1. Introduction to Immunology Serology

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INTRODUCTIONTO

Immunolo andSerolo

S.Wahyuni,MD,PhDDepartment ofParasitology,

MedicalFaculty,HasanuddinUniversity

[email protected]

+628152531325

DURINGLECTURE/DISCUSSION

29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 2

Microorganism

Greek:mikrs,"small

microorganism/microorganism/microrganism):Organismthatcomprises

complexorganisms.

Includebacteria,fungi,albae,protozoa,

microscopicplants/animal

liveinallpartsofthe biosphere


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Microbiology:The

study

of

microorganisms

(

beganwhenAntonyvanLeeuwenhoeksdiscoveredmicroorganismsin1675,usinga hisownmicroscopedesign

Medicalmicrobiology:Branchofmedicineandmicrobiologywhichdealswiththestudyofmicroorganismsincludingbacteria,viruses,fungiandparasiteswhichareofmedicalimportanceandarecapableofcausinginfectiousdiseaseinhumanbeings

Serology

Thescientificstudyofbloodserumandotherbodilyfluids.

Diagnosticofantibodiesintheserum.

aninfection(againstmicroganism)

otherforeignproteins(inresponse,forexample,toamismatchedbloodtransfusion)

ownproteins(ininstancesofautoimmunedisease)

Blood:ali uidtissueconsistof

Watery

plasma 7seventypesofcellsandcell

fragments RBCs/erythrocytes Plateletsorthrombocytes 5whitebloodcells(WBCs)or

leukocytes Threekindsofgranulocytes

(neutrophils,eosynophyls,basophils)

Twokindsofleukocyteswithoutgranulesintheircytoplasm(lymphocytes,monocytes)


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Immunology

immunity (immunitas):protectionfromdisease,more

specifically,

infectious

disease.

immunesystem:cellsandmoleculesresponsibleforimmunity

immuneres onse:collective&coordinatedresponseofimmunesystemtotheintroductionofforeignsubstances(microbes,macromolecules,smallchemicals) physiologicorpathologic

immunology:studyofimmuneresponsesandthecellularandmoleculareventsthatoccurafteranorganismforeignsubtances.

immunity (immunitas):protectionfromdisease,morespecifically,infectiousdisease.

immunesystem:cellsandmoleculesresponsibleforimmunity

immuneres onse:collective&coordinatedresponseofimmunesystemtotheintroductionofforeignsubstances(microbes,macromolecules,smallchemicals) physiologicorpathologic

immunology:studyofimmuneresponsesandthecellularandmoleculareventsthatoccurafteranorganismforeignsubtances.

AncientChinesecustom:childreninhalepowdersmadefromtheskinlesionsofpatientsrecovering

fromsmallpox resistanttothedisease

Edward Jenner's vaccination 1798 : milkmaids

recoveredfrom

cowpox

never

contracted

serious

smallpox.Heinjectedthematerialfromacowpox

pustuleintothearmofan8yo boy diseasedid

notdevelopwhenthisboyintentionally

inoculatedwithsmallpox.


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Disease Cases (year) Cases 2009 % ChangeDiphtheria 206,939 (1921) 0 -99.99

Measles 894,134 (1941) 61 -99.99

Mumps 152,209 (1968) 982 -99.35

Pertussis 265,269 (1934) 13,506 -94.72

Polio (paralytic) 21,269 (1952) 0 -100.0

Rubella 57,686 (1969) 4 -99.99

Tetanus 1,560 (1923) 14 -99.10

Haemophilus influenzae type B 20,000 (1984) 25 -99.88

Hepatitis B 26,611 (1985) 3,020 -87.66

Effectiveness ofVaccinesforSomeCommonInfectious Diseases

INNATEANDADAPTIVEIMMUNITY

Innateimmunity Naturalornativeimmunity

Function:earlylineofdefenseagainstmicrobes.

Principalcomponents:

1. physicalandchemicalbarriers:epitheliaand

antimicrobial chemicalsproducedatepithelialsurfaces

2. phagocytic cells(neutrophils,

macrophages),

dendritic

cells,andnaturalkiller(NK)cells

3. bloodproteins:complementsystemandmediatorsof

inflammation (cytokine, etc)

Themechanismsarenotdifferentforstructures thatarecommontogroupsofrelatedmicrobes


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adaptiveimmunity

characteristics:

exquisitespecificityfordistinctmolecules remember&respondmorevigorouslytorepeated

exposurestothesamemicrobe.

recognizeandreacttoalargenumberofmicrobialandnonm cro a su stances.

calledspecificimmunitybecausehascapacitytodistinguishbetweendifferent,evencloselyrelated,microbesandmolecules

calledacquiredimmunitybecausepotentprotectiveresponsesare"acquired"byexperience.

components:lymphocytes andantibodies.

Innate

and

adaptive

immunity

Innate Adaptive

Characteristics

Specificity For molecules shared by groups of

related microbes and molecules

produced by damaged host cells

For microbial and nonmicrobial antigens

Diversity Limited; germline encoded Very large; receptors are produced by

somatic recombination of gene segments

Memory None Yes

Nonreactivity to

self

Yes Yes

Components

Cellular and

chemical barriers

Skin, mucosal epithelia; antimicrobial

molecules

Lymphocytes in epithelia; antibodies

secreted at epithelial surfaces

Blood proteins Complement, others Antibodies

Cells Phagocytes (macrophages,

neutrophils), natural ki ller cells

Lymphocytes

FeaturesofInnateandAdaptive Immunity


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TYPESOFADAPTIVEIMMUNE

RESPONSES

Typesofadaptiveimmunity

Activeandpassiveimmunity


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Humoralimmunity

Emilvon

Behring

&

Shibasaburo

Kitasato

(1890):serumfromanimalsthathad

recoveredfromdiphtheriainfectionwas

specificallyresistanttodiphtheriainfection.

Theactivecomponentsoftheserumwerecalledantitoxins becausetheyneutralizedthe

pathologiceffectsofthediphtheriatoxin.

PaulEhrlich(Intheearly1900s)immunecellsusereceptorstorecognizemicrobialtoxinsandsubsequentlysecretethesereceptorstocombatmicrobes antibodies :theserumproteinsthatboundtoxins substances thatstimulatedtheproductionofantibodies

werecalledantigens.

moderndefinition antigens includes substances thatbindtospecific

lymphocytereceptors(stimulate ornotstimulateimmuneresponses.

Immunogens:substances thatstimulateimmuneresponses

Cellularimmunity

Elie Metchnikoff(1883):demonstratedphagocytessurroundingathornstuckintoatranslucentstarfishlarva

SirAlmroth Wright's(1900s):factorsinimmune

serum

enhanced

the

phagocytosis of

bacteria

by

coatingthebacteria(opsonization) antibodiespreparedmicrobesforingestionbyphagocytes.

1950s:resistancetoanintracellularbacterium,Listeria monocytogenes, couldbeadoptivelytransferredwithcellsbutnotwithserum.


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Feature Functional Significance

Specificity Ensures that the immune response to a microbe (or nonmicrobial antigen)

is targeted to that microbe (or antigen)

Diversity Enables immune systemto respond to a large variety of antigens

Memory Increases ability to combat repeat infections by the same microbe

Clonal

ex ansion

Increases number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to keep pace with

micro es

Specialization Generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of

microbes

Contraction

and

homeostasis

Al lows immune systemto recover fromone response so that it can

effectively respond to newly encountered antigens

Nonreactivity

to self

Prevents injury to host during responses to foreign antigens

Cardinal FeaturesofAdaptiveImmuneResponses

Specificity, memory,andcontractionofadaptiveimmuneresponses

CELLULARCOMPONENTSOFTHE

ADAPTIVEIMMUNESYSTEM

Theprincipalcells:

lymphocytes

antigenpresentingcells


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CYTOKINES,SOLUBLEMEDIATORSOFTHE

IMMUNESYSTEM

alargeandheterogeneousgroupofsecretedproteins

producedbymanydifferentcelltypes,

regulateallaspectsofinnateandadaptiveimmunity

Notstoredaspreformedmolecules thesynthesisisinitiatedbynewgenetranscriptionasa

resultofcellularactivation.

themessengerRNAsencodingmostcytokinesareunstableandoftenrapidlydegraded,socytokine

synthesis

is

also

transient. theproductionofsomecytokinesmayadditionally beregulatedbyRNAprocessingandbyposttranslational mechanisms,suchasproteolytic releaseofanactiveproductfromaninactiveprecursor.

oncesynthesized,cytokinesarerapidlysecreted,resultinginaburstofreleasewhenneeded.


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Propertiesofcytokines

OVERVIEWOFIMMUNERESPONSES

TOMICROBES

TheEarlyInnateImmuneResponse

Function:blockstheentryofmicrobesandeliminates orlimitsthegrowthofmanymicrobesthatareabletocolonizetissues.

First:skin,gastrointestinalandrespiratorytractsarelinedbycontinuous epitheliatopreventtheentryofmicrobes from the external environment h sical barier

Second:If

microbes

breach

the

epithelial

barriers,

they

encounter thecellsofinnateimmunity cellularinnateimmune(inflammationandantiviraldefense)

Third:whenmicrobeswithstanddefensereactionsinthetissues&entertheblood complement andcytokine


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TheAdaptiveImmuneResponse

Threemain

strategies

to

combat

most

microbes.

Secreted antibodies

Cytotoxic Tlymphocytes(CTLs)

Phasesofadaptive immuneresponses

CaptureandDisplayofMicrobialAntigensbyantigenpresentingcells(dendritic cells)

AntigenRecognitionbyLymphocytes

ActivationofNaveTcellsbypeptideMHC

presentedby

APC

CellMediatedImmunity:ActivationofTLymphocytes(CD4&CD8)andEliminationofIntracellularMicrobes(CD4helper&CTL)

Humoral Immunity:ActivationofBLymphocytesandEliminationofExtracellularMicrobes


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Theclonalselectionhypothesis

Phasesofthecellularimmuneresponse


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Effectorfunctionsofantibodies

Serologictest

Performedfordiagnosticpurposeswhen Aninfectionissuspected rheumaticillnesses othersituations (bloodtype,etc)

Techniquesinclude: ELISA/RIA Agglutinationtest Precipitation Complement fixation Flourescent antibody

Notlimitedtobloodserum,butcanalsobeperformedonotherbodilyfluids(semen,saliva)

TUGAS

Kelas dibagi dalam 5kelompok (urut berdasarabsen)

Tiap kelompok membuat slidemax5buah

Masing masing kelompok membahas mengenai

defenisi,cara melakukannya dan interpretasi:

1. ELISA/RIA

2. Agglutinationtest

3. Precipitation

4. Complement fixation

5. Flourescent antibody

1. Introduction to Immunology Serology

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