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Transcript of 1 Introduction You will be responsible for collecting blood specimens and doing some testing in the...
1
Introduction You will be responsible
for collecting blood specimens and doing some testing in the waived category.
You will be introduced to venipuncture and capillary collection procedures.
You will also learn techniques for dealing with difficult types of patients and how to efficiently and effectively obtain blood
samples.
2
Role of the Medical Assistant Examination of blood
can provide extensive information about a patient’s condition.
Basic understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system will help you perform these tasks.
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Functions of Blood Heart pumps 8 to 12
pints of blood through more than 70,000 miles of veins, arteries, and capillaries.
Hematology Hematology – the study of blood
HematologistsHematologists – study its function and composition
Blood has many functions, all of which are important to overall health of the body.
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Functions of Blood (cont.)
Blood does all the following:Blood does all the following: Distributes oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to body cells Eliminates waste products Maintains acid-base balance Regulates body temperature Attacks infecting pathogens
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Composition of Blood PlasmaPlasma – liquid in which other components
are suspended Red blood cells (erythrocytes)Red blood cells (erythrocytes) – vital role in
internal respiration White blood cells (leukocytes)White blood cells (leukocytes) – protect the
body against infection Platelets (thrombocytes)Platelets (thrombocytes) – crucial to clot
formation
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Apply Your Knowledge -AnswerAnswer
1. Distributes oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to body cells
2. Eliminates waste products3. Maintains acid-base balance4. Regulates body temperature5. Attacks infecting pathogens
What are three functions of blood?
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Collecting Blood Specimens Reading and interpreting the test order Assembling the equipment and supplies Preparing the patient Greeting and identifying the patient Confirming pretest preparations Explaining the procedure and safety precautions Establishing chain of custody Handling exposure incident
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Identifying the Patient Ask patient to state
their full name. Be sure you hear
both the first and last names correctly.
Verify that the name the patient gives is the name on the order.
Some places, the phlebotomist may ask for social security, patient ID, or chart number to further identify the patient.
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Drawing Blood Some states permit
medical assistants to obtain blood samples.
Your office will clarify your duties
Venipuncture – puncture of a vein
Phlebotomy – puncturing a vein with a needle to collect blood into a needle or tube
Common Sites for Venipuncture
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Venipuncture Equipment Evacuation system (VACUTAINER)Evacuation system (VACUTAINER) –special
double-pointed needle, needle holder, and collection tubes
Needle and syringe systemNeedle and syringe system – use a sterile needle and a syringe to draw blood specimen
Butterfly systemButterfly system – winged infusion set and syringe Collection tubes –Collection tubes – must mix blood with appropriate
sample containers
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VACUTAINER
The VACUTAINER system uses interchangeable collection tubes that allow you to draw several blood specimens from the same venipuncture site.
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Capillary Puncture Superficial puncture
of skin with sharp point to draw small amount of blood.
Collected in small, calibrated glass tubes, slides, or reagent strips.
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Patient Needs Alleviate patients fears or concerns Provide more information about:
Pain Bruises or scars Serious diagnosis Contracting a disease from procedure
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Children: Talk with patient or caregivers before
working with child Address them directly Speak calmly in soothing voice Explain the procedure briefly in terms they
can understand Keep child informed of status of procedure
Special Considerations
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Special Considerations (cont.)
Elderly Patients: Changes in skin conditions make
elderly patients prone to bruising Decreased circulation makes it
difficult to collect enough blood Speak in clear, low-pitched tone Give the patient time to respond to
questions
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Patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding such as hemophilia or taking blood-thinning drugs Be careful and alert Hold cotton ball over the puncture site for
at least 5 minutes Notify physician if bleeding is
uncontrollable
Special Considerations (cont.)
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Special Considerations (cont.)
Difficult venipuncture: Try a second
time and then give the patient a rest
Fainting patient: Position before
venipuncture so no injury will occur
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Angry or violent Angry or violent patients:patients: Encourage patient to
submit to test and then talk with doctor
Do not force the issue Patient has the right to
refuse
Special Considerations (cont.)
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Apply Your KnowledgeWhat is one precaution you can take when drawing blood from a patient who had hemophilia?
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Apply Your Knowledge -AnswerAnswer
Hold cotton ball over the puncture site for at least 5 minutes
Be careful and alert Notify physician if bleeding is uncontrollable
What is one precaution you can take when drawing blood from a patient who had hemophilia?
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Performing Common Blood Tests Results can aid in the
diagnosis of specific conditions, disease, and disorders
Chemicals in lab:Chemicals in lab: Anticoagulants Serum separators Stains
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Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste products include:
Blood and blood products Body fluids and tissue Cultures Vaccines Sharps Gloves Specula Inoculating loops Paper product contaminated with body fluids
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Hematologic Tests Performed on venous or capillary blood
specimens Blood countsBlood counts
Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Hematocrit Hemoglobin
Centrifuged Capillary Sample
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) –measures rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of blood sample Put freshly collected blood into calibrated tube
and place in sedimentation rack In one hour determine how far the red blood cells
have fallen Record in mm/hr
Hematologic Tests (cont.)
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Chemistry Tests Highly detailed tests are not
performed in POL labs because of expensive, sophisticated equipment and techniques.
Some tests such as blood glucose monitoring are often performed by medical assistant.
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Serologic Tests Detect presence of specific substances in
blood samples. Refer to the introduction of an antigen or
antibody into the specimen and to detect specific reaction to the antigen or antibody.
Used to detect disease antibodies, drugs, hormones and vitamins.
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Immunoassays Western blotWestern blot –
used to confirm HIV
Radio-Radio-immunoassay immunoassay (RIA)(RIA) – usually performed in reference labs
Enzyme-linked Enzyme-linked immunosorbent immunosorbent assay (ELISA) –assay (ELISA) – used to diagnose HIV infections
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Apply Your Knowledge -AnswerAnswer
Serological tests use the introduction of an antigen or antibody into the specimen to detect specific reactions to the antigen or antibody.
How is a serological test different from a
chemistry test?