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IGCC vs. PC Coal FireIGCC vs. PC Coal FirePower Plants:Power Plants:Moving toward cleaner Moving toward cleaner energyenergy

David MurrayCBE 55510/21/2008

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Coal is dirtyCoal is dirty

““I think I'm getting the Black Lung, Pop. It's not very well I think I'm getting the Black Lung, Pop. It's not very well ventilated down there."ventilated down there."

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So what’s the deal?So what’s the deal?

You all hear about global warming You all hear about global warming every dayevery day

Pollution affects each and every Pollution affects each and every one of usone of us

Cutting down on power plant Cutting down on power plant emissions won’t solve the current emissions won’t solve the current problems, but it may not add to problems, but it may not add to them them

From the DOEFrom the DOE

““One quarter of the world’s coal One quarter of the world’s coal reserves are found within the reserves are found within the United States, and the energy United States, and the energy content of the nation’s coal content of the nation’s coal resources exceeds that of all the resources exceeds that of all the world’s known recoverable oil.”world’s known recoverable oil.”

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http://www.energy.gov/energysources/coal.htm

Coal OutlookCoal Outlook

2008 ytd: 1,710 thousand tons 2008 ytd: 1,710 thousand tons (American end use)(American end use)– Projected: increase of 1.2% in 2008, Projected: increase of 1.2% in 2008,

decline of 0.9% in 2009 in electric-power-decline of 0.9% in 2009 in electric-power-sector coal consumptionsector coal consumption

– 3% production increase in 2008 production3% production increase in 2008 production– Continued robust worldwide demand for Continued robust worldwide demand for

coal is projected to lead to an overall 43% coal is projected to lead to an overall 43% increase in U.S. coal exports in 2008increase in U.S. coal exports in 2008

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Coal PowerCoal Power

There are two main processesThere are two main processes– PC: Pulverized coal. This method has PC: Pulverized coal. This method has

been used since the beginningbeen used since the beginning– IGCC: Integrated Gasification IGCC: Integrated Gasification

Combined Cycle. This is the newer, Combined Cycle. This is the newer, lower pollution, more efficient method.lower pollution, more efficient method.

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Pulverized CoalPulverized Coal

The process:The process:– Coal is crushed and burned in airCoal is crushed and burned in air– Water is heatedWater is heated– Steam is producedSteam is produced– A steam turbine spins a generatorA steam turbine spins a generator

About 40% efficiencyAbout 40% efficiency The majority of the pollutants are The majority of the pollutants are

emitted from smoke stacksemitted from smoke stacks

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Integrated Gasification Integrated Gasification Combined CycleCombined Cycle Process:Process:

– Coal is finely ground under high Coal is finely ground under high temperature and pressure in the temperature and pressure in the absence of airabsence of air

– Coal is mixed with oxygen to produce Coal is mixed with oxygen to produce syngas syngas

– Pollutants such as COPollutants such as CO22, NO, NOXX, Hg, and , Hg, and SOSO22 are stripped from the gas stream are stripped from the gas stream

– Syngas powers a gas turbine that Syngas powers a gas turbine that spins a generatorspins a generator

Syngas from coalSyngas from coal

C + HC + H22O → CO + HO → CO + H22

C + OC + O22 → CO → CO22

COCO22 + C → 2 + C → 2COCO

COCO2 2 from IGCC plants is “capture from IGCC plants is “capture ready” and could be sequestered ready” and could be sequestered more easily than PC plant emissionsmore easily than PC plant emissions

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IGCC process cont.IGCC process cont.

– Excess and latent heat are used to Excess and latent heat are used to heat waterheat water

– A steam turbine spins a generatorA steam turbine spins a generator– Using what would have been Using what would have been

pollutants, products like fuels pollutants, products like fuels (synthetic natural gas), fertilizers, (synthetic natural gas), fertilizers, and industrial chemicals are madeand industrial chemicals are made

IGCC plants have obtained 60% IGCC plants have obtained 60% efficiencyefficiency

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Block diagram of IGCC process. Method is simplified slightly, but includes each major step associated with all IGCC methods. Specific power plants will have modifications based on geography, climate, water supply, etc. Source:

U.S. EPA, reference [12]

IGCC technologyIGCC technology

GE: gasifiers, Siemens: turbines, GE: gasifiers, Siemens: turbines, Mitsubishi heavy industriesMitsubishi heavy industries

250 MW plants operational in 250 MW plants operational in Buggenum, Netherlands, Nakaso, Buggenum, Netherlands, Nakaso, JapanJapan

2 operating in US: Wabash River Power 2 operating in US: Wabash River Power Station West Terre Haute, Indiana, and Station West Terre Haute, Indiana, and Polk Power Station in Tampa, Florida Polk Power Station in Tampa, Florida (online since 1996)(online since 1996)

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IGCC vs. PCIGCC vs. PC

IGCC is more efficient by nearly 20%IGCC is more efficient by nearly 20% >90% of the Hg is removed>90% of the Hg is removed COCO22 is easily sequestered, and less is is easily sequestered, and less is

producedproduced Fly ash is captured as a glassy slagFly ash is captured as a glassy slag PC is cheaper, more established PC is cheaper, more established

tech.tech. IGCC is the future of coal power IGCC is the future of coal power

productionproduction

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And…?And…?

Decreasing pollution benefits Decreasing pollution benefits public health and environmentpublic health and environment

Increased efficiency will help, not Increased efficiency will help, not hurt, the coal industryhurt, the coal industry

IGCC is much more expensive, IGCC is much more expensive, but the benefits will eventually but the benefits will eventually outweigh costs. outweigh costs.

Regulations are becoming more Regulations are becoming more and more stringent, making it and more stringent, making it harder for PC plants to complyharder for PC plants to comply

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1919

2020

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Clear Skies InitiativeClear Skies Initiative

2000 actual emissions, tons

Emissions by 2010, tons

Emissions by 2018, tons

SO2 11.2 4.5 3

NOx 5.1 2.1* 1.7

Mercury 48 26 15

Feburary 27, 2003Feburary 27, 2003 We’ll know soon if these standards are We’ll know soon if these standards are

actually metactually met

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What is happening What is happening now*now* The DOA has sponsored the $1 The DOA has sponsored the $1

billion FutureGen projectbillion FutureGen project– 11 major energy companies11 major energy companies– First near-zero emission coal plantFirst near-zero emission coal plant– Takes IGCC a step further; syngas is Takes IGCC a step further; syngas is

nearly pure Hnearly pure H22

Of the 154 proposed new coal Of the 154 proposed new coal plants in the US, 28 will use IGCCplants in the US, 28 will use IGCC

What is happening What is happening nownow FutureGen has evolved from an IGCC FutureGen has evolved from an IGCC

R&D demonstration to a carbon capture R&D demonstration to a carbon capture and sequester commercial-scale effortand sequester commercial-scale effort– Eliminated HEliminated H22 production for time being production for time being

Build multiple 300 MW plants, each with Build multiple 300 MW plants, each with the ability to sequester more than 1 the ability to sequester more than 1 million tons/yr of COmillion tons/yr of CO22

Approximately 400,000 households/plantApproximately 400,000 households/plant

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What’s going on now What’s going on now (cont.)(cont.) New regulations are taking effect New regulations are taking effect

constantly, but the Bush administration constantly, but the Bush administration has allowed many exemptionshas allowed many exemptions

Power plant emissions still must be cut Power plant emissions still must be cut Recently, TXU tried to hurry through 15 Recently, TXU tried to hurry through 15

PC power plants before new regulations PC power plants before new regulations take effect in late 2007, but were take effect in late 2007, but were stifledstifled

The futureThe future

IGCC will be viable when the economics IGCC will be viable when the economics catch up to the technologycatch up to the technology

PC emissions must be improved in the PC emissions must be improved in the meantime, and regulations are being meantime, and regulations are being implementedimplemented

Alternative energy options will become Alternative energy options will become available, but America has so much coal available, but America has so much coal that it will be an energy source for many that it will be an energy source for many yearsyears

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THE ENDTHE END Questions, comments, and Questions, comments, and

discussions discussions

SourcesSources Abt Associates, Inc. (2004, June). Power Plant Emissions: Particulate Matter-Related Health Damages and the Abt Associates, Inc. (2004, June). Power Plant Emissions: Particulate Matter-Related Health Damages and the

Benefits of Alternative Emission Reduction Scenarios. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from Benefits of Alternative Emission Reduction Scenarios. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from http://www.abtassociates.com/Page.cfm?PageID=18001&SR=1  

Blankinship, S. (2006, Nov). Getting IGCC a Seat at the Table. Blankinship, S. (2006, Nov). Getting IGCC a Seat at the Table. Power EngineeringPower Engineering, Vol. 110, Iss.11, 23. , Vol. 110, Iss.11, 23. Captain, S. (2007, Feb). Turning Black Coal Green, Captain, S. (2007, Feb). Turning Black Coal Green, Popular SciencePopular Science. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from:. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from: http://www.popsci.com/popsci/science/3e2f391531470110vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html FutureGen. (2006, Dec). FutureGen. (2006, Dec). A Sequestration and Hydrogen Research Initiative: Project UpdateA Sequestration and Hydrogen Research Initiative: Project Update. Washington, DC: . Washington, DC:

U.S. Departament of Energy. Retrieved February 28, 2007 from U.S. Departament of Energy. Retrieved February 28, 2007 from http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/Futuregen_ProjectUpdate_December http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/Futuregen_ProjectUpdate_December 2006.pdf2006.pdf

Javetski, J. (2006, Oct.). Generation Technology. Javetski, J. (2006, Oct.). Generation Technology. PowerPower, Vol. 150, Iss. 8, 55. , Vol. 150, Iss. 8, 55. Miles, K. and R. Rigdon. (2006, Jun/Jul). Clean Coal Technology: The Cleaner Coal Option. Miles, K. and R. Rigdon. (2006, Jun/Jul). Clean Coal Technology: The Cleaner Coal Option. Power Engineering Power Engineering

InternationalInternational, Vol. 14, Iss. 6, 37., Vol. 14, Iss. 6, 37. Modern Power Systems (Editors). (2006, Nov). IGCC vs PC -- a US EPA perspective. Modern Power Systems (Editors). (2006, Nov). IGCC vs PC -- a US EPA perspective. Modern Power SystemsModern Power Systems, ,

Vol. 26 Iss. 11, 21-24. Vol. 26 Iss. 11, 21-24. National Energy Technology Laboratory. (2006). Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program National Energy Technology Laboratory. (2006). Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program

Plan, 2006 Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved on February 26, 2007, from Plan, 2006 Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved on February 26, 2007, from http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration/http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration/  

Phillips, J. Phillips, J. Coal Gasification 101Coal Gasification 101, Electric Power Research Institute, Power Point presentation from June 28-29, , Electric Power Research Institute, Power Point presentation from June 28-29, 2006, Gasification Technologies Workshop in Bismarck, ND. [11] U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). 2006, Gasification Technologies Workshop in Bismarck, ND. [11] U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). Carbon Carbon Sequestration R&D OverviewSequestration R&D Overview. Washington, DC: U.S. Departament of Energy. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from . Washington, DC: U.S. Departament of Energy. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from http://www.fossil.energuy.gov/programs/sequestration/overview.htmlhttp://www.fossil.energuy.gov/programs/sequestration/overview.html  

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006). Final Report: Environmental Footprints and Costs of Coal-Final Report: Environmental Footprints and Costs of Coal-Based Integrated Gastification Combined Cycle and Pulverized Coal TechnologiesBased Integrated Gastification Combined Cycle and Pulverized Coal Technologies. Washington, DC: U.S. . Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from http://www.gasification.org/Docs/News/2006/EPA%20-%20IGCC%20cf%20PC.pdfhttp://www.gasification.org/Docs/News/2006/EPA%20-%20IGCC%20cf%20PC.pdf

D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, Energy ConversionEnergy Conversion, CRC Publishers, 2008 , CRC Publishers, 2008 http://books.google.com/books?http://books.google.com/books?id=qBB00M5pe84C&pg=PT219&lpg=PT219&dq=LVH+efficiency+coal&source=web&ots=w8Smbb3XML&sigid=qBB00M5pe84C&pg=PT219&lpg=PT219&dq=LVH+efficiency+coal&source=web&ots=w8Smbb3XML&sig=zKzat6ylQvLN0l1m0x87JkuqDkU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result=zKzat6ylQvLN0l1m0x87JkuqDkU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result

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