1 Smart Textiles New materials for textile industry C.Carfagna Department of Materials and...
Transcript of 1 Smart Textiles New materials for textile industry C.Carfagna Department of Materials and...
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Smart TextilesNew materials for textile industry
C.Carfagna
Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italye.mail:[email protected]
Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Technology (C.N.R.)Pozzuoli – Napoli – Via Campi Flegreie.mail:[email protected]
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Three new appeals for textile product
Light weight
Medical application
sensitivity
Composite function
Soil resistance
De-odor
Thermo insulation
Anti bacteria
Elasticity
Thermal resistance
resistant
Anti static
Health Safety
Comfort
++Basic function
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The developing focus of each European country is as follows:Italy and France are focusing on innovation; emphasizing high quality and superior brand image; Germany and Switzerland are focusing on high-tech technical textile and textile equipments. Besides, every country pays attention on environmental friendly textile, clothing science ( i.e. establishes new evaluation system or new standard )… etc, and emphasizes on high value added product or personalized product.
The recent research focus of textile technology lay in the application of nano technology in textile, the application of biotech in textile, high-tech integrated smart wear (wearable motherboard), application of PCM, smart textiles, …etc。
R&D trend of textile industry in R&D trend of textile industry in developed countries developed countries --Developing focus of EUDeveloping focus of EU
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Intelligent Textiles?
Phase Change Materials
Shape Memory Materials
Chromic Materials
Electronic/Conductive Textiles
Functional textiles/cosmetotextile
“the ability to adapt to the environment, either by making a change in oneself or by changing the environment or
finding a new one (…)”Encyclopaedia Britannica
•They are materials that react to impulses without the need for us to control them
•They are able to respond to its environment
•In garment they react to impulses coming from outside to inside
•They react automatically to some kind of stimuli
What is considered “intelligence” ?
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Intelligent textiles are fibers and fabrics with a significant and reproducible automatic change
of properties due to defined enviroment influences
Other textiles that are more passive can be called high performance textiles. Microfibers are very passive and waterproof, but at the same time
permeable to water vapour
Innovative Materials and Textiles TechnologiesMicroencapsulation in fiber
PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCMs) are usually mixtures of paraffin waxes. If outside is warmer PCMs absorb external heat and melt (solid/liquid phase
change), refreshing the body they are in contact with.
On the contrary, core paraffin freeze (liquid/solid phase change), releasing heat to the body, when outside is cooler.
The innovative aspects refer to the application of microencapsulation technology for the introduction of functional additives in polymeric and natural
fibres.
Aloe Vera Ginseng Ginkigo biloba Asiatic centella
Centro Regionale di CompetenzaNuove Tecnologie
per le Attività Produttive
Cosmetic products are plant natural extracts microencapsulated in a biodegradable polymer shell. They can be introduced in fibres to obtain cosmetic
textiles suitable for personal care.
Regione Campania
Università di Salerno
Università di Napoli
CNR-Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri
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Phase Change Material (PCM)
SolidPCM temperature is lower
than freezing point
LiquidPCM temperature is higher
than melting point
Heat is absorbed
LiquidPCM temperature is higher
than melting point
SolidPCM temperature is lower
than freezing point
Heat is liberated
These materials store, release or absorb heat as they oscillate between solid and liquid form, giving off heat as they change to a solid state and absorbing it as they return to a liquid state.PCMs can be incorporated within fibers or foams, or may be coated into fabrics.The incorporation of PCMs within a fiber requires first that the paraffin-PCM is microencapsulated.
In order to produce a microencapsulated PCM, some of the following criteria had to be met:• particle size• uniformity of particle size• stability to mechanical action and chemicals• core-to-shell ratio, with PCM content as high as possible.
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Functional textiles/Cosmetotextiles
Odour impeding finishingThe hydrophobic cavities of the β cyclodextrin molecules are able to absorb and store smoke, sweat and odours from the environment
Anti-bacterial
chitosan, derived from crostaceans shell, shows some interesting properties:• Fungicidal effect• Biological degradability• No toxicity• Wash resistance
Inorganic complexescontaining Ag+: metallic ionsinterrupt critical functions ofthe microorganisms
Natural substances:
Cosmetic agents (Aloe Vera, Asiatic Centella,
Ginseng) are released on the skin through microcapsules
insertedonto fabrics or by fibers
themselves when opportunely spinned
Comfort and skin care
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..additivation of PA6 fibers through a cosmetic oil..JOJOBA OIL was added by means of
a nanopowder filler to control the mixing process
microcapsulesworking as vectors
Why jojoba oil ?
It's a chemically waxy ester that is derived from the desert plant Simmondsia Chinensis.The physical properties of jojoba oil are: high viscosity, high flash and fire point, high dielectric constant, high stability and low volatility. Its composition is little affected by temperatures up to 300°C. Jojoba oil contains straight- chained C20 and C22 fatty acids and alcohols and two unsaturated bonds, which make the oil susceptible to many different types of chemical manipulations. The extracted oil is relatively pure, non-toxic, biodegradable, and resistant to rancidity. It is smooth and non-greasy and has the closest similarity to sebum, our own natural skin oil. It's balancing and soothing properties make it excellent for skin care, hair care and skin nourishment. Jojoba is rich in Vitamin E giving it a very long shelf life.
CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)m-COO-(CH2)n-CH=CH-(CH2)7-CH3m=7-12; n=8-13
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The correct selection of modified clay is essential to ensure effective penetration of the polymer or its precursor into the interlayer spacing of the clay and result in the desired exfoliated or intercalated product. Indeed, further development of compatibiliser chemistry is undoubtedly the key to expansion of this nanocomposite technology beyond the systems where success has been achieved to date. Polymer can be incorporated either as thepolymeric species itself by melt blending, for example extrusion, or via the monomer, which is polymerised in situ to give the corresponding polymer-clay nanocomposite.Both thermosets and thermoplastics have been incorporated into nanocomposites.
NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS
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Blending of oil and nanofiller
Jojoba oil Nanofiller
(CaCO3 or NANOMER® I.28)
+
Mechanical mixing
Nylon 6 Nylon 6 (pellets)(pellets)
NANOCOMPOSITES containing 1.5 wt% ,3.5 wtNANOCOMPOSITES containing 1.5 wt% ,3.5 wt%, 5 wt%,7 wt% e 8.5 wt% nanofiller-oil%, 5 wt%,7 wt% e 8.5 wt% nanofiller-oil
Melt mixing
paste oil/nanofiller +
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Abs
orba
nce
1000 2000 3000 4000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
-0.0
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Abso
rbanc
e
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Wavenumbers (cm-1)
Jojoba oil spectrum
FTIR spectrum of nylon/nanofiller blend
Ester stretching peak (1740 cm-1)
No peaks in the region of ester stretching peak of jojoba oil
Nanocomposites
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0.05
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Abs
orba
nce
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Wavenumbers (cm-1)
Comparison between PA6 blends with 8,5 wt% CACO3 or NANOMER® I.28related to jojoba oil signal
FTIR characterization of nanocomposites
0.20
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Abs
orba
nce
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Wavenumbers (cm-1)
Blend PA6+8,5 wt% nanomer® I.28-jojoba oil
Blend PA6+3,5 wt% nanomer® I.28-jojoba oil
Blend PA6+1,5 wt% nanomer® I.28-jojoba oil
Blend PA6+ nanomer® I.28
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-0,1
0
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FTIR calibration curve
no
rmal
ize
d a
bso
rba
nce
organoclay experimental wt%
Theorical organoclay wt%
Experimental organoclay wt%
by TGA
1,5 1
3,5 3,3
5 4,1
7 5,5
8,5 7,1
FTIR characterization of nanocomposites
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Abs
orba
nce
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Wavenumbers (cm-1)
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Abs
orba
nce
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Wavenumbers (cm-1)
Blend 8,5 wt% nanomer®I.28- jojoba oil
Blend 3,5 wt% nanomer®I.28-jojoba oil
Desorption time in solvent
0 h 4 h
2 h 26 h
Fast release
Slow release
NANOCOMPOSITES : additive release
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PA6+ 3,5wt% nanjojPA6+ 5wt% nanjojPA6+ 7wt% nanjojPA6+ 8,5wt% nanjoj
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
-0,02
0
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stress strain curves PA6 nanofibers
ten
sil
e s
tre
ss
(GP
a)
tensile strain (mm)
Sample
filler cont
(wt%)
Young’s
modulus (GPa)
Elongation
at break (%)
Ultimate tensile
strength (MPa)
3,5
0,909 ± 0,097 234 ± 19 50 ± 3
5
1,66 ±
0,095 237 ± 25 54 ± 4
7
1,60 ±
0,102 223 ± 31 53 ± 5
8,5
2,14 ±
0,402 236 ± 9 66 ± 8
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Additivation of PA6 by means of jojoba oil microcapsules
Synthesis by interfacial polycondensation of jojoba oil filled microcapsules
Microcapsules characterization (DSC,TGA,SEM)
Additivation of microcapsules onto polyamide matrix and blends characterization
Spinning tests
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Interfacial polycondensationReaction of two monomers (amine and acid chloride) at the interface between two immiscible liquid phases to form a film of polymer.When the aqueous phase and the organic phase are emulsified to form an Oil/Water dispersion, the reactants diffuse together and quickly polymerize to form a thin coating which encapsulates the disperse phase.
Active agent
Polyamide membrane
Reacting monomers:
examethylene diamine (HMDA) NH2-(CH2)6-NH2 aqueous phase terephthaloyl dichloride (TDC) COCl- -COCl organic phase
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Synthesis of microcapsules
Steps:
1) Dispersion of oil in water
2) Ultrasonic irradiation
3) Polycondensation reaction
Ultra Turrax Sovirel reactor
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SEM characterization of microcapsules
HMDA- TDC- JOJOBA OIL without ultrasonication
HMDA- TDC- JOJOBA OIL with ultrasonication
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Blends of PA6 with microcapsules
Pure PA6
PA6+10%microcaps
SEM observations
PA6+5% microcaps
Thermal characterization
Temperature (°C)
Heat
flow
(W
/g)
PA6+5% microcaps ΔΗ= 2,9 J/gPA6+10% microcaps ΔΗ= 5,5 J/g
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Conclusions
1- jojoba oil can be added to polyamide to spin fibers
2 – the presence of oil does not affect thermal stability of
polymer
3 – microencapsulation is a useful tool to include jojoba oil
into polymer matrix
Perspectives
1- evaluation of desorption of oil from fibers
2 – manufacturing of a cosmetofabric
3 – evaluation of the effect of jojoba oil release on the skin