1. Roanoke p. 24 • Founded in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh; abandoned in 1590

• Raleigh took his cousin, Richard Grenville, to

establish a colony off the coast of North Carolina. After

dropping off settlers and taking out a small Indian village,

he returned to England.

• Francis Drake picked up defeated colonists the next year

but Raleigh tried again in 1587. He was unable to return for

3 years because of a war with Spain. When he returned, all

that he found was the word “Croatoan” carved on a post.

• The disaster ended Raleigh’s campaign in the New World,

and no land grants were ever as big as Raleigh’s again.

• Even after such a huge failure, former Virginian merchants

became interested in settling again. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_location_of_Jamestown_and_Roanoke_Island_Colonies.PNG

2. Jamestown p. 29-32• Founded in 1607 by London Company

• In 1606, James I issued a charter for the London

Company to settle in Virginia. Initially, Jamestown

was barely surviving. They brought no women, and

wasted their time looking for gold.

• John Smith completely turned things around by

forcing work on the community. In 1609, the colony

suffered from a great starvation only to be saved by

their first governor Lord De La Warr.

• In 1612, John Rolfe started to farm tobacco, which

led to a demand for labor and created the headright system,

which gave more land to newcomers if they brought more

people with them

• In 1619 the first elected legislature called the House of

Burgesses was held.

• Birth place of American slavery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_location_of_Jamestown_and_Roanoke_Island_Colonies.PNG

3. Mass. Bay Colony p. 37-38

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/368431/Massachusetts-Bay-Colony

• Founded in 1630 by John Winthrop and Puritans• Founders strived to create a holy model of a city,called “a city upon a hill”, and the colony was a theocracy• The settlers were helped by Pilgrims and Natives, and the importance of families held communities together• Soon, the harsh life of the colony drove away settlers, who formed new communities. Thomas Hooker foundedthe town of Hartford and adopted its own constitution which made the new colony of Connecticut. Another colony known as New Haven split from Massachusetts,and eventually were put under control of Hartford. • Roger Williams was a dissenter who preached the splitof the Mass. Church from the English and that the land belonged to the Natives. He fled and founded Providence inRhode Island, which became the only colony in which all religions could worship freely.• Anne Hutchinson attacked the presumptions of the elect clergy and feminine roles. She was banished from Mass., andone of her followers founded New Hampshire.

4. St. Augustine p. 50

• Founded in September 1565 by Spanish

• After Jamestown was built, Spaniards feared the English expansion,

so they built forts i.e. St. Augustine Fort

• For most of 1700s there were frequent fights between the English and

Spanish, and in 1668 St. Augustine was sacked

• English encouraged the natives to rise up against Spanish missions in

the hope to take over Florida

• Spanish offered freedom for slaves if they became Catholics, some even became a military regiment that protected the northern border

• For English, protecting southern border was a concern and helped found the colony of Georgia

• English eventually acquired Florida after the Seven Years’ War

http://www.city-data.com/city/St.-Augustine-Florida.html

5. Plymouth Bay Colony p. 36-37

http://ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/Archives/ED101sp07/rdbarett/

• Founded in November 1620 by Scrooby Separatists AKA Pilgrims- wanted to spread Gospel to remote parts of world• At first these Pilgrims had fled to Holland, but as they saw their younger followers start to leave the faith and everyone

had poor jobs, they decided to head for Virginia in the Mayflower• Landed on Cape Cod instead, too late to move south so they went to Plymouth and landed on Plymouth Rock• Since Plymouth was not within a royal charter, they forged an agreementcalled the Mayflower Compact which established a government• Natives were a huge help to the colony, showing them how to farm and hunt • Later, a smallpox epidemic broke out and killed many of the native pop. • Not great farmers, but remarkable fishermen and fur traders• Always poor• William Bradford was chosen as governor • Influential to Protestants back in Europe to make the journey to America

6. 13 Colonies p. 27-57

http://faithandheritage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/13Colonies.jpg

• Carolinas- The original proprietors gave up, but Anthony Cooper persisted in continuing the project. Cooper made settlements in Port Royal and Charleston. With help of John Locke, Cooper came up with the Fundamental Constitution of 1669 with a social hierarchy. There was religious freedom to all Christian faiths, and the headright system was used to bring in more settlers. There was a close trade partnership with Barbados. The northern settlers were backwoods farmers while the southerners were aristocrats. After Cooper’s death, the colony split.

• New York and New Jersey- The English navy took New Amsterdam from the Dutch. Property and political power were unevenly divided. There was religious tolerance, but no representative assemblies. Both were religiously and ethnically diverse, but Jersey didn’t have a large class of landowners and it had a weak government.

• Pennsylvania- Founded by Quakers (Society of Friends) and William Penn. Penn’s recruiting and planning along with good climate and soil helped PA prosper. The people wanted the proprietor to have less power so the Charter of Liberties split the land into 3 counties and Delaware soon gained independence.

• Georgia- The last colony to be founded, its purpose was to act as a military buffer against the Spanish and as a refuge for the impoverished. James Oglethorpe was the founder, and wanted to bring poor people to be farmer-soldiers. Africans and Catholics were excluded in fear of rebellion with Spanish.

• Maryland- Cecil Calvert establishes the state in 1634 for Catholics. In 1649, the Act of Toleration granted freedom of worship to Catholics which led to political fights with Protestants

7. Fort Duquesne p. 94

• Established by French in 1754, eventually became Pittsburgh

• Trading concessions given to the English by the Iroquois scared the French

into building more forts like Duquesne

• English started to make forts in response; tensions started to grow

• In summer of 1754, Virginian governor sent George Washington into Ohio

Valley to halt French expansion

• He built Fort Necessity, and then attacked Fort Duquesne unsuccessfully

• French countered and trapped Washington and his men in Necessity, forcing them to surrender

• This battle is the beginning of the Civil War

http://www.city-data.com/city/Duquesne-Pennsylvania.html

8. Proclamation of 1763 p. 100

http://bodysmartinc.com/photouid/summary-of-the-proclamation-line-of-1763

• British government passed this in 1763 after French and Indian War

• After war, frontiersmen automatically moved into Ohio Valley even though native tribes were fighting the English• British gov. feared conflict would hurt western trade, so they

forbade settlers to go beyond the Appalachian Mountains• Natives supported the law as the best bargain available • Proclamation still ineffective because white settlers kept

moving into the valley• This caused frustration and resentment from many of the

colonists. They believed that England was denying them the spoils of the French and Indian War that they rightfully deserved.

9. Northwest Territory p. 135-137

http://members.tripod.com/tutor_me/book/ordinance.htm

• Given up to America in the peace treaty of 1783• Jefferson came up with the Ordinance of 1784, which divided the territory into 10 self-governing

districts that could apply for statehood when its population exceeded that of the smallest state• In the Ordinance of 1785, Congress made up a system for surveying and selling the western land.

All of the territory north of the Ohio river would be split into grids and be sold, with a little land leftover for future use, which created the idea of public land. The revenue from the sold land was to be put toward a public school. The grid system became a model for future land and planning policies for the country. The grid also became the basic layout of many cities. This eliminated uncertainty about property borders and sped the development of western land. It hurt the formation of a community by dispersing farm families. These ordinances were backed by land speculators, but not by settlers.

• Criticism of the land speculation led to the creation of the Northwest ordinance of 1787. It left behind the 10 districts and made one territory with religious freedom and prohibition of slavery.

• Natives fought back in the early 1790’s such as the Miami who were led by Little Turtle. General Anthony Wayne defeated them in the Ohio Valley in 1794 in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Miami signed the Treaty of Grenville which gave up lands to the U.S. for a formal acknowledgement of their claim to the territory. This was the first time the federal government recognized the sovereignty of the Indian nations.

10. Louisiana Purchase p. 179-180

• Bought on April 30, 1803 for 15 million dollars

• U.S. just wanted New Orleans initially

• Napoleon needed cash to fund the wars he had with England and Spain

• He also couldn’t put down a rebellion in Haiti which convinced him not

to waste his time on a new empire

• Jefferson wanted the land to be used for farming, which also increased

slavery

• Republican ideology was preserved because the land helped the yeoman farmer and there was no area of condensed power

• The purchase divided the country and its allies. The French sided with the

Republicans and the English sided with the federalists because they both felt like their power was being threatened

• Natives ended up losing a lot of land and lives because of the western expansion

http://www.ducksters.com/history/westward_expansion/louisiana_purchase.php

11. Ohio River

• After Northwest Ordinance is passed in 1787, western lands south of Ohio River received less attention from Congress. Kentucky and Tennessee developed rapidly into slave territories.

• Treaty with Little Turtle in 1791 was impossible without forbidding white settlement west of Ohio River. Conflict led to Battle of Fallen Timbers, after which negotiations picked up again.

• Seen as boundary of the colonies before the expedition of Louis and Clark expands settlement westward.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River

12. Passage of Louis & Clark

In the spring of 1804, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark started up the Missouri River from St. Louis with four dozen men. With the help of Shoshone woman Sacajawea as their interpreter, Lewis and Clark eventually crossed the Rocky Mountains, descended along the Snake and Columbia rivers, and by the late autumn of 1805, reached the Pacific Coast. Returning in 1806, the pair brought back records of the new land, which helped lead to more Americans settling out on the Western frontier.

http://theelectoralmap.com/2007/10/15/from-the-teton-sioux-to-the-russians/

13. Missouri Compromise / 36 30’

When Missouri applied for admission into the U.S. in 1819, slavery was already established there. Although the offered Tallmadge Amendment forbade further introduction of slavery and gradual emancipation in Missouri, it only provoked controversy for two years. Admitting Missouri would upset the balance of eleven free and slave states. Meanwhile, Maine was attempting to apply as a free state. Speaker of the House Henry Clay knew southerners would try to block Maine’s admission. Finally, the Senate agreed to combine the Maine and Missouri proposals into one bill, that Maine would be admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. Illinois Sen. Jesse B. Thomas proposed an amendment that prohibited any slavery in any LA Purchase territory north of the southern border of Missouri (36 30’ parallel). Both the bill and amendment were accepted and Nationalists both North and South praised the settlement as a resolution of a danger to the Union.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north

14. Adams-Onis Treaty Line

http://imgarcade.com/1/adams-onis-treaty/

• After War of 1812, Andrew Jackson remains in Florida and begins raiding Seminole Indians on orders of Sec. of War Calhoun. He begins using these orders as an excuse to seize Spanish forts as St. Marks and Pensacola, known as the Seminole War. John Quincy Adams, the Secretary of State, urged the American government to accept responsibility, as they had the right under international law to defend the country against overseas threats. Since Spain would not curb those threats, America was taking necessary action that demonstrated to Spain that Jackson could take Florida by force, which Adams said they would do. The Spanish minister, Luis de Onis, realized he had no choice but to negotiate. With the Adams-Onis treaty, Spain gave Florida all territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest to the U.S., while the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas.

15. Ohio River

• After Northwest Ordinance is passed in 1787, western lands south of Ohio River received less attention from Congress. Kentucky and Tennessee developed rapidly into slave territories.

• Treaty with Little Turtle in 1791 was impossible without forbidding white settlement west of Ohio River. Conflict led to Battle of Fallen Timbers, after which negotiations picked up again.

• Seen as boundary of the colonies before the expedition of Louis and Clark expands settlement westward.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River

16. Mississippi River

• Mississippi becomes important for trading out of New Orleans ports and into Gulf of Mexico.

• Following the capture of New Orleans during the Civil War in Battle of Shiloh and the Union’s takeover at Vicksburg, Union has completely taken over Mississippi and New Orleans and destroyed Confederate trade. Ends up being crucial to Union victory, as well as the successful Anaconda Plan.

https://placesjournal.org/article/the-scale-of-nature-modeling-the-mississippi-river/

17. Oregon Trail

As migrants from the Midwest headed to California, most had to gather in groups to afford the trip. They joined a wagon train led by guides and headed west. Many took the major route west, which was the 2,000-mile Oregon Trail. The Oregon Trail stretched from Independence, Missouri across the Great Plains and through the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains. The journeys usually took 5-6 months, and most groups lost men to disease, such as cholera, and bad weather in the winter.

http://www.historyglobe.com/ot/otmap1.htm

18. Santa Fe Trail

As migrants from the Midwest headed to California, most had to gather in groups to afford the trip. They joined a wagon train led by guides and headed west. Some of the migrants took a secondary route, the Santa Fe Trail, which stretched southwest from Independence, Missouri and into New Mexico. The journey took 5-6 months, and many groups lost men to disease, such as cholera, and bad weather during the winter.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail

19. Mormon Trail

Joseph Smith founded the Mormons, an All-American religion against polygamy. After a mob murdered Smith, the Mormons fled Ohio to Missouri and Illinois, before being led by Brigham Young to Utah to establish a frontier cooperative theocracy.

http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-mormontrail.html

20. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Following the new Mexican government announcing that it was willing to negotiate, President Polk sent special presidential envoy Nicholas Trist to negotiate. On February 2, 1848, Trist reached agreement with the Mexican government on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in which Mexico agreed to give California and New Mexico to the U.S. and recognize the Rio Grande as the Texas border. The American government agreed to assume financial claims its new citizens had and to pay Mexico $15 million. Trist came away with most of Polk’s original demands, but did not satisfy Polk’s dream of gaining additional territory in Mexico, which enraged Polk. The treaty was passed by the Senate by a 38-14 vote.

http://www.aprilsmith.org/lesson-15-they-went-for-manifest-destiny.html

21. Salt Lake Valley p. 296

www.t4america.org

Date: 1847

Salt Lake Valley was primarily a place for Mormons. After the Mormons were shoved out of Independence, MO they traveled along the Mormon Trail and eventually settled in Salt Lake Valley. Salt Lake Valley turned out to be a long lasting settlement for the Mormons. From there, the Mormons were able to grow and expand their religion across the United States.

22. Nebraska Territory p. 327

www.legendsofamerica.com

Date: 1854

Senator Stephen A. Douglas wanted a transcontinental railroad for his own section. As a result, he introduced bill in January 1853 to organize a huge white settlement know as Nebraska, west of Iowa and Missouri. This settlement would play a major role in the Kansas-Nebraska Act which will lead to a lot of conflict. The Kansas-Nebraska Act called for the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to admitted as either free or slave states based on the idea of popular sovereignty. This led to much conflict and gave Kansas the nickname of Bleeding Kansas.

23. Fort Sumter p. 338, 339

www.battleatcharleston.com

Date: 1861

Fort Sumter, in Charleston, South Carolina, was one of the two forts the seceding states took under their control. The Union tried to take the fort back peacefully by sending an unarmed merchant ship, but Confederate guns turned it back. This was not the start of the Civil War, but it certainly established the Confederacy. Lincoln knew Fort Sumter was running out of supplies so he made one last attempt to compromise peacefully by sending a ship to Fort Sumter full of supplies. When the Confederacy refused to make peace, the Union bombarded the fort for two days and on April 14, 1861 Anderson surrendered and the Civil War had begun.

24. Vicksburg p. 355, 361-363

www.delsjourney.com

Date: 1863

While Union forces were suffering continued frustrations in the East, they were winning important battles in the West. In the spring of 1863, General Ulysses S. Grant attacked Vicksburg in Mississippi. In May, Grant boldly moved men and supplies to an area south of the city, where the terrain was reasonably good. From there, he attacked Vicksburg from the rear and then, six weeks later Vicksburg fell. This was an important victory for the Union because it boosted their spirits and continued to fulfill, little by little, the Anaconda Plan.

25. Gettysburg p. 363

www.epodunk.com

Date: 1863

On July 1, 1863, the most celebrated battle of the Civil War was fought, the Battle of Gettysburg. The Battle of Gettysburg was make or break for the Confederate Army. This was there chance to show foreign countries that they had a legitimate shot of winning the war. There hope was short lived because after Pickett’s Charge failed, the Union army overwhelmed the Confederate Army and won the battle. This squashed any chance the Confederacy had of receiving aid from France or Britain and more importantly, winning the war. The Battle of Gettysburg was the most important battle of the Civil War and it led the Union army to victory.

26. Antietam p. 344, 361

www.gibbarchaeology.net

Date: 1862

The Battle of Antietam was a chance for the Union Army to defeat General Robert E. Lee and is men once and for all. General McClellan was fortunate enough to get his hands on Lee’s battle plans, but unfortunately for the Union, he didn't’t act quickly enough on them. Instead of an easy victory, McClellan’s 87,000 squared off against Lee's 50,000 in a battle that produced mass casualties. Finally, the Confederate’s line broke and instead of defeating the Confederate army once and for all, McClellan let Lee and his men retreat. Even though the Union won the battle, this was a huge missed opportunity for the Union army and it led to the firing of George McClellan.