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The Industrial Revolution From

Agriculture

To Industrialization By

Marvin L. Scott

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Learning the craft, perfecting the skill The apprentice and master craftsman

Male head of the household Male head of the business

Teach sons/boys craft they become apprentice Learn the entire craft, all of the parts that constitute

producing the final good Apprentice has the ability at the end to open and run

his own shop as a master craftsman. Apprentice lives and works with craftsman’ family.

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Changes in the apprentice family

Apprentice lives and works with the master craftsman and his family.

Burden of feeding and providing for child is lifted from the apprentice family.

The apprentice provides free labor to the master craftsman and his family in exchange for the knowledge he gains.

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Changes to Family through Industrialization Skilled Artisan (Craftsmen)

move out of the home into shops.

Women gain more power over the home and children.

Women, young girls in early factories

Industrialist (capitalist) need workers, show concern, demonstrate compassion.

Skilled Artisan (Craftsmen) will move out of the shops, replaced by improvements, technology.

Competition between skilled and unskilled laborers for jobs in factories

Men working in factories, selling labor instead of products, alienated

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Immigration to the United States Influx of immigrants from Germany,

Ireland, Italy, western European Nations

1850-1860 nearly 1. million German people come to the United States

They are escaping persecution for failed revolts.

1845-1860 1.5 million Irish people come to the United States

They are escaping the famine, potatoes blight in Ireland

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Immigration to the United States New arrivals chasing the American Dream

Land of Milk and Honey

Major cities, Chicago, New York, etc huge settlements

Bring their culture, building styles, and traditions to the United States

Germans (Christmas Trees)

Irish (song and Dances)

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Ethnic Enclaves

Creation of Ethnic Enclaves An area where most of the

residents are from one particular ethnic group. The culture and ideas of this group are dominate in expression, transmission, and reinforcement in this area.

Most of the inhabitants are new arrivals, 1st generation immigrants to the United States. The children of this group will act as a go between for their parents and society

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Chicago blazes new path in Marsh

Gustavus Swift Built refrigeration plant in Chicago Used to refrigerate beef and pork in Chicago Built refrigerated train cars so meat can be shipped from Chicago

Beginning of assembly line process (Heifer Wheel) used to dismantle pigs, mass production of pork Later Ford will use this process to assemble cars, create mass

assembly of cars (Model T).

Chicago, meat packing industry, Pork and Beef, Armour and swiftRefrigeration in the 1880’s

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Chicago Fire 1871 Chicago is primarily built of wood, and the summer is very dry Fire starts on the water front, plants, burn, stockyards

burn, major hotels, homes, and other businesses burn, city will rebuild.

300 killed Almost 100,000 homeless

Grain elevatorsUsed to store grain, makes the shipment of grain quicker, movement of grain sped up

Lumber Yards Huge shipments of lumber stacked in Chicago from the plains awaiting transport to other towns, whole towns can be mail ordered ready to assemble from Chicago

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Migration

People migrate from rural to urban areas

Looking for jobs because they lose them do to improvements in agriculture

Urban areas began to grow with the steady stream of migrants looking for work.

Small towns become cities and cities will become metropolitan areas

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Urbanization and its Setbacks

Influx (increase) of people from the countryside People are living in closer proximity

Pollution rises, communicable diseases rise, waste and refuse rise.

Industrial towns kill, (Steel & Meat Production) Black lung from chimneys

Miners die from the smoke and suit,

Stockyards In Chicago produce high level of nauseating pollution,

2 people a day die from the dirt and smog, chorea, etc

Streets used as trash cans, pigs used to clean street

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Improvements In Power Production The water wheel 1780’s-1790’s in the US.

Required small factories be built by water supplies. Wheels turn from the power of rushing water create energy source.

Wheels are huge and expensive

Steam Power 1830’s Turbines, pistons churn, water uses pressure to create power source.

Steam power means more flexibility. Plant does not have to be located on a stream or river.

Steam powered machines are cheap and easy to run Steam power means that the cost of producing a good is cheaper

(clothing, shoes, etc) Steam power means that businesses can produce a higher number of

goods.

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Electrical Power

Electric Power Plant 1882

Thomas Edison and his associates come up with the electric power plant as a source of energy for business, replacing steam power, safer, quieter.

Later is applied to homes, etc

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Improvements in Transportation

Canals built to facilitate movement of people and goods, improves business

Yankee Clippers 1845 John Griffith Ocean worthy vessels

used for international trade and to move goods between the east and west coast

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Railroads

Railroads 1850’s are built in the east moving into the Midwest (New

York, to Chicago) Cities at the center of a railroad hub grew, Chicago

was one such city

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Improvements in Communications The Telegraph

1844 The telegraph, Samuel F.B.Morse Code and telegraph line electrical signal along a wire

The Transatlantic Cable 1858 Cyrus Field Links the east coast with Great

Britain etc The Telephone

1876 Alexander Graham Bell and lab assistants, transmit sound in waves, improvements for business, closing the gap between supply and demand and creating new areas of market advantage.

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Improvements in Agriculture

John Deere light weight steel plow Pulled by a horse a field could be plowed faster, easier Old Plow is very heavy made of iron or wood, Pulled by

slow moving oxen, takes a longtime to plow a field Cyrus McCormick Mechanical Reaper

1847 Opens a Plant that manufactures steel reapers in Chicago

Replaces the labor of five people using the old sickle. Farmers need less hands people have to go other places to find employment

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Agriculture II and the spread of Slavery

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin Whitney is a school teacher working in the South,

observes the work being done in the field by slaves Cotton gin, separate the cotton fiber from the seed and

stem. Machine does the work of 50 field hands. Slavery spreads, plantation owners need more slaves to

plant cotton, clear additional fields, and tend to the cotton daily

Cotton robs the soil of vital nutrients, in order to continue to plant cotton planters must move frequently and find new land to cultivate

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Wrapping up Industrialization

America moves from agriculture to manufacturing Farmers, immigrants, find work in factories Family structure changes, from extended to nuclear,

from home based business to shops, Cities grow, urbanization, pollution, communicable

diseases, politics, creation of ethnic enclaves Improvements in Transportation, Communications,

Agriculture, Power production, & Manufacturing

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Wrapping up the Industrial Revolution Changes in Business Improvements in Business

Heifer wheel and de-assembly (Chicago) Henry Ford and Assembly line

Changes in Factories/Industrialist after 1840 Immigrant workers, migrant workers, and low wages

Growth of Factories, depressed (low) wages, influx (increase) of immigrant workers, poor ventilation, poor illumination, dangerous machinery, long working hours (16-18) hour days

Owners see workers as cogs, in industrial machines, not as people, don’t respect workers, because workers are easily replaced.