc.ic.ac.uk/bsn/public/Jon_Cooper.pdf
2. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
3. http://www.forumsains.com
http://www.forumsains.com/http://ubimon.doc.ic.ac.uk/bsn/public/Jon_Cooper.pdfhttp://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/http://www.forumsains.com/ -
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BOOK REFERENCE:-
1. S. Mackay and B. Jacobson, "Endoradiosonde," Nature,
vol. 179, pp.
1239-1240, 1957.
2. H. S. Wolff, "The radio pill," New
Scientist, vol 12, pp. 419-421, 1961.