PhiliPPineS environment monitor 2005

Foreword.................................................................................................................................... . iiAcknowledgements.................................................................................................................. .iiiExecutive.Summary.................................................................................................................. .ivScorecard.................................................................................................................................... .viHot.Spot.Maps........................................................................................................................... .ixAbbreviations.and.Acronyms.................................................................................................. .xi

1. PHILIPPINECOASTALANDMARINERESOURCES: ANINTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... . 1. Thousands.of.islands. An.abundance.of.species. Importance.of.coastal.ecosystems Resourcesofsignificantvalue. Other.ecosystem.services2. RESOURCESANDECOSYSTEMS............................................................................... . 7. Coral.reefs:.“Rainforests.of.the.sea”. Mangroves:.a.multiple-function.resource. Seagrass.beds,.a.vital.resource.for.underwater.life. Beaches,.foreshore,.and.shoreline.areas. Fisheries Overfishinganddecliningfishstocks. Biodiversity3. COASTALANDMARINERESOURCESUNDERPRESSURE............................... .21. Agriculture.and.forestry. Urban.and.industrial.development. Tourism.development. Oil.and.gas.exploration. Minerals.and.mining Populationgrowthandfishconsumption. Climate.change4. COASTALANDMARINERESOURESANDLOCALLIVELIHOODS................ .30. Social.conditions. Gender.and.coastal.resources.management. Lessons.learned.and.opportunities:.Improving.local.livelihoods5. LEGISLATION,POLICIES,INSTITUTIONS,ANDCOASTAL RESOURCEMANAGEMENT......................................................................................... 38. Legislation.and.institutions. Sector.policies.and.plans. Integrated.coastal.resource.management6. CHALLENGESFORTHEFUTURE............................................................................... 48

References................................................................................................................................... .54Relevant.Organizations.and.Websites.................................................................................... .59Philippines.at.a.Glance

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i

Tables1.1 Philippines coastal data 11.2 Key coastal habitats 21.3 Annual economic net benefits from Philippine

coral reefs3

2.1 Total fish production and value by sector,Philippines, 1997–2004

13

2.2 Growth rates in fish production by sector,Philippines, 1997–2004

13

2.3 Contribution of top species to total volume of capture marine fisheries production, 1997–2004

14

2.4 Contribution of top species to total aquaculture production, Philippines, 1997–2004

14

2.5 Estimated numbers of marine species that occur in the Philippines

17

2.6 Threatened and legally protected marine species and their habitat requirements

18

3.1 Environmental impacts from tourism oncoastal habitats

23

3.2 Projected population and fish consumption levels, 1995–2020

26

3.3 Endangered area of land along Manila Bay coast in different sea level rise

29

4.1 Microenterprise options for livelihoodimprovements in poor coastal communities

37

5.1 Major sectoral plans of relevance to coastal and marine resources

42

5.2 Number of MPAs by location and legal basis 455.3 Size distribution of MPAs 455.4 Management rating of MPAs 45

Figures1.1 Important coastal ecosystems and habitats 22.1 Reefs at risk threat index 72.2 Different threats to coral reefs 72.3 Mangrove detrital food chain 82.4 Mangroves and their ecological and

economic products8

2.5 Mangrove resource decline in the Philippines 92.6 Exchange of mutual benefits between

mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef11

2.7 Well or Groundwater contamination from improper location of sewage disposal system

12

2.8 Map of heavily exploited areas 152.9 Decline in average CPUE for hook and line

fishing in six provinces16

2.10 Per capita fisheries-related food available for consumption in the Philippines

16

3.1 Typical impacts of tourism activities on the coastal zone

22

3.2 Volume of exports and imports of fish and fishery products, 1997–2004

25

3.3 Value of exports and imports of fish andfishery products 1997–2004

25

3.4 Total catch, 1989–2003 263.5 Change in landings, Philippines vs.

benchmark, 1970–200327

5.1 Sumilon Island marine reserve with sanctuary and traditional use area

43

5.2 The CRM process for local governmentsin the Philippines

47

TexT boxes1.1 Marine aquarium fishery and trade 41.2 Marine turtles: Worth more alive than dead 51.3 Renewable energy from the sea 51.4 Environmental waste disposal services 62.1 BFAR study warns of fish shortage in Davao

Gulf in 200716

2.2 Live reef food fish trade 192.3 Whale sharks: Delicacy or Tourist Attraction? 203.1 Decades of mining destroyed an island

paradise24

3.2 Potential impacts of climate change andsea-level rise on coastal systems

28

4.1 Employment and food security 304.2 Conflicts among fisherfolk 314.3 Indigenous peoples 324.4 Involving young people in coastal resource

management33

4.5 Successful community-based coastal tourism experiences

34

4.6 Seaweed farming in Port Barton, Palawan 365.1 Legislative framework 385.2 The fight of San Fernando City, La Union to

eliminate illegal fishing39

5.3 Licensing in the commercial fishing sector 405.4 Licensing in the municipal fishing sector 415.5 Supporting fisheries at Sumilon and Apo

Islands44

5.6 Key elements for the sustainability of integrated coastal resource management

46

5.7 The importance of including all stakeholders 466.1 Money from conservation: lessons from Anilao 49

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PhiliPPineS environment monitor 2005

MariaTeresaSerra JoachimvonAmsbergSector Director, Environment and Social Development Country Director, Philippines

EastAsiaandPacificRegion EastAsiaandPacificRegionThe.World.Bank The.World.Bank

SOME.OF.THE.world’s.richest.ecosystems—composed.of.extensive.coral.reefs,.sea-grass.beds,.and.dense.mangrove.forests—can.be.found.in.the.waters.of.the.Philippine.Islands..The.country’s.coastline,.including.7,100.islands,.is.one.of.the.longest.in.the.world..Communities.on.the.coastline.are.heavily.dependentonthesewatersforfishandotherresources.Yethabitatloss,unsustainablefishingpractices,and.continuing.trade.in.endangered.marine.species.are.increasingly.threatening.coastal.biodiversity.and.livelihoods.

This.publication,.the.sixth.in.the.Philippines.Environment.Monitor.(PEM).series,.focuses.on.coastal.and.marine.management..Previous.reports.presented.and.updated.trends.in.the.state.of.the.environment.(2000.and.2004),.solid.waste.management.(2001),.air.quality.(2002),.and.water.quality.(2003).

This.edition.highlights.the.degradation.and.loss.of.coral.reefs,.mangroves,.and.sea.grasses..Only.4.to.5.percent.of.coral.reefs.are.in.excellent.condition;.more.than.70.percent.of.the.mangrove.forests.have.been.converted.to.aquaculture,.logged,.or.reclaimed.for.other.uses;.and.half.of.all.sea-grass.beds.have.either.been. lost.or.are. severely.degraded..Beaches.and.seashores.have. come.under.pressure. from.rapid. population. growth. and. uncontrolled. development.. One. of. the. consequences. of. this. coastal.degradation is thedecline infisheries catch-per-unit effort. Inaddition, thefisheries industryandecosystemsaresufferingfromoverexploitation,destructivefishingpractices,andcorruption.Whileexisting.laws.and.regulations.provide.a.basic.framework.for.coastal.management,.in.practice.coastal.managementhasbeeninefficientandpiecemeal.Thisreportfindsthatimprovedpublicparticipationin. coastal. law. enforcement. and. heightened. national. awareness. of. the. state. of. these. resources. are.crucial. in. improving. management.. Implementation. of. the. proposed. Integrated. Coastal. Resources.Management.Plan.would.also.go.a.long.way.in.reversing.coastal.degradation.

This.publication.is.divided.into.the.following.sections:.(1).Introduction.to.the.Philippines’.coastal.and.marineresources;(2)Statusandeconomicsignificance;(3)Pressuresonecosystemsandresources;(4)Links.to.local.livelihoods;.(5).Legislation,.institutions.and.policies;.and.(6).Key.challenges.ahead.

This.Monitor.is.the.outcome.of.a.series.of.stakeholder.consultations.involving.national.agencies,.civil.society,academia,andindependentresearchers,anditwasprepared,reviewed,andfinalizedwithcomments.from.counterparts..Annex.1.lists.all.the.sources.on.which.the.text.is.based..We.hope.that.this.Monitor.will.raise.awareness.of.the.technical.and.policy.aspects.of.integrated.coastal.management.and.improve.local.capacity.to.implement.the.far-reaching.reforms.needed.to.protect.valuable.coastal.resources.

ii

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THIS.PHILIPPInES.EnvIROnMEnT.MOnITOR.2005.on.Coastal.and.Marine.Resource.Management. is.a. product. of. collaborative. effort. of. various. government. agencies,. local. government. units. (LGUs),.academe,.private.sector,.donor.agencies,.civil.society.organizations.at.both.the.national.and.local.levels..The financial contribution of the Danish Government is appreciated together with the valuablecontributions.of.people.who.provided.assistance.in.the.preparation.of.this.Monitor.

iii

goVerNMeNT ageNCiesDepartment of Environment and Natural ResourcesAsst. Secretary Analiza TehAsst. Director Teresita Mundita-LimDir. Romeo AcostaRobert JaraMarizel CalpitoArthur GarciaFlorendo BaranganWilliam PanaypayonRogelio TrinidadFelix MendozaDonna Gordove

Philippine Information AgencyLyndon Plantilla

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic ResourcesDir. Malcolm SarmientoSandra Victoria ArcamoMercy Tan

National Anti-Poverty CommissionJuanita Nartea

National Economic and Development AuthorityJan Andrew Zubiri

Philippine Coast Guard Antonio Lalisan

CoNgressHouse of Representatives − Committee on EcologyRoselita Paloma

aCaDeMe aND researCH iNsTiTuTeUP Marine Science InstituteDr. Edgardo Gomez

Silliman UniversityDr. Angel Alcala

Palawan State University

International Center for Researchin Agroforestry Rodel Lasco

CiVil soCieTY aND MeDiaEnvironment and Broadcast CircleElizabeth Roxas

Haribon Margarita Lavides

Sagip Pasig MovementBebot CorpuzMeth Jimenez

Philippine Rural ReconstructionMovementIsagani Serrano

Sustainable Coastal Tourism in AsiaGrace Favila

Conservation InternationalRomy Trono

World Wide FundsAbigail DumaupJoel PalmaEdgardo TongsonLorenzo Tan

DoNorsAsian Development BankNasimul IslamLoreta RufoMasaki Omura

USAID-FISHCesar LunaTeresa Oledan-GroverMarco Carreon

USAID Economic Governance ProjectGem CastilloAnnette Menez

USAIDJoy Jochico and teamRene Acosta

Water and Sanitation ProgramJemima Sy

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische ZusammenarbeitUarsten Heinrich

loCal goVerNMeNT uNiTsPalawan Corporate Services DivisionPreselina Planas

Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff Nelson Devanadera

Municipal Government of PalawanGovernor Joel ReyesVarious Municipalities

Province of La UnionMayor Mary Jane OrtegaVice-Mayor Alvin Fernandez

San Fernando City ENRO Staff,Sevilla Center Celso Jucutan

Municipal Government of MabiniMayor Rowell SandovalLuzviminda Villas

League of Municipalities Joel Wagan

Aquarium CouncilArun AbrahamDomingo Ochavillo

PEMFinal.indb 4 10/08/2006 07:31:26

PhiliPPineS environment monitor 2005

iv

THE. 2005. PHILIPPInES. EnvIROnMEnT. MOnITOR. looks. at. the. history. and. effectiveness. of.coastal. and. marine. resources. management.. Philippine. coastal. waters. contain. some. of. the. world’s.most. diverse. ecosystems. considered. as. the. center. of. marine. biodiversity. in. the. world.. It. is.characterized. by. extensive. coral. reefs,. sea. grass. beds,. dense. mangrove. forests,. and. pristine. and.beautiful. beaches.. The. country. stretches. 2,000. kilometers. from. north. to. south. and. consists. of.7,100.islands.with.a.total.coastline.of.36,289.kilometers,.one.of.the.longest.in.the.world..The.coastal.and marine resources have significant economic value. Healthy coastal and marine ecosystems.can provide the Philippines a sustainable supply of goods—such as fish and related products,seaweeds,. algae. and. salt—and. services,. such. as. shoreline. protection,. maintaining. water. quality,.sustaining.biodiversity,.transportation,.and.recreation..

The annual economic benefits from the Philippines’ coastal ecosystems are estimated at PhP 180.billion. ($3.5. billion).. The. economic. costs. of. environmental. degradation. of. these. resources. are.significant.Itisestimatedthat1squarekilometerofhealthycoralreefgeneratesanaverageofPhP2.5million ($50,000) from fishing and tourism. As awhole, Philippine coral reefs contribute at least.PhP70billion($1.4billion)annuallytotheeconomy,about1.4percentofGDP.

Withsuchrichresources,itisironicthatcoastalcommunitieswhodependdirectlyonfishandothercoastal. and. marine. resources. for. their. livelihood. are. among. the. poorest. in. the. Philippines. with.4.of.10.coastal.residents. living.under.the.poverty.line..Household.income.levels.are.as. low.as.PhP.24,000.($470).per.year,.compared.to.the.national.average.of.PhP.144,000.($2,820)..With.the.average.annualcatchofamunicipalfisherreducedto30percentofwhatitwasin1991,partlyduetocompetitionwith the commercial fishing fleet, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, local coastalcommunities.are.increasingly.turning.to.alternative.livelihoods.in.order.to.survive..This.issue.of.equity.(orbenefitsharing)incoastalresourcemanagementneedstobeaddressed.

The.present.status.of.coastal.ecosystems.in.the.Philippines.is.a.cause.for.alarm..Almost.all.Philippine.coral.reefs.are.at.risk.due.to.the.impact.of.human.activities,.and.only.4.to.5.percent.remain.in.excellent.condition..More.than.70.percent.of.the.nation’s.mangrove.forests.have.been.converted.to.aquaculture,.logged,.or.reclaimed.for.other.uses..Half.of.the.seagrass.beds.have.either.been.lost.or.severely.degraded,.and.the.rate.of.degradation.is.increasing..Beaches.and.foreshore.areas.are.under.increasing.pressures.from.rapid.population.growth.and.uncontrolled.development,.which.leads.to.erosion,.sedimentation,.and.water.quality.problems..

Theeconomiccostsofenvironmentaldegradationof theseresourcesaresignificant.Theeconomiclossofover-fishingisestimatedataboutPhP6.5billion($125million)peryearinlostfishcatch.Redtides,.which.are.harmful.algal.blooms.largely.caused.by.increasing.pollution.loads,.produced.yearly.losses. in. exports. of. around. PhP. 1.6. billion. ($30. million). during. the. 1990s.. The. human. toll. also. is.significant: Premature deaths among the working population due to water pollution in Manila.Bay. (harmful. algal. bloom). have. an. immeasurable. human. impact. and. are. estimated. to. cause.productivity.loss.of.PhP.310.million.annually.($.6.million)..

Addressing. the. problems. of. increasing. urbanization. and. human. population. pressure. on. coastal.resources—contributing. to. land-based. pollution,. sedimentation,. coastal. degradation,. and.

PEMFinal.indb 5 10/08/2006 07:31:28

v

overfishing—will require improvedgovernance andmainstreaming thepoverty reduction agendaacross.many.sectors.that.affect.the.health.of.coastal.ecosystems..Only.through.an.integrated.approach.to.coastal.management.can.the.productive.potential.of.the.Philippines’.rich.natural.marine.heritage.be.realized.and.its.contribution.to.the.welfare.of.coastal.communities.achieved.

Existing.national.laws.and.regulations.already.provide.a.basic.framework.for.coastal.management..Buttheexistingframeworkisnotsufficienttoachievecoordinatedandintegratedcoastalresourcemanagement that cuts across economic sectors and levels of government to resolve conflicts overresourceuseandbroaden thedistributionofbenefits to society.The current lawsand regulationsneedtobesimplified.AninternationalcomparisontootherdevelopingcountrieswithsimilarcoastalresourcesfoundthatthePhilippinesisusingandmanagingitscoastalresourceslessefficiently.

Although.the.country.has.more.than.30.years.of.experience.in.the.implementation.of.coastal.resource.management,.including.successfully.pioneering.co-management.approaches.for.the.establishment.of.marineprotectedareasandderivingcontinuousbenefitsfrombetterstewardshipofcoastalresources(such.as.the.Bohol.experience,.Gilutongan.Island,.and.Apo.Island),.these.experiences.need.to.be.scaled.up..There.is.a.widespread.fragmentation.of.development.initiatives.throughout.the.country.aggravated.by.the.lack.of.a.national.champion..Applying.an.integrated.approach.to.managing.coastal.resources—that.is,.gathering.information.on.the.goods.and.services.that.can.be.derived.from.these.resources.in.relation.to.the.needs.of.society,.and.coordinating.local.community.and.government.involvement.in.theuseoftheseresources—isoftendifficult,butthebenefitsareclear.Anintegratedcoastalresourcesmanagement.(ICRM).framework.has.been.introduced.in.several.LGUs.and.widely.endorsed,.but.still.lacks official sanction by the national executive and legislative bodies. Once sanctioned, it cansignificantlyhelptoacceleratethesustainabledevelopment,management,andconservationofcoastalresources.

For.the.Philippines,.to.establish.sound.coastal.resource.management.that.ensures.the.protection.and.sustainability. of. its. rich. ecosystems. as. well. as. local. livelihoods. while. contributing. to. the. national.economy,.several.key.challenges.remain:.

1.. Increasing the protection of coastal resources under threat through: a.. Increasing.the.number.and.size.of.effectively.managed.MPAs.and.forming.MPA.networks.in.

ecologically.connected.and.critical.areas.b. Co-management regimes to promote and introduce innovative and sustainable financing

schemesthatalsoallowlocalcommunitiestobenefitmoredirectlyfromtheresource.Agoodexample.of.this.is.the.collection.of.user.fees.from.resource.users,.such.as.in.Mabini,.Batangas;.Gilutongan.Island.in.Cordova,.and.Cebu.and.Apo.Island.in.negros.Oriental..

c. Sustainablemanagementoffisheriesresourcesthroughefficientregulatoryoptions,suchasaneffectivefishinglicensesystemthatwouldcontrolaccesstofishingareasandspawningaggregationsitesanddefinethetypeofgearthatcanbeused.

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PhiliPPineS environment monitor 2005

d.. Establishing.limits.to.individual.catch,.and.setting.ecosystem.boundaries.and.parameters.of.fisheriesandtheirsupportinghabitatsystemsbasedonscientificassessmentsandthroughmanagement.of.marine.protected.areas.

e.. Building.the.capacity.of.communities.to.address.vulnerability.issues,.including.the.prevention.and.mitigation.of.local.and.global.environmental.impacts.

2.. Improving local livelihoods for communities in coastal areas through:a.. Mainstreaming. the. poverty. reduction. agenda—particularly. for. coastal. areas—into. the.

national. development. agenda. by. providing. alternative. livelihoods. that. conserve. coastal.resources,.as.well.as.promoting.small.and.medium.enterprise.development.through.market.analysis.and.offering.support.during.initial.years..

b.. Reducing.population.pressure. through. improved.reproductive.health.practices,.providing.more.opportunities.for.women.and.secure.tenure.

c. Improvingfishstocksandfisheriesyieldsby reducingerosionanddegradationof criticalestuarine. habitats. and. by. restoring. or. rehabilitating. other. important. coastal. ecosystems,.especially.coral.reefs..

d.. Maximizing.the.value.and.income.potential.by.investing.in.post-harvest.facilities.to.reduce.losses..

3.. The Way Forward: Strengthening and simplifying institutional arrangements through:a.. An.integrated.coastal.management.framework.that.strengthens.the.capacity.of.stakeholders.

to.work.across.sectors.and.through.layers.of.government.to.improve.stewardship.of.resources.and. to. build. capacity. for. coastal. management. by. supporting. champions,. as. well. as. the.establishment. of. ICRM. training. and. technical. assistance. to. core. groups. at. the. national,.regional,provincial,municipal,andbarangaylevels.Onenationalagencycanbeidentifiedtoserveasachampionforboththemanagementofthehabitatandfisheryasthatwouldbebest.for.ICM.

b.. Improved. coastal. law. enforcement. through. streamlining. and. integrating. the. present.enforcement,fightingcorruption,andpromotingstrongerparticipationoflocalorganizations.Promoting.a.balance.between.enforcement.and.voluntary.compliance.with.environmentally.sound.practices.by.linking.healthy.ecosystems.to.sustainable.economic.growth,.such.as.in.the.coastal. tourism. industry,. which. is. largely. dependent. on. environmental. and. cultural.resources..

c.. Strengthening.public.awareness,.education,. innovative.multi-stakeholder. initiatives,.social.marketing,.and.public.information.dissemination,.such.as.in.the.Beach.EcoWatch.programs..

d.. Improving. access. of. local. governments. and. coastal. communities. to. information. that. will.inform.and.improve.decisions.affecting.services.from.coastal.and.marine.ecosystems.

Findingwaystoimplementchallengesidentifiedandchoosingthedevelopmentpaththatprotectscoastal. and. marine. resources. will. contribute. to. economic. growth. in. the. Philippines.. Otherwise.stopping.and.reversing.the.current.trend.in.resource.degradation.will.not.happen..The.business-as-usual.will.result.in.irreversible.damage,.possible.collapse.of.these.resources,.and.further.marginalizing.the.coastal.communities.and.endangering.their.health.and.nutrition.

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INDICATORGENERAL

TREND STATUS AND COMMENTSPRIORITY

LEVEL

State of coastal and marine resources

Condition of coral reefs

Although reefs are considered to be declining nationwide, active coastal and marine protected areas in the Central Visayas are showing improvements in coral cover and fish abundances.

Mangrove cover In 1918, mangroves covered 450,000 hectares as opposed to 138,000 hectares today. Presently, mangroves are relatively stable and even increasing in selected areas of management in Visayas so that the overall rate of decline has lessened.

Seagrass cover About half of the seagrass beds have been lost or degraded since 1950, and the rate of degradation is increasing due to land reclamation and pollution.

Beach forest cover

Almost all beach forest has been converted into settlements and coconut plantations. Larger blocks of intact beach forest exist only in very remote areas such as the coastline of Isabela Province, Luzon islets in the Sulu Sea, and the South China Sea including coastal protected areas of St. Paul’s Subterranean River in Palawan.

Fish stocks The main fish species and marine organisms are showing severe signs of overfishing. Despite the continued expansion of the country’s commercial fishing fleet, total fish catch levelled off in the early 1990s

Catch per unit effort

All fisheries are showing decline in total catch and per unit effort (total number of fish caught per unit of time) despite increasing effort. Fish are being harvested at a level 30 to 50 percent higher than the natural production capacity.

Protection of marine species

Many of the important marine species are threatened or have disappeared from most of their former breeding ranges.

State of coastal erosion

Coastal erosion is increasing in areas adjacent to or near urban development centers. Sea level rise will exacerbate coastal erosion, especially in low-lying areas or near development.

Pressure on coastal zone

Population in coastal zone and its growth

About 62 percent of the population lives in the coastal zone. The Philippines has one of the highest population growth rates in the world with an average annual rate of increase of 2.75 percent during the last century.

Solid waste generation

The generation of solid waste continues to increase from a minimum of 10.67 million ton per year in 2000 to a projected 14.05 million ton per year in 2010. Waste generation is highest in large cities and densely populated areas.

Water pollution Most shore ecosystems near urbanized areas are threatened by nutrient loading. A recent study of 12 bays (major fishing grounds) found that organic nutrients were affecting water quality including high levels of heavy metal in some areas.

Demand for fish and fishery products

Estimates show that if the present rapid population growth and declining trend in fish production continue, only 10 kilograms of fish will be available per Filipino per year by 2010, as opposed to 28.5 kilograms per year in 2003.

Erosion and sedimentation

Logging and unsustainable farming practices in recent decades have led to increasing soil erosion and frequent flooding. Soil erosion causes sedimentation that reduces light, smothers marine organisms, and prevents recovery areas that have been silted over.

vii

Low Priority Medium Priority High Priority

PEMFinal.indb 8 10/08/2006 07:31:33

INDICATORGENERAL

TREND STATUS AND COMMENTSPRIORITY

LEVEL

Institutional capacity and budget allocation for marine and coastal resources management

Government staff allocated to CRM

The number of staff is increasing in municipal governments, cities, and in selected provinces as a result of the emphasis placed on CRM. At regional and national levels, staff size is generally decreasing due to the small national budgets.

Number of LGU staff trained in CRM

About 97 staff members trained in 2001; 446 in 2002; 2,076 in 2003; and 286 in 2004. (These numbers do not necessarily include all local government units (LGU) staff, and include representatives of POs, fisherfolk, and other coastal stakeholders.)

National level allocation (percent of total expenditure)

Over the past seven years, regular budgets of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for CRM have been decreasing. Total budget allocation for foreign-assisted projects doing CRM, however, has increased, particularly for the last three years.

LGU level allocation

The number of LGUs allocating annual budget for CRM and the amount of these allocations has increased during the past decade. Overall, average budgets increased from a baseline of PhP 107,981 in 1995 to PhP 291,675 in 2002.

Coastal Resource Management

Number of LGUs achieving CRM benchmarks

Of the 822 coastal municipalities and 25 coastal cities, 113 have achieved the basic benchmarks of CRM (budget, management, plan, law enforcement, or other best practice in place). These LGUs cover 3600 kilometers or about 20 percent of the shoreline.

Percent marine protected areas (MPA) under effective management

In 2005, about 26 percent of 362 legally established MPAs (out of a total of over 500 MPAs) from 150 municipalities in 36 provinces were managed in a sustainable manner, and 44 percent were developing management systems. The remaining 30 percent lack sufficient data to evaluate and generally lack management.

Percent of coral reef habitat within MPA

Three percent of coral reef habitat (or about 780 of the 26,000 square kilometers of reef in the country) lies within an MPA.

Increase in fish attributed to spillover from MPAs

The increasing number of effective, although small, MPAs with no-take zones or “sanctuaries” is increasing the biomass of fish and fish yields in their immediate vicinity. (About 10 percent of fish catch from the Apo Island area was attributed to spillover.)

Population with access to sanitation and sewerage

Access to sanitation is rising slowly. Urban access to piped sewerage in Metro Manila is very low (8 percent) as the investments in sewerage are inadequate. Metro Cebu and Metro Davao have no centralized sewerage systems at all.

Poverty among municipal fishing households

Eighty percent of municipal fishing households are living below the poverty line. This can be attributed to a lack of alternative sources of income and decreasing catch per unit effort for most municipal fishers.

Income of fishing households over time

Fishing households have an average annual income equivalent to half or even less of the national average of PhP 144,000 per year (US$ 2820).

PhiliPPineS environment monitor 2005

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Low Priority Medium Priority High Priority

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PhiliPPineS environment monitor 2005

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PEMFinal.indb 11 10/08/2006 07:31:39

AFMA Agriculture.and.Fisheries.Modernization.ActAFMP Agriculture.and.Fisheries.Modernization.PlanARCDEV SustainablePhilippineArchipelagicDevelopment

FrameworkBAS Bureau.of.Agricultural.StatisticsBESWMC Barangay.Ecological.Solid.Waste.CommitteeBFAR Bureau.of.Fisheries.and.Aquatic.ResourcesCABCOM Cabinet.Committee.on.Marine.and.Ocean.AffairsCCEF Coastal.Conservation.and.Education.FoundationCITES Convention.on.the.International.Trade.of.

Endangered.SpeciesCLEC Coastal.Law.Enforcement.CouncilCLUP Comprehensive.Land.Use.PlanCMMO Coastal.and.Marine.Management.OfficeCPUE Catch.Per.Unit.EffortCRM Coastal.Resource.ManagementCRMP Coastal.Resource.Management.ProjectDA DepartmentofAgricultureDAO DepartmentAdministrativeOrderDECS DepartmentofEducation,CultureandSportsDENR Dept.ofEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesDFA DepartmentofForeignAffairsDILG DepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernmentsDND DepartmentofNationalDefenceDO DissolvedOxygenDOE DepartmentofEnergyDOT DepartmentofTourismEEZ Exclusive.Economic.Zone.(200.nautical.miles)EIA Environmental.Impact.AssessmentEMB Environmental.Management.BureauENRAP Environmental.and.natural.Resources.Accounting.

ProjectEO Executive.OrderFAO Food.and.Agriculture.Organization.of.the.United.

nationsFARMC Fisheries.and.Aquatic.Resource.Management.

CouncilFLA Fishpond.Lease.AgreementFLC Foreshore.Lease.ContractFMB Forest.Management.BureauFPIC Free.and.Prior.Informed.ConsentGDP GrossDomesticProductGOLD GovernanceandLocalDemocracyProjectIFARMC Integrated.Fisheries.and.Aquatic.Resource.

Management.CouncilIPAF Integrated.Protected.Areas.Fund

IPRA Indigenous.People’s.Rights.Act

ICLARM International.Center.for.Living.Aquatic.Resources.Management.

ICRM Integrated.Coastal.Resources.Management

LGU Local.Government.Unit

MARPOL International.Convention.for.the.Prevention.of.Marine.Pollution.from.Ships

MFO Municipal.Fisheries.Ordinances

MGB Mines.and.Geosciences.Bureau

MPA Marine.Protected.Areas

MPSA Mineral.Production.Sharing.Agreement

NAMRIA national.Mapping.and.Resource.Information.Authority

NBSAP national.Biodiversity.Strategy.and.Action.Plan

NCIP national.Commission.on.Indigenous.Peoples

NFARMC national.Fisheries.and.Aquatic.Resource.Management.Council

NGO non-Governmental.Organization

NIPAS national.Integrated.Protected.Areas.System

NWRB national.Water.Resources.Board

OBST Olango.Island.Bird.and.Landscape.Tour

OTEC Ocean.Thermal.Energy.Conversion

PAMB Protected.Areas.Management.Boards

PAWB Protected.Areas.and.Wildlife.Bureau

PEA Public.Estates.Office

PEMSEA Partnership.in.Environmental.Management.for.the.Seas.of.East.Asia

PCMARD Philippine.Council.for.Marine.and.Aquatic.Research.andDevelopment

PCG Philippine.Coast.Guard

PCRA Participatory.Coastal.Resources.Appraisal

PHP Philippine.Peso

PN Philippine.navy

PNP Philippine.national.Police

PRA Public.Reclamation.Authority.(formerly.PEA)

PO People’s.Organization

PPA Philippine.Ports.Authority

PTA Philippine.Tourism.Authority

RAMSAR Convention.on.Wetlands.of.International.Importance

SAFDZ StrategicAgricultureandFisheriesDevelopmentZones

UNCLOS United.nations.Conference.on.the.Law.of.the.Sea

USAID UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment

WRI World.Resources.Institute

WWF World.Wildlife.Fund

Unless otherwise noted, all dollars are US Dollars1 USD = 54 Philippines peso (PhP) (December 2005)

All tons are metric tons (MT) (1000 kilograms); A billion is a 1,000 million.

AbbreviAtions & Acronyms

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