1 UNITIZATION. 2 UNITISATION Unit load – quantity of material either in full or individual items,...

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UNITIZATIONUNITIZATION

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UNITISATIONUNITISATION Unit load – quantity of material Unit load – quantity of material

either in full or individual items, either in full or individual items, assembled and if necessary assembled and if necessary restrained to permit handling as a restrained to permit handling as a single object e.g cartons, palletsingle object e.g cartons, pallet

Traditional methods of moving Traditional methods of moving goods – involved much handling, goods – involved much handling, packing, loading, unloading, packing, loading, unloading, transhipping, repacking, reloading transhipping, repacking, reloading etcetc

ISO container – basic tool for ISO container – basic tool for movement of merchandise by seamovement of merchandise by sea

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Reasons for UnitisationReasons for Unitisation

Reduce transit timeReduce transit time More predictable transit timesMore predictable transit times Improved productivity of transhipment Improved productivity of transhipment

staff e.g. dockersstaff e.g. dockers Improved productivity of shipImproved productivity of ship Reduce storage in warehouseReduce storage in warehouse Easy storage and handlingEasy storage and handling Reduce damage and pilferageReduce damage and pilferage Allow safer working practice to be usedAllow safer working practice to be used Enable to use mechanical handlingEnable to use mechanical handling

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Application of UnitisationApplication of Unitisation

Its application not always Its application not always standardstandard

Professional house removal e.g Professional house removal e.g packing boxes, small standard packing boxes, small standard containerscontainers

Delivering 20-tonne payload Delivering 20-tonne payload service to supermarketservice to supermarket

Use of ISO containers and their Use of ISO containers and their complimentary equipment i.e complimentary equipment i.e pallets and fork lift truckspallets and fork lift trucks

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Types of UnitisationTypes of Unitisation

7 main types of unitisation7 main types of unitisation

- ISO Container- ISO Container

- Pallet- Pallet

- Demountable- Demountable

- RO/RO Trailer- RO/RO Trailer

- Roll Cage- Roll Cage

- Rigid Cage- Rigid Cage

- Skips- Skips

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ISO ContainerISO Container- It revolutionised port operations - It revolutionised port operations & ocean-going shipping since 1960& ocean-going shipping since 1960- Basic concept is strong box: 8ft & 20ft- Basic concept is strong box: 8ft & 20ft

or 40ft longor 40ft long- Height not been standardized,- Height not been standardized, majority are 8ft or 8.5ft highmajority are 8ft or 8.5ft high- Difference in height cause a major- Difference in height cause a major problem in container operationproblem in container operation- Complete movement system: Cellular- Complete movement system: Cellular ship, ports & cranes, infrastructure toship, ports & cranes, infrastructure to

ensure delivery to final destinationensure delivery to final destination


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ISO ContainerISO Container- Goods (stuffed) may be palletized or - Goods (stuffed) may be palletized or

load manually by handload manually by hand- It depends on space penalty and- It depends on space penalty and

labour costlabour cost- Almost totally secure from damage &- Almost totally secure from damage & pilferage, accepted by customspilferage, accepted by customs worldwide & easy multimodal worldwide & easy multimodal transportationtransportation- Air movement by ISO containers is- Air movement by ISO containers is rarerare


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High Cube Container High Cube Container

General Purpose (GP) General Purpose (GP) Container Container

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PalletPallet- One of the most basic items of any - One of the most basic items of any

material handling systemmaterial handling system- Main function is to maintain a gap - Main function is to maintain a gap

between the floor and the load to bebetween the floor and the load to be handledhandled

- Revolutionised & streamlined the- Revolutionised & streamlined the movement of goodsmovement of goods

- Allows goods to be loaded in units- Allows goods to be loaded in units instead of individualinstead of individual


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PalletPallet- - Machine compatible for movement, Machine compatible for movement,

storage, loading and unloading bystorage, loading and unloading by mechanical meansmechanical means

- Enables goods to be stored in racking- Enables goods to be stored in racking within warehouse ensuring good use of within warehouse ensuring good use of spacespace

- Most pallets are wooden, unsuitable for- Most pallets are wooden, unsuitable for certain types of goodscertain types of goods

- Hard plastics pallets are available but at- Hard plastics pallets are available but at an extra costan extra cost


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DemountableDemountable- This system is often used for- This system is often used for products which are bulky, difficult toproducts which are bulky, difficult to unload quickly & need to beunload quickly & need to be protected from rain e.g. mattressesprotected from rain e.g. mattresses- Have a demountable body on a rigid- Have a demountable body on a rigid lorrylorry- The body fitted with landing legs for- The body fitted with landing legs for loading or discharge in a yardloading or discharge in a yard- It is detachable from the vehicle- It is detachable from the vehicle which carries it by a simple jackwhich carries it by a simple jack arrangement, the lorry chassis to be drivenarrangement, the lorry chassis to be driven away to pick up another loadaway to pick up another load


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RO/RO TrailerRO/RO Trailer- - Semi trailers used as part of an articulatedSemi trailers used as part of an articulated lorry combination which “rolls on” to a shiplorry combination which “rolls on” to a ship or a train and “rolls off” at the other end ofor a train and “rolls off” at the other end of sea or rail leg, continue its movement bysea or rail leg, continue its movement by roadroad- - Piggyback rail routes, movements through Piggyback rail routes, movements through long rail tunnels, RO/RO trailers are long rail tunnels, RO/RO trailers are alternative form of unit load to containeralternative form of unit load to container- “Accompanied RO/RO”: tractor unit &- “Accompanied RO/RO”: tractor unit & driver go with semi trailer (short distance)driver go with semi trailer (short distance)- - “Unaccompanied RO/RO” movements are“Unaccompanied RO/RO” movements are used for long hauls by sea or rail e.g. Newused for long hauls by sea or rail e.g. New York to ChicagoYork to Chicago


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Roll CageRoll Cage- Most extensively used by the retail- Most extensively used by the retail distribution industrydistribution industry- It comes in all shapes and sizes and is- It comes in all shapes and sizes and is generally collapsiblegenerally collapsible- Usually compatible for movement by- Usually compatible for movement by machinemachine- It takes up minimal space when nested- It takes up minimal space when nested awaiting collectionawaiting collection- Very expensive & high maintenance- Very expensive & high maintenance- It requires good surface for loading &- It requires good surface for loading & unloadingunloading- Susceptible to theft and even sold as scrap- Susceptible to theft and even sold as scrap metalmetal


Example for Roll CageExample for Roll Cage

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Rigid Cage (Rigid Steel Cage)Rigid Cage (Rigid Steel Cage)- - Used by many manufacturingUsed by many manufacturing companies which require a robustcompanies which require a robust system of unitisation for movingsystem of unitisation for moving stock and materialsstock and materials- Usually same dimension across the- Usually same dimension across the base as palletbase as pallet- Can be stacked in vehicles, racking,- Can be stacked in vehicles, racking, on the floor (warehouse)on the floor (warehouse)- - Durable, machine compatible, easyDurable, machine compatible, easy to restrainto restrain


Rigid CageRigid Cage

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SkipsSkips

- A simple form of containerisation- A simple form of containerisation

- Slow and spasmodic loading- Slow and spasmodic loading

- Full load can easily lifted by- Full load can easily lifted by

tipper lorry for depositing at atipper lorry for depositing at a

suitable sitesuitable site

- Normally for commercial waste,- Normally for commercial waste,

contractors’ spoil, domesticcontractors’ spoil, domestic

refuse from blocks of flatsrefuse from blocks of flats


Example of SkipsExample of Skips

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ROUTE OR MODE OF CHOICE OF ROUTE OR MODE OF TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

The Nature of GoodsThe Nature of Goods The Time FactorThe Time Factor Route Availability & FrequencyRoute Availability & Frequency Contractual & Other LimitationsContractual & Other Limitations Strikes, Wars and Climate FactorsStrikes, Wars and Climate Factors Limitations of the Modes of TransportLimitations of the Modes of Transport Limitations of the Terminals, including Limitations of the Terminals, including

the efficiency of agentsthe efficiency of agents

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The Nature of GoodsThe Nature of Goods

Can affects choice of transportCan affects choice of transport Some goods are: too broad; too high; Some goods are: too broad; too high;

too long; too heavy to send by roadtoo long; too heavy to send by road Weight is very important I travel by airWeight is very important I travel by air Size of railway tunnel decides the Size of railway tunnel decides the

carriage by container i.e. 8 ft(w) X 8.5 carriage by container i.e. 8 ft(w) X 8.5 ft (h)ft (h)

Goods nature: heavy lifts, value, Goods nature: heavy lifts, value, pilferability, fragility, perishability, pilferability, fragility, perishability, livestock, hazardous cargolivestock, hazardous cargo

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The Nature of Goods-Heavy LiftsThe Nature of Goods-Heavy Lifts

- Some problems of indivisible heavy loads:- Some problems of indivisible heavy loads: weight; dimension (length, width, height)weight; dimension (length, width, height)

- These problems require specialist heavy lift- These problems require specialist heavy lift haulier to handlehaulier to handle

- Special heavy lift is required to handle- Special heavy lift is required to handle indivisible heavy load e.g double steeringindivisible heavy load e.g double steering vehiclevehicle

- Major ports have either fixed or floating- Major ports have either fixed or floating heavy lift facilitiesheavy lift facilities

- Vessels carrying heavy lift has own facilities- Vessels carrying heavy lift has own facilities (gear) to handle such cargoes e.g. ‘jumbo’(gear) to handle such cargoes e.g. ‘jumbo’ derricksderricks

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- Pick up and put ashore is another problem as Pick up and put ashore is another problem as quays have a maximum load capacityquays have a maximum load capacity

- Nowadays, RO/RO method is used to handle Nowadays, RO/RO method is used to handle heavy liftsheavy lifts

- Pre-booked at true weight is absolutely Pre-booked at true weight is absolutely important to justify cranes and derricks important to justify cranes and derricks capacity (SWL-Safe Working Load)capacity (SWL-Safe Working Load)

- Most liner tariffs & port charges take into Most liner tariffs & port charges take into account a heavy lift surchargeaccount a heavy lift surcharge

- Heavy lift on railway locomotive is securely Heavy lift on railway locomotive is securely lashedlashed

- Dimensions not a major problem for carriage Dimensions not a major problem for carriage by sea or rail transportby sea or rail transport

- For road transport, demensions are fairly For road transport, demensions are fairly crucialcrucial

The Nature of Goods-Heavy LiftsThe Nature of Goods-Heavy Lifts

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- The more valuable, the higher freight The more valuable, the higher freight chargescharges

- The speedier the transit, the greater The speedier the transit, the greater the saving i.e. less interest on capital & the saving i.e. less interest on capital & lower insurance premiumlower insurance premium

- Security is important for high value Security is important for high value cargoescargoes

- Exporter must select a transport Exporter must select a transport system with the smallest number of system with the smallest number of intermediate handlingintermediate handling

- In certain cases, specialist security In certain cases, specialist security service may be used i.e. police ascortservice may be used i.e. police ascort

The Nature of Goods-ValueThe Nature of Goods-Value

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- Goods need not be very valuable Goods need not be very valuable to be pilferedto be pilfered

- If goods are desirable and readily If goods are desirable and readily accessible, it is sufficiently accessible, it is sufficiently tempting e.g. packed chocolatetempting e.g. packed chocolate

- Once opened, it may suffer further Once opened, it may suffer further pilferage due to constant attractionpilferage due to constant attraction

- Containerization has certainly Containerization has certainly helped reduce such losseshelped reduce such losses

The Nature of Goods-PilferabilityThe Nature of Goods-Pilferability

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- Fragile consignments require Fragile consignments require special packing & handling e.g. special packing & handling e.g. glassglass

- Some electronic equipments Some electronic equipments which is highly sensitive to engine which is highly sensitive to engine vibrations, turbine vessel is vibrations, turbine vessel is recommended rather than a recommended rather than a motor shipmotor ship

The Nature of Goods-FragilityThe Nature of Goods-Fragility

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- Refrigerated & cool chamber facilities Refrigerated & cool chamber facilities are required to handle perishable are required to handle perishable goodsgoods

- Item such as newspaper & fashion Item such as newspaper & fashion wear are best sent by air freightwear are best sent by air freight

- Road haulage operators carrying Road haulage operators carrying perishable foodstuff under perishable foodstuff under refrigeration to and/or through most refrigeration to and/or through most European states must comply with the European states must comply with the European ATP agreementEuropean ATP agreement

- ATP regulations specify the minimum ATP regulations specify the minimum ‘lay down’ temperature (must ‘lay down’ temperature (must maintain) and transit time must not maintain) and transit time must not exceed 48 hrsexceed 48 hrs

The Nature of Goods-PerishabilityThe Nature of Goods-Perishability

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- All frozen meat product require All frozen meat product require official Veterinary Certificatesofficial Veterinary Certificates

- All imported food are subject to All imported food are subject to inspection by Health & Food inspection by Health & Food Inspectors employed by the local Inspectors employed by the local authorityauthority

The Nature of Goods-PerishabilityThe Nature of Goods-Perishability

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- Most large airports have their own Most large airports have their own livestock reception areas including livestock reception areas including Veterinary ServicesVeterinary Services

- In ship, livestock is usually carried as In ship, livestock is usually carried as deck cargodeck cargo

- Veterinary certificates to show animal Veterinary certificates to show animal has a clean bill of health have to be has a clean bill of health have to be providedprovided

- Vaccination Certificates may be Vaccination Certificates may be necessarynecessary

- Exporter must ensure compliance of Exporter must ensure compliance of animal importations regulationsanimal importations regulations

The Nature of Goods-LivestockThe Nature of Goods-Livestock

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- Board of Trade regulates carriage of Board of Trade regulates carriage of dangerous goods (DG) by sea in “Blue Book”dangerous goods (DG) by sea in “Blue Book”

- International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Maritime Organization (IMO) come out more recent four-volume come out more recent four-volume International Maritime Dangerous Goods International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG), the regulations for carriage of Code (IMDG), the regulations for carriage of DG by roadDG by road

- ADR is international agreement on the ADR is international agreement on the carriage of DG by road (1968); on road traffic carriage of DG by road (1968); on road traffic in road tankers & tank containers (revised in road tankers & tank containers (revised 1992); classification, packaging, labelling of 1992); classification, packaging, labelling of dangerous substances in packages dangerous substances in packages regulations (1984)regulations (1984)

The Nature of Goods-Hazardous The Nature of Goods-Hazardous CargoCargo

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Information required for full Information required for full compliance:-compliance:-- Name of Vessel- Name of Vessel- Ports of loading & discharge- Ports of loading & discharge- Number, kind & size of individual- Number, kind & size of individual

packages and total quantity (gross &packages and total quantity (gross & net weight in kg)net weight in kg)

- Proper shipping name of substance- Proper shipping name of substance (as defined in IMDG code)(as defined in IMDG code)

- Classification of substance (IMO) e.g.- Classification of substance (IMO) e.g. poison gaspoison gas

- UN number of substance- UN number of substance


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Information required for full compliance Information required for full compliance (c’ntd):-(c’ntd):-

- Properties of substance- Properties of substance

- Marine pollutant (if applicable)- Marine pollutant (if applicable)

- Packaging group- Packaging group

- Flashpoint (if any)- Flashpoint (if any)


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- Information submitted on DG Shipping Note Information submitted on DG Shipping Note incorporates DG packing certificate signed by packer incorporates DG packing certificate signed by packer & exporter& exporter

- Certificate states thatCertificate states that- Container fit to received goods- Container fit to received goods- No incompatible substances packed into the - No incompatible substances packed into the

containercontainer- All packages were inspected & found to be sound- All packages were inspected & found to be sound- Container & packages are properly marked- Container & packages are properly marked

& labeled& labeled- Packages have been properly secured in the- Packages have been properly secured in the

containercontainer- DG declaration has been received and completed - DG declaration has been received and completed forfor

each dangerous consignment packed in theeach dangerous consignment packed in the containercontainer


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- If DG only part of the loads (in If DG only part of the loads (in container), it normally stowed close to container), it normally stowed close to doors areadoors area

- To mark & label all packages (tested) To mark & label all packages (tested) with IMDG code showing the with IMDG code showing the contents, the principal and secondary contents, the principal and secondary hazardshazards

- Container needs to be marked on Container needs to be marked on each side and both ends including the each side and both ends including the class number & the UN numberclass number & the UN number

- Notify carrier at pre-booking for dirty Notify carrier at pre-booking for dirty substancessubstances

The Nature of Goods-The Nature of Goods-Hazardous CargoHazardous Cargo

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Hazardous Cargo DescriptionHazardous Cargo Description- Corrosives- Corrosives- Poisons- Poisons- Substances liable to spontaneous- Substances liable to spontaneous

combustioncombustion- Substances liable to react on- Substances liable to react on

exposure to air or waterexposure to air or water- Substances with a low flashpoint- Substances with a low flashpoint- Compressed gases- Compressed gases- Radioactive materials- Radioactive materials- Magnetic materials- Magnetic materials

The Nature of Goods-The Nature of Goods-Hazardous CargoHazardous Cargo

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The department of Trade & Industries The department of Trade & Industries ‘Blue Book’ & regulations cover ‘Blue Book’ & regulations cover carriage of HC by sea, detailing:carriage of HC by sea, detailing:

- Inner & outer packaging- Inner & outer packaging

- Amount per package- Amount per package

- Marking- Marking

- Stowage- Stowage

- Amount per stow- Amount per stow

- Type of vessel which can carry such- Type of vessel which can carry such

cargoescargoes

The Nature of Goods-The Nature of Goods-Hazardous Cargo (HC)Hazardous Cargo (HC)

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HC cargo must be pre-booked & to HC cargo must be pre-booked & to issue three-part stowage by Cargo issue three-part stowage by Cargo Superintendent loading the vesselSuperintendent loading the vessel

- 1- 1stst copy – send to the docks & copy – send to the docks &

advises when the cargo is to beadvises when the cargo is to be

delivereddelivered

- 2- 2ndnd copy – returned to the shipper copy – returned to the shipper

and then forwarded to the docks withand then forwarded to the docks with

the cargothe cargo

- 3- 3rdrd copy – retained by the cargo copy – retained by the cargo

superintendentsuperintendent


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- DG shipment requires a seven page DGN DG shipment requires a seven page DGN (Dangerous Goods Note)(Dangerous Goods Note)

- Shipper responsible to give all the relevant Shipper responsible to give all the relevant details: correct technical name; hazard & details: correct technical name; hazard & UN numberUN number

- Shipper also responsible to ensure all DGs Shipper also responsible to ensure all DGs are properly packed & labeled (marked with are properly packed & labeled (marked with technical name & UN number) so that it technical name & UN number) so that it receives safe handling & proper stowage receives safe handling & proper stowage during transitduring transit

- ADR is the European agreement concerning ADR is the European agreement concerning the international carriage of DGs by roadthe international carriage of DGs by road

- ADR lays down standard for packing & ADR lays down standard for packing & labeling of DG and also special conditions labeling of DG and also special conditions covering the vehicle e.g. tankers – to be covering the vehicle e.g. tankers – to be certified that it has been built & maintained certified that it has been built & maintained to ADR standardsto ADR standards


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The Time FactorThe Time Factor

Affects the choice of a mode of Affects the choice of a mode of transporttransport

Speedier transit means less Speedier transit means less warehousing at destination e.g. 2 warehousing at destination e.g. 2 weeks replacement of stock vs 4 re-weeks replacement of stock vs 4 re-order pointsorder points

Re-order points is a minimum stock Re-order points is a minimum stock level of which new orders must be level of which new orders must be placedplaced

If speed or transit increased, If speed or transit increased, minimum stock level can be reduced, minimum stock level can be reduced, saving warehouse space & inventory saving warehouse space & inventory costs such as depreciation & financecosts such as depreciation & finance

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Possible gain arising from earlier use of Possible gain arising from earlier use of goods e.g. machinery, deliver early goods e.g. machinery, deliver early (speedier transport), install & use early(speedier transport), install & use early

Emergency shipment to facilitate the repair Emergency shipment to facilitate the repair of a ship awaiting of spare part is an obvious of a ship awaiting of spare part is an obvious example of time factor (paramount example of time factor (paramount important)important)

New generation of container vessel can New generation of container vessel can actually offer faster delivery than their latest actually offer faster delivery than their latest competitor, the Trans-Siberian railwaycompetitor, the Trans-Siberian railway

Combination of both sea & air services e..g. Combination of both sea & air services e..g. Flying Tiger Service – Far East to San Flying Tiger Service – Far East to San Francisco (by sea), San Francisco to Francisco (by sea), San Francisco to Eastern USA (by air)Eastern USA (by air)

The Time FactorThe Time Factor

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Route Availability & FrequencyRoute Availability & Frequency Another factor which is changing Another factor which is changing

as new services begin operations as new services begin operations to more & more destinationsto more & more destinations

Routes reflect traditional patterns Routes reflect traditional patterns of transportof transport

New concept & transport system New concept & transport system can give impact on routescan give impact on routes

E.g. Development of container E.g. Development of container ship – fast turn around, short sea ship – fast turn around, short sea routes & trade-diverting activities routes & trade-diverting activities to avoid costly patterns by using to avoid costly patterns by using unimportant portsunimportant ports

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Growing number of alternative Growing number of alternative routes/modes which are now available to routes/modes which are now available to most destinationsmost destinations

Transport revolution in the past 3 decades Transport revolution in the past 3 decades emphasis on increasing capacities of emphasis on increasing capacities of various modes, unitisation & speedier turn-various modes, unitisation & speedier turn-around at terminiaround at termini

Growing application of computers (IT) to Growing application of computers (IT) to carrier & forwarding operators reinforce carrier & forwarding operators reinforce competitioncompetition

Increasing in ro/ro operations at smaller Increasing in ro/ro operations at smaller ports and short sea crossing contributed to ports and short sea crossing contributed to route availabilityroute availability

Route Availability & FrequencyRoute Availability & Frequency

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Route Availability & FrequencyRoute Availability & Frequency

Transhipment, unitisation, modern Transhipment, unitisation, modern aircraft, air/sea combination services aircraft, air/sea combination services contribute to speedier turn-around at contribute to speedier turn-around at termini and resulted more voyages per termini and resulted more voyages per yearyear

Comprehensive & up-to-date freight Comprehensive & up-to-date freight guide is appreciatedguide is appreciated

ABC Freight Guide gives a ABC Freight Guide gives a comprehensive coverage of road, rail, comprehensive coverage of road, rail, sea and air services in all ports of the sea and air services in all ports of the United KingdomUnited Kingdom

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Contractual & Other LimitationsContractual & Other Limitations

Agent must consider principal’s wishes as Agent must consider principal’s wishes as regards to routeregards to route

Non-conference vessel may break Non-conference vessel may break contractual obligations with a freight contractual obligations with a freight conferenceconference

Some country have flag discrimination i.e. Some country have flag discrimination i.e. cargo had not been carried in a ship of the cargo had not been carried in a ship of the nationality of the importer not allowed to nationality of the importer not allowed to berthberth

Compliance of the letter of credit (LOC) Compliance of the letter of credit (LOC) requirementsrequirements

Bank refused to accept an airway bill Bank refused to accept an airway bill instead of bill of lading due to non-instead of bill of lading due to non-amendment of LOC (sea to air for urgent amendment of LOC (sea to air for urgent shipment)shipment)

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Strikes, Wars and Climate FactorsStrikes, Wars and Climate Factors

Major dock strikes could interrupt Major dock strikes could interrupt transit of goodstransit of goods

Civil wars, political embargoes Civil wars, political embargoes could influence the choice of could influence the choice of route or mode of transportroute or mode of transport

Ice, monsoons, fogs or Ice, monsoons, fogs or hurricanes may delay or closure hurricanes may delay or closure at certain portsat certain ports

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Limitation of the Modes of Limitation of the Modes of TransportTransport

Rail has a set of track or Rail has a set of track or permanent waypermanent way

Air freight charges are highAir freight charges are high Sea transport can cause Sea transport can cause

extensive delays due to adverse extensive delays due to adverse weather, fog or icingweather, fog or icing

Road transport (for goods & Road transport (for goods & passenger) compete for space passenger) compete for space and priorityand priority

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Limitation of the Terminal, Limitation of the Terminal, including the efficiency of agentsincluding the efficiency of agents

Climate & tidal factors may influence Climate & tidal factors may influence both in the port approaches & along both in the port approaches & along the berththe berth

Relationship of the port to natural Relationship of the port to natural trade routes both by land & sea i.e. trade routes both by land & sea i.e. nature of hinterland & the respective nature of hinterland & the respective transport links such as railways, transport links such as railways, roads, canals, pipelines or riversroads, canals, pipelines or rivers

Containerization & development of Containerization & development of multimodal operations, conference multimodal operations, conference ports retain traffic.ports retain traffic.

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Limitation of the Terminal, including Limitation of the Terminal, including the efficiency of agentsthe efficiency of agents Availability of freeport facilities are Availability of freeport facilities are

ideal for both entrepot & transhipment ideal for both entrepot & transhipment traffictraffic

Cheap bunkering is another factor Cheap bunkering is another factor which attract vessels to a portwhich attract vessels to a port

Cargo handling & storage facilities Cargo handling & storage facilities vary enormously even between major vary enormously even between major portsports

For example, America ports have 1For example, America ports have 1stst class specialist cranage facilities for class specialist cranage facilities for ore discharge or container handling ore discharge or container handling but they do not provide appropriate but they do not provide appropriate crane for general cargo handlingcrane for general cargo handling

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Storage facilities such as open storage, Storage facilities such as open storage, unpacked car yard are importantunpacked car yard are important

Specialist storage such as tank farms, grain Specialist storage such as tank farms, grain silos, refrigerated stores & bonded silos, refrigerated stores & bonded warehouse are also important featureswarehouse are also important features

Availability of groupage facilitiesAvailability of groupage facilities- First appeared on the transport when IATA- First appeared on the transport when IATA

air consolidators (i.e. freight forwarder)air consolidators (i.e. freight forwarder) dispatched consignment with a common dispatched consignment with a common destinationdestination

- Advantage: lower freight rate, save the- Advantage: lower freight rate, save the airline paperworkairline paperwork

Limitation of the Terminal, including Limitation of the Terminal, including the efficiency of agentsthe efficiency of agents

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The Nature of Goods, the Time The Nature of Goods, the Time Factor, Route Availability & Factor, Route Availability & Frequency, Contract, Facilities, Frequency, Contract, Facilities, Bunkering, Strikes, Wars, the Bunkering, Strikes, Wars, the efficiency of agents and efficiency of agents and seamless connectivity among seamless connectivity among others, influence the choice of others, influence the choice of Routes and Modes of Transport. Routes and Modes of Transport. Discuss.Discuss.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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1 UNITIZATION. 2 UNITISATION Unit load – quantity of material either in full or individual items,...

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Transcript of 1 UNITIZATION. 2 UNITISATION Unit load – quantity of material either in full or individual items,...