10.3 Lecture – Industrial Revolution

I. The Industrial Revolution

A. Causes

1. Economic development

2. Population growth

3. Agricultural Revolution

4. Expansion of trade

5. Openness to innovation

B. Industrial revolution started in Britain

1. Long, slow, uneven process in which production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machines.

2. Machine power instead of human or animal power.

3. Spread from Britain throughout Europe, America, and the rest of the world.

4. The Turning Point

a. 1750s – handmade tools, small cottages lit by candlelight, grew own food, made own clothing, minor trade amongst towns.

b. Knew little about the world beyond their town.

c. 1850s – machines influenced the new way of life.

d. No more horse and buggy; now trains and steamships.

e. Improved farming methods created an agricultural revolution.

C. Agricultural Revolution

1. Farming fields change; farming with domestic animals was the old way.

2. Improvement occurred with the Dutch

a. Made better use of the land.

b. Placed seeds in rows rather than everywhere.

3. Enclosed the land with fences and hedges.

a. Enclosures/Enclosure Movement

1. The process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasants.

2. Large fields where landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields.

i) landowners tried new agricultural methods.

ii) Large land owners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to cities.

b. Seed Drill Invention of 1701

1. Jethro Tull saw that scattering seeds across the ground was wasteful.

i) Many seeds failed to take root.

2. New Inventions sowed seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths.

c. Crop Rotation

1. A system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.

d. Increase in breeding animals with the improvement of breeding the best animal instead of the entire herd.

1. As food increased people lived longer and also improved living conditions.

4. Food that grew well and found to be popular was the potato.

5. Able to grow good crops to feed animals, which gave milk, cheese, and meat.

a. Manure from animals fertilized the soil from other crops.

D. Population Growth

1. Population rose slowly at first and increased rapidly.

a. Faster growth took place in England and Wales.

2. Widespread resistance to disease and a more reliable food source coming from the Americas.

a. Reduced the risk of famine.

b. Better nutrition, hygiene, sanitation, medical care, all slowed the death rate and disease.

c. Life expectancy increased.

3. More job opportunities.

4. More people got married at earlier ages and had more children.

a. Higher birth rate increased a young population.

b. Wide use of child labor.

5. People migrated from the country sides.

a. Ireland to England.

b. England to the Americas.

E. New Technology

1. New sources of energy, along with new materials enables business owners to change the ways work was done.

2. Roads were improved so stagecoaches could travel faster.

3. A lot of local trade occurred, but for goods like tea and sugar required extensive shipping.

4. Technology and innovation fascinated educated people throughout Europe and Eastern North America.

a. France and Britain sent out expeditions around the world to collect plants that could be grown in colonies.

b. Many machines were developed to help in the textile industry, farming, and factories.

II. Britain leads the Industrial Revolution

A. First nation to industrialize and become a model for other

countries in and around the world.

B. Why Britain?

1. Britain had a rising standard of living during the 18th century.

a. Good harvests

b. Growing population, large population of workers.

c. Extensive natural resources.

d. Booming overseas trade.

2. Industrialization

a. Defined – process of developing machine production of goods that required resources.

1. Resources in Britain

i) Water power and coal to fuel new machines.

ii) Iron ore to construct machines and buildings.

iii) Rivers for inland transportation

iv) Harbors from which merchant ships set sail.

3. World’s leading exports of tools, gun, hardware, clocks and other craft goods.

a. Mining and metal industry.

b. Largest merchant marine producing ships, naval supplies, and navigation instruments.

4. Large expanding economy

a. British trade prospered

b. Investment in manufacturing of new inventions.

c. Capital

1. Wealth to invest in enterprises such as shipping, mines, RR, and factories.

d. General economic prosperity also helped make the new consumer goods affordable to members of every

social class.

e. Highly developed banking system

1. People encouraged to take out loans to expand industrialization.

5. Military success in wars fought

6. Factors of Production

a. Resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required.

1. Land

2. Labor

3. Capital (wealth)

C. Political and Social Changes

1. Aristocracy was less powerful and social classes were not strictly drawn.

2. Wealth bought a seat in Parliament and social status.

3. Textile Industry

a. First industry to be transformed was textile.

1. Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the process by which spinners and weavers made cloth.

b. Eli Whitney created the cotton gin, which multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned.

c. Many inventions created allowed for faster production.

d. Textile industry taken out of the home and wealthy merchants placed people and machines into a factory.

1. First factories built need waterpower so many were built by rivers and streams.

e. Factories brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods.

D. Transportation/Technological Advancements

1. Trade was frequent with regions specializing in specific areas and trading around the country.

2. Overseas trade occurred in the Americas, West Africa, the Middle East, and India.

3. Industrialization took hold in Belgium and Northern France, as businessmen visited Britain to observe the changes and spy out industrial secrets.

4. Continental Europe

a. Desired to stimulate their own country’s industries.

1. Created technical schools.

2. Eliminated internal tariff barriers, tools, and other hindrances to trade.

3. Improved banking systems to invest in industrial inventions and work.

4. Resources present were iron, cotton, steam engines, and railroads.

5. Technology Revolution

a. Mass Production

1. The making of many identical items by breaking the process into simple repetitive tasks.

b. Division of labor

1. Allowed for companies to lower the cost of products while improving their quality.

c. Cotton Industry

1. Mechanization – the use of machines to do work previously done by hand.

2. Many inventions were created during the time that the cotton industry was becoming a large industry.

i) Spinning Jenny

- 1764, mechanically drew out the cotton givers and twisted them into thread.

ii) Water Frame

- 1769, produced thread strong enough to be used without Linen.

- Required as a source of power, the water wheel

d. Advantages to Mechanization

1. Increased productivity for the manufacturer.

2. Lower prices for the consumer.

e. Where cotton came from, British colonies.

1. America – South Carolina

2. India

f. Cotton Gin

1. Created by Eli Whitney

2. A simple device that separated the bolls or seed pods from the fiber and made growing cotton economical.

3. By the late 1850s, all the Southern states in the US were producing cotton.

g. Iron Industry

1. Very expensive

2. Rare and valuable due to limited wood supplies and the high cost of skilled labor.

3. New techniques and inventions were created to lower the cost and protect the environment.

4. Development of interchangeable parts.

i) Produced identical parts in the manufacturing of firearms, farm equipment, and sewing machines.

6. Transportation in depth

a. Steam engine

1. James Watt created a more efficient steam engine that worked faster while burning less fuel.

i) Worked with Matthew Bourton to continue efforts of improved steam engines.

2. A substitute for human and animal power as well as for wind and water power.

3. Steam generated energy appeared to be an inexhaustible source of power.

4. Steamboats were launched on rivers to link trade and travel.

i) Transported raw materials and finished goods.

b. Road Transportation

1. Created roadbeds with a large layer of large stones for drainage.

i) Avoid sinking into the mud.

ii) Creation of tollgates to keep up the costs of the roads.

c. Railroads

1. Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport material and finished products.

2. Linked towns and mines with the nearest harbor or waterway.

3. Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and mines.

4. Boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities.

5. Cheaper, faster, and more comfortable than stagecoaches.

6. Encouraged country people to take distant city jobs or take trips to the countryside.

7. United States

i) Railroads opened up the Midwest, turning the vast prairie into wheat fields and pasture for cattle to feed the industrial cities of Eastern United States.

8. Stimulated the iron, machinery, and construction industries.

d. Communication over Wires

1. Electric telegraph – used by railroads

i) Allowed telegraph companies to string wires along the tracks in exchange for the right to send telegrams from station to station announcing the departure and arrival of trains.

2. Safer and more efficient

3. No longer wire communications limited to the speed of a sailing ship, a galloping horse, or a fast moving train.

III. Industrialization Spreads

A. United States

1. Possessed the same natural resources as Britain.

a. Fast-flowing rivers.

b. Rich deposits of coal, iron, ore.

c. Supply of laborers made up of farm workers and immigrants.

B. Began first in the textile industry

1. Britain wanted to keep new inventions a secret so no one could leave the country.

a. Samuel Slatee escaped and brought his ideas to the US

1. Built a spinning machine.

2. Young women flocked from their rural homes to work as mill girls in factory towns.

a. Made higher wages and gained independence

b. 12 hour day, 6 days a week

c. Often worked in factories instead of being a servant at home.

d. Only job available to women at this time.

3. Expansion

a. Technological boom

1. Wealth of natural resources

2. Burst of inventions

3. Swelling urban population

4. Railroads began to connect cities and states that began to develop westward.

b. Stocks were created to expand industries and ownership in the various businesses.

c. Development of Corporations

1. A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

2. Large business owners lowered wages on factory workers to increase their profits.

i) Example – Rockefeller and Carnegie

C. Other Countries Industrialization Process

1. France

a. Wanted to start an industrial revolution, but there was a slow pace due to Napoleon setting France back from war and destruction of the economy and government.

1. Halted trade

2. Interrupted communication

3. Inflation

b. Railway and mining were the two forms of industry that helped France created an impact in the Industrial

Revolution.

2. Belgium

a. Similar to the United States in their Industrial Revolution.

3. Germany

a. Politically divided

b. Industrialization began in pickets around the country.

c. Germany copied many of the ways Britain was accomplishing their industrial revolution.

d. Railroad, coal, iron, and textile emerged and grew in Germany.

e. Built railroads to connect major cities.

f. Strong economy helped to created a military power.

4. Japan

a. Occurred through the fleet of the US

b. Open island trading

c. Merchant fleet developed along with foreign trade.

d. Financed textile mills, coal mines, shipyards, cement, and other factories.

e. New companies developed

1. Example – Mitsubishi

f. Strong economy that helped to created a military power and imperialism in Asia.

D. Impact of Industrialization

1. Shifted the world balance of power

a. Increased competition between industrialized nations and poverty in the less-developed nations.

b. Industrialized countries viewed poor countries as markets for their manufactured products.

2. Industrial Revolution lead to Imperialism

a. Imperialism – policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands, which made wealthy countries even more rich.

b. Born out of the cycle of industrialization, the need for resources to supply the factories of Europe, and the development of new markets around the world.

3. Transformation of Society

a. Agriculture, production, transportation, and communication.

b. Economic power

c. Improved life expectancy

d. Population increase

e. Health increased

f. Wealth increased

g. Democratic societies with a middle class

1. Education for many

2. Political involvement

3. Social Reform