PRONOUNSmarinebionew.blogspot.co.id/

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1. Subject & Object Pronouns2. There and It3. You and they4. Possesive pronouns 5. possessive pronouns6. this, that, these and those7. one and ones 8. Questions9. reflexive pronouns 10. each other and one another11. indefinite pronouns12. relative pronouns

PERSONAL PRONOUNS• Pronouns are words we use in the place of a

full noun.• We have both subject and object pronouns:

Subject ObjectI me

you youhe himshe herit it

we usyou youthey them

        

PRONOUNS• We use he/him to refer to men/boy/male, and she/her to refer

to women/girl/female. When we are not sure if we are talking about a man or a woman we use they/them.

• This is Jack. He’s our diver. I don’t think you have met him.

• This is Angela. She’s my farm techniciant. Have you met her before?

• Talk to a marine ecologist. Ask them to help you.You could go to a sailor. They might help you.

Subject pronouns

We use subject pronouns as subject of the verb:• I like your boat.• You are late for the cruise.• He is my best navigator.• It is raining.• She is on voyage. • We live in Kuta Beach Resort. • They come from Malacca Strait

Examples• I dislike your boat.• I love your rain coat.• I hate marine mud.• I cut a mangrove tree.• I ....

• You chop the seaweed branch.• You dry my pond.• You drag his fish cages.• You cook a marine crab.• You .....

Examples• We are all marine science student • We may borrow their lab mask• We are all sailor• We are fisherman • We ...

• They are marine biologist• They are all captent• They are all the cook of the cruise.• They kill a dolphin• They ....

Examples

• He is my ship crew• He drives a fishing vessel• He haules 10 pieces of nets.• He is a coastal guard• He ...

• She is a navigator• She is our engineer• She swims accros the strait• She jumps to the seawater• She ...

Examples

• It is windy now.• It is my telescope• It breaks the wave• It hits the coral rock• It poison our coral reef• It mess our beach• It digs the coastal mud • It ....

Object pronounsWe use object pronouns:• as the object of the verb:

– Can you help me please?– I can see you.– The dolphin doesn’t like him.– I saw her in seaside today.– We saw them in marine expo yesterday, but they didn’t see us.

• after prepositions:– She is sailing for me.– I’ll get it for you.– Give it to him.– Why are you looking at her?– Don’t take it from us.– I’ll speak to them.

There and It• If we have no other subject we use there or it.

• We use there as a dummy subject with part of the verb be followed by a noun phrase.

• to introduce a new topic:– There is a meeting this evening. It will start at seven.– There has been an accident in harbour. I hope no one is hurt.

• with numbers or quantities:- There was a lot of rain last night. - There must have been more than five hundred in the audience

of marine guard hall.

There and It

• to say where something is:– There used to be a playground at the end of the coast.– There are fairies at the bottom of the sea.

I wonder if there will be anyone at grouper nursery.• with an indefinite pronoun or expressions of quantity and the to-infinitive:

– There is nothing to do in the vanamae breeding pond.– There was plenty to read in the marine sciences library– There was nothing to watch on marine guard camera. – There is a lot of work to do to clean the ecosystem of

estuary .

There and It• If we want to show the subject of the to-infinitive we use

for:– There is nothing for the children to do in the village.– There was plenty for us to read in the apartment– There was nothing for them to watch on sea chanel.– There is a lot of work for you to do along the river.

• with an indefinite pronoun or expressions of quantity and an -ing verb:

– There is someone waiting to see you in seafood restaurant.– There were a lot of people shouting and waving for the last

titanic voyage.

There and It• We use a singular verb if the noun phrase is

singular:– There is a meeting this evening. It will start at seven. – There was a lot of rain last night.– There is someone waiting to see you.

• We use a plural verb if the noun phrase is plural:– There are more than twenty biologist waiting to see

you.There were some dried fish cake in the cupboard.There were a lot of passenger shouting and waving.

There and ItWe use it to talk about:• times and dates:

– It’s nearly one o’clock.– It’s my marine fish ball compani’s birthday.

• weather:– It’s raining. – It’s a lovely day.– It was getting cold.

• to give an opinion about a place:– It’s very cold in dock yard.– It will be nice when we get home from tiger shrimp farm. – It’s very comfortable in my new milk fish laboratory.

There and It

• to give an opinion followed by to-infinitive:– It’s nice to meet you.– It will be great to go on holiday in mediteranian sea.– It was interesting to meet your cat fish techniciant at last.

• to give an opinion followed by an -ing verb:– It’s great living in seaside facing room.– It’s awful driving in this heavy traffic of Malacca Strait.– It can be hard work looking after young children during a

cruise.

There and ItWe use it to talk about ourselves:• on the telephone:

– Hello. It’s George.• when people cannot see us:

– [Mary knocks on door] It’s me. It’s Mary.We use it to talk about other people:• when we point them out for the first time:

– Look. It’s Sir Paul McCartney. – Who’s that? I think it’s John’s larva grower.

• when we cannot see them and we ask them for their name:– [telephone rings, we pick it up] Hello. Who is it?– [someone knocks on door. We say:] Who is it?

You and theyWe use you to talk about people in general including the speaker and the hearer:

– You can buy this book anywhere > This book is on sale everywhere. – You can’t park the ship here > Parking is not allowed here. – They don’t let you smoke in here > No smoking here

We use they or them to talk about people in general:– They serve good seafood here. – Ask them for a marine cruise cheaper ticket.

… especially about the government and the authorities:– They don’t let you smoke in here. – They are going to increase their catch. – They are building a new marine port. – They say it’s going to rain tomorrow.

pronouns: this, that, these and those

We use this (singular) and these (plural) as pronouns:• to talk about people or things near us:

– This is a nice cup of tea. – Whose shoes are these?

• to introduce people:– This is Janet. – These are my coleages, John and Michael.

• to introduce ourselves to begin a conversation on the phone:– Hello, this is David, Can I speak to Sally?

Why do we use that and those?We use that (singular) and those (plural):• to talk about things that are not near us:

– What’s that? – This is our jetty, and that’s vanamae brood stock over there. – Those are very expensive ornamental fish.

• We also use that to refer back to something someone said or did:– Shall we go to the fish meal expo?– Yes, that’s a good idea.– I’ve got a new job in fish and chip shop.– That’s great.– I’m very tired. – Why is that?

this, these, that, those with nouns

• We also use this, these, that and those with nouns to show proximity

• We use this and these for people or things near us:– We have lived in this house for twenty years. – Have you read all of these sediment books?

• … and that and those for people or things that are not near us:– Who lives in that port guard house?– Who are those people?

One and Ones• We use one (singular) and ones (plural) to avoid

unnecessary repetition.– See those two nets? Mine is the long one and Jane’s is the

short one. – Which is your canoe, the red one or the blue one? – My rain coat are torn. I need some new ones. – See those two trees. Avicenia is the one on the left. – Let’s look at the photographs. The ones you took in Paris.

• We often use them after Which ... in questions:– You can borrow a book. Which one do you want? – There are lots of sediment sample here. Which ones are yours?

Question

• We use who to ask questions about people:– Who is that? – Who lives here? – Who did you see?

• We use whose to ask about possession:– Whose coat is this? [or] Whose is this coat?– Whose book is that? [or] Whose is that book? – Whose bags are those? [or] Whose are those bags?

• We use what to ask questions about things:– What is that? – What do you want?

Question

• We use which to ask someone to choose something:– Which came first, the fish or the egg?– I’ve got two books on mackerel. Which do you want?

• We can also use what and which with nouns:– What subjects did you study at UNRI?– What crab do you grow?– Which shrimp do you need – the fresh water or the

brackish water?– Which pollutant do you want?– Which one is yours?

Questions with prepositions

• Questions ending in prepositions are very common in English. After Who, Which or What we often have a preposition at the end of the sentence:– Who does this book belong to?– What are you looking for? – Which university did you go to? – What country do you come from?

The reflexive pronouns

Singular: myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself

Plural: ourselves - yourselves - themselves

We use a reflexive pronoun:• as a direct object when the object is the same as the subject of the verb:• I am teaching myself to pedal my canoe.• Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.

The reflexive pronouns • We can use a reflexive pronoun as direct object with most

transitive verbs, but these are the most common:

Some verbs change their meaning slightly when they have a reflexive pronoun as direct object:• Would you like to help yourself to another drink?

= Would you like to take another drink.• I wish the children would behave themselves.

= I wish the children would behave well.

amuse blame cut dry enjoy helphurt introduce kill prepare satisfy teach

The reflexive pronouns

• He found himself lying by the side of the road.= He was surprised when he realised that he was at the side of the road.

• I saw myself as a famous actor.= I imagined that I was a famous actor.

• She applied herself to the job of mending the lights.= She worked very hard to mend the lights.

• He busied himself in the kitchen. = He worked busily in the kitchen.

• I had to content myself with a few Euros.= I had to be satisfied with a few Euros.

The reflexive pronouns • We do not use a reflexive pronoun after verbs which describe things people

usually do for themselves, such as wash, shave, dress:• He washed [himself] in cold water.

He always shaved [himself] before going out in the evening.Michael dressed [himself] and got ready for the party.

• We only use reflexives with these verbs for emphasis:• He dressed himself in spite of his injuries.

She’s old enough to wash herself.• as indirect object when the indirect object is the same as the subject of the verb:• Would you like to pour yourself a drink.

We’ve brought ourselves something to eat.• as the object of a preposition when the object refers to the subject of the clause:• They had to cook for themselves.

He was feeling very sorry for himself.

The reflexive pronouns • with the preposition by when we want to show that someone did something alone and/or without any help:

– He lived by himself in an enormous house. – She walked home by herself.– The children got dressed by themselves.– I prepared the whole meal by myself.

• to emphasise the person or thing we are referring to:– Kendal itself is quite a small town.

• especially if we are talking about someone very famous:– Sir Paul McCartney himself sang the final song.

• We often put the reflexive pronoun at the end of the clause when we are using it for emphasis:– I baked the bread myself.– She mended the car herself

the reciprocal pronouns• We use the reciprocal pronouns each other and one another when two or

more people do the same thing. Traditionally, each other refers to two people and one another refers to more than two people, but this distinction is disappearing in modern English.

• Peter and Mary helped one another.= Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter.

• We sent each other Christmas cards.= We sent them a Christmas card and they sent us a Christmas card.

• They didn’t look at one another.= He didn't look at her and she didn't look at him.

• We also use the possessive forms each other’s and one another’s:• They helped to look after each other’s children.

We often stayed in one another’s houses.

The indefinite pronouns

• We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who or what they are. We use pronouns ending in -body or -one for people, and pronouns ending in -thing for things:

• Everybody enjoyed the concert.• I opened the door but there was no one at home.• It was a very clear day. We could see everything.

somebody someone somethinganybody anyone anythingnobody no one nothingeverybody everyone everything

The indefinite pronouns• We use a singular verb after an indefinite pronoun:

– Everybody loves Sally.– Everything was ready for the party.

• When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun we normally use a plural pronoun:– Everybody enjoyed the concert. – They stood up and clapped. – I will tell somebody that dinner is ready. – They have been waiting a long time.

• We can add -'s to an indefinite pronoun to make a possessive.– They were staying in somebody’s house.– Is this anybody’s coat?

The indefinite pronouns

• We use indefinite pronouns with no- as the subject in negative clauses (not pronouns with any.)– Anybody didn’t come >> Nobody came.

• We do not use another negative in a clause with nobody, no one or nothing:– Nobody came.– Nothing happened.

• We use else after indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things in addition to the ones we already mentioned.– All the ship crews came, but no one else.– If the captent can’t come we’ll ask somebody else.– So that's tuna, crab and prawn. Do you want anything else?

The relative pronouns • We use who and whom for people, and which for things.

Or we can use that for people or things.• We use relative pronouns:• after a noun, to make it clear which person or thing we are talking about:• the house that Jack built

the woman who discovered radiuman eight-year-old boy who attempted to rob a sweet shop

• to tell us more about a person or thing:– My mother, who was born overseas, has always been a great traveller.– Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.– We had fish and chips, which is my favourite meal.

• But we do not use that as a subject in this kind of relative clause.

The relative pronouns

• We use whose as the possessive form of who:– This is George, whose brother went to harbour with me.

• We sometimes use whom as the object of a verb or preposition:– This is George, whom you met at our lab last year.– This is George’s brother, with whom I went to beach.

• But nowadays we normally use who:– This is George, who you met at our house fish farm last year.– This is George’s brother, who I went to crab hatchery with.

The relative pronouns• When whom or which have a preposition the preposition can

come at the beginning of the clause...• I had an uncle in Germany, from who[m] I inherited a bit of money.

We bought a chainsaw, with which we cut up all the wood.• … or at the end of the clause:• I had an uncle in Germany who[m] I inherited a bit of money from.

We bought a chainsaw, which we cut all the wood up with.• We can use that at the beginning of the clause:• I had an uncle in Germany that I inherited a bit of money from.

We bought a chainsaw that we cut all the wood up with.