1 Section 1:Building Blocks of Social Structure Section 2:Types of Social Interaction Section...

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Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure

Section 2: Types of Social Interaction

Section 3: Types of Societies

Section 4: Groups Within Society

Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations

CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4

Social StructureSocial Structure

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Objectives: Objectives:

Identify and describe the two major Identify and describe the two major components of social structure.components of social structure.

Analyze how these two components of Analyze how these two components of social structure affect human interaction.social structure affect human interaction.

Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure

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What is Social Structure?What is Social Structure? Social structureSocial structure is the network of is the network of

interrelated statuses and roles that guide interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interactions within societies.human interactions within societies.

Social structurewithin a family

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Major Components of Social Major Components of Social StructureStructure

StatusStatus – a socially defined – a socially defined position in a group or in a society position in a group or in a society and has attached to it one or and has attached to it one or more rolesmore roles Ascribed statusAscribed status — — Status Status

assigned according to standards assigned according to standards that are beyond a person's that are beyond a person's control, such as age, sex, family control, such as age, sex, family heritage, or race.heritage, or race.

Not based on one’s abilities, Not based on one’s abilities, efforts, or accomplishments, but efforts, or accomplishments, but on inherited traits or certain age on inherited traits or certain age groupsgroups

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Achieved StatusAchieved Status – Status acquired by – Status acquired by an individual on the basis of some an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or ability. special skill, knowledge, or ability. Includes all occupations, husband/wife, Includes all occupations, husband/wife,

parent, high school graduate, athlete. parent, high school graduate, athlete. Gained through Gained through one’s personal effortsone’s personal efforts Include special knowledge, skills, and/or Include special knowledge, skills, and/or

abilitiesabilities People have control over their achieved People have control over their achieved

statuses, but not their ascribed statusesstatuses, but not their ascribed statuses

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Master statusMaster status – is the status that plays – is the status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity.and determining his or her social identity.

Either achieved or ascribedEither achieved or ascribed Examples include occupation, wealth, marital Examples include occupation, wealth, marital

status, parenthoodstatus, parenthood During much of adulthood master status may be During much of adulthood master status may be

defined by one’s occupationdefined by one’s occupation Changes over the course of a person’s lifeChanges over the course of a person’s life

Teenager – student; athleteTeenager – student; athlete Adulthood – occupation; marriageAdulthood – occupation; marriage Retirement – grandparenthood; hobbies; past Retirement – grandparenthood; hobbies; past

achievementsachievements

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Examples of Master StatusExamples of Master Status

Adolescence/YoungAdulthood:

Student

Adulthood:Job

Retirement:Leisure Time

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RoleRole – the behavior expected of someone – the behavior expected of someone occupying a particular statusoccupying a particular status

You occupy a status, but you play a roleYou occupy a status, but you play a role Reciprocal rolesReciprocal roles —corresponding roles that —corresponding roles that

define the patterns of interaction between define the patterns of interaction between related statusesrelated statuses Must have someone performing the role of the other Must have someone performing the role of the other

spouse in order for a person to be a spousespouse in order for a person to be a spouse Ex: doctor-patient; athlete-coach; friend-friendEx: doctor-patient; athlete-coach; friend-friend

People’s particular roles and statuses affect how People’s particular roles and statuses affect how they relate to one another.they relate to one another.

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Examples of Reciprocal RolesExamples of Reciprocal Roles

Doctor-Patient

Employee-Employer

Sales Clerk-Customer

Friend-Friend

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Roles, Status, and Roles, Status, and Human InteractionHuman Interaction

Role expectationsRole expectations —socially determined behaviors —socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a roleexpected of a person performing a role Ex: doctors are Ex: doctors are expectedexpected to treat patients with to treat patients with

carecare Role performanceRole performance —the actual behavior of a person —the actual behavior of a person

performing a role performing a role Do not always correspond with the given role’s Do not always correspond with the given role’s

expectationsexpectations Can be seen as inappropriate within in society if Can be seen as inappropriate within in society if

role expectations are not metrole expectations are not met The difference in role expectation and then The difference in role expectation and then

performance can be attributed to the fact that performance can be attributed to the fact that some people are asked to fulfill contradicting some people are asked to fulfill contradicting roles at the same timeroles at the same time

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Role setRole set —the different roles attached to a —the different roles attached to a single status single status Many interrelated roles to perform within in a Many interrelated roles to perform within in a

single statussingle status Role conflictRole conflict —a situation that occurs —a situation that occurs

when fulfilling and expectations of one role when fulfilling and expectations of one role makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another roleof another role Actually happens because of conflict between Actually happens because of conflict between

statusesstatuses

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Role strainRole strain —a —a situation that occurs situation that occurs when a person has when a person has difficulty meeting the difficulty meeting the expectations of a expectations of a single rolesingle role

“I’ll be late for dinner, Dear. I’m up to my neck in paperwork.”

An employee being forcedto work overtime by their boss

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Roles, Status, and Human Roles, Status, and Human InteractionInteraction

Social Institutions Social Institutions —a system of —a system of statuses, roles, values, and norms statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of societymore of the basic needs of society

Primary social institutions studied Primary social institutions studied by sociologists include:by sociologists include: FamilyFamily EconomyEconomy PoliticsPolitics EducationEducation ReligionReligion

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SECTION 1

Building Blocks of Social StructureBuilding Blocks of Social Structure

StatusExamples of Roles Examples of

Conflict / Strain

fire fighter

mother

P.T.A. president

putting out fires, saving lives, wearing a uniform

voluntarily puts self in danger but has loved ones who need him or her

work fatigue and long shifts make household tasks and interactions difficult

providing food and shelter, nurturing family, disciplining children

running meetings, recruiting new members, planning activities

has trouble getting members to attend and follow through on promises

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Objectives:Objectives:

Identify the most common types of social Identify the most common types of social interaction.interaction.

Distinguish between types of interactions Distinguish between types of interactions that stabilize social structure and those that stabilize social structure and those that can disrupt it.that can disrupt it.


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Common Types Common Types of Social Interactionof Social Interaction

ExchangeExchange – interacting in an effort to – interacting in an effort to receive a reward or a return for one’s receive a reward or a return for one’s actionsactions

CompetitionCompetition – two or more people or – two or more people or groups in opposition to achieve a goal that groups in opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attainonly one can attain

ConflictConflict – the deliberate attempt to control – the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone a person by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another personelse, or to harm another person

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Common Types Common Types of Social Interactionof Social Interaction

CooperationCooperation – two or more people or – two or more people or groups working together to achieve a goal groups working together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one of themthat will benefit more than one of them

AccommodationAccommodation – a state of balance – a state of balance between cooperation and conflictbetween cooperation and conflict


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Interactions That Interactions That Stabilize and DisruptStabilize and Disrupt

CompetitionCompetition and and ConflictConflict – disrupt social – disrupt social stabilitystability

AccommodationAccommodation, , ExchangeExchange, and , and CooperationCooperation stabilize social stability stabilize social stability

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ObjectivesObjectives::

Identify and describe the types of societies Identify and describe the types of societies that exist in the world today.that exist in the world today.

Explain the roles individuals play in these Explain the roles individuals play in these models of group systems.models of group systems.

Section 3: Types of Societies

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Types of SocietiesTypes of Societies

PreindustrialPreindustrial – food production is the main – food production is the main economic activity and can be subdivided economic activity and can be subdivided according to the level of technology and the according to the level of technology and the method of producing foodmethod of producing food

IndustrialIndustrial – emphasis shifts from the production – emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of manufactured goods of food to the production of manufactured goods made possible by changes in production made possible by changes in production methodsmethods

PostindustrialPostindustrial – much of the economy is involved – much of the economy is involved in providing information and servicesin providing information and services

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Roles of IndividualsRoles of Individuals

Roles related to:Roles related to: LeadershipLeadership FamilyFamily WorkWork

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Summarize the major features of primary Summarize the major features of primary and secondary groups.and secondary groups.

Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.

Section 4: Groups Within Society

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Features of Primary GroupsFeatures of Primary Groups

Interact over a long period of time on a Interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basisdirect and personal basis

Entire self of the individual is taken into Entire self of the individual is taken into accountaccount

Relationships are intimate and face-to-Relationships are intimate and face-to-faceface

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Features of Secondary GroupsFeatures of Secondary Groups

Interaction is impersonal and temporary in Interaction is impersonal and temporary in naturenature

Involve a reaction to only a part of the Involve a reaction to only a part of the individual’s selfindividual’s self

Casual and limited to personal Casual and limited to personal involvementinvolvement

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Purposes of GroupsPurposes of Groups

Select leadersSelect leaders – people that influence the – people that influence the attitudes and opinions of othersattitudes and opinions of others

Define their boundariesDefine their boundaries – so that members can – so that members can tell who belongs and who does nottell who belongs and who does not

Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisionsSet goals, assign tasks, and make decisions Control their members’ behaviorControl their members’ behavior – if members – if members

violate groups norms, the group cannot survive violate groups norms, the group cannot survive longlong

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Explain how bureaucracies are structured.Explain how bureaucracies are structured. Evaluate the effectiveness of Evaluate the effectiveness of

bureaucracies.bureaucracies.

Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations

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Weber’s ModelWeber’s Model

Division of LaborDivision of Labor Ranking of AuthorityRanking of Authority Employment based on formal Employment based on formal

qualificationsqualifications Rules and regulationsRules and regulations Specific lines of promotion and Specific lines of promotion and

advancementadvancement

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Effectiveness of BureaucraciesEffectiveness of Bureaucracies

Efficient at coordinating large numbers of Efficient at coordinating large numbers of people, defining tasks and rewardspeople, defining tasks and rewards

Provides stabilityProvides stability Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, Can lose sight of goals, create red tape,

and result in oligarchiesand result in oligarchies In some instances, rewards incompetence In some instances, rewards incompetence

and expands uncontrollablyand expands uncontrollably

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SECTION 1

Question:What are the two major components of social structure, and how do they affect human interaction?

Building Blocks of Building Blocks of Social StructureSocial Structure

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SECTION 2

Question:What are some common types of social interaction, and what are examples of each?

Types of Social InteractionTypes of Social Interaction

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SECTION 2

Types of Social InteractionTypes of Social Interaction

Types of Social Interactions

Exchange Competition

Cooperation

Accommodation

Conflict

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SECTION 3


Question:What are the three main types of societies and characteristics or examples of each?

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SECTION 3


Preindustrial Industrial

Postindustrial

Types of Societies

hunting and gathering; pastoral; horticultural; mechanical solidarity

manufacturing

agricultural

urban; technology;

organic solidarity

information; provision of services

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SECTION 4

Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society

Question:What are the purposes and functions of groups?

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SECTION 4

Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society

define boundaries

set goals

make decisions control members’ behavior

assign tasks

select leaders

GROUP FUNCTIONS

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SECTION 5The Structure of The Structure of Formal OrganizationsFormal Organizations

Head of the Bureaucracy

(CEO, Superintendent, president, etc.)

Department Head/VP

(subordinates)

Department Head/VP

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Chapter Wrap-Up

1. How can a person’s status differ from his or her role?2. How does role conflict affect groups and individuals?

How can it be resolved?3. What are the five most common forms of interaction

recognized by sociologists?4. Identify and describe the three broad categories of

societies used by sociologists.5. How do the roles of group members differ between

primary and secondary groups?6. What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major

characteristics of a bureaucracy?7. What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of

bureaucracies?

1. How can a person’s status differ from his or her role?2. How does role conflict affect groups and individuals?

How can it be resolved?3. What are the five most common forms of interaction

recognized by sociologists?4. Identify and describe the three broad categories of

societies used by sociologists.5. How do the roles of group members differ between

primary and secondary groups?6. What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major

characteristics of a bureaucracy?7. What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of

bureaucracies?

CHAPTER 4

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