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1 Geographic Information Infrastructures for Ubiquitous Computing Spring 2007 Ki-Joune Li.
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Geographic Information Infrastructuresfor Ubiquitous Computing
Spring 2007
Ki-Joune Li
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STEMPNU
Cyber Space vs. Ubiquitous Space
VS.
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Ubiquitous Space vs. Internet Space
Internet Space
Real World
user user user
Gates to Dive into Internet Space
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Ubiquitous Space and Augmented Reality
Cyber Space
Real World
user
user
user
user
Ubiquitous Space
AugmentedReality
Bridge to connect
Cyber space and real world
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Example of Augmented RealityCase 1: Multi-Projector
[Bauhaus Institute]
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Example of Augmented RealityCase 2: Surgery
[INRIA]
[Univ. Rochester]
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Example of Augmented RealityCase 3: Pedestrian
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Example of Augmented RealityCase 3: Pedestrian
Drishti: Indoor/Outdoor Blind Navigation System
- Sumi Helal, Steve Moore at Univ. Florida, USA
Orientation
Coordinates
Geographic Context
and
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Types of Augmented Reality ?
User Types
Mobility
Personalization
General Users
Our Concern
CASE 1
Stationary ObjectsGeneral Users
CASE 2
Stationary ObjectsIndividual Users
CASE 3
Mobile ObjectsIndividual Users
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Scenario
Detection by Sensor
RetrieveContextInformation
Provide AugmentedReality
Geographic Context
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Context-Awareness
Context
Internal Context
Static Context(Information-Driven)
Dynamic Context(Sensor-Driven)
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Context-Awareness without Information Provider
Context
Internal Context
Static Context(Information-Driven)
Dynamic Context(Sensor-Driven)
We need a map !
What can we do with this compass ?
Map: Static Information
Relatively Large to fit in a small device
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Indoor Space
Road Network Space
Euclidean Space
Spatial Context-Awareness(Geographic Awareness)
SpatialContext
My Status + Location, Speed, Orientation
Geographic Information
Static Context
Geo-Sensor
Dynamic Context
Internal Context
Seamless Space
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Geo-Labeling: Identification of Geographic Object
Context
My Status + Location, Speed, Orientation
Geographic Information
Static Context
Geo-Sensor
Dynamic Context
Internal Context
How to Identify and Retrieve Geographic Informationin Mobile Environment ?
Object Identifier orForeign Key like DB ?
We need a Mechanism to Identify a Geographic Object (Feature) and Retrieve its information
Geo-Labeling
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Geo-Label
Real World
UserRFID
2-DBarcode
Feature
Geo-Labels
GeographicDatabases
2. Complex Geographic Context Information
1. Simple Geographic Context Information
UFID
iPointer
Geo-Label
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Context-Aware Mapping
Context
My Status + Location, Speed, Orientation
Geographic Information
Static Context
Geo-Sensor
Dynamic Context
Internal Context
How to cook GI, stream data from sensors, and internal states ?
Requirements - Geographic Awareness, - Real-Time, - Scalability, and - Mobility
Approaches - Wireless Communication, - In-Network Approach like USN, P2P, or DMB
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Two Viewpoints
GeographicContext
RealWorld
1. How to get Geographic Context ?
2. How to handle Geographic Context ?
ApplicationSystems
2-1. How to provide Geographic Context ?
2-2. How to search Geographic Context ?2-3. How to analyze Geographic Context ?
1-1. How to collect Sensor Data ?
1-2. How to identify Geographic Features ?
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Challenges
To get geographic context To handle geographic context
Identification of geographic features
Geographic context in Heterogeneous Spaces
Providing geographic context
Analysis of geographic context
Scalability problem
Geo-Label
Indoor Underground 3-D
In-NetworkProcessing
DistributedMiddleware
Egocentric Mapping
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How to Implement Geo-Labels
Geo-Label: A label for recognizing geographic feature
Implementation Physical Device
2-D Bar Code RFID
Virtual Geo-Label Dynamic Computation from Viewpoint
Contents of Geo-Labels UFID u-Location Other Information
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2-D Bar Codes
Home Page URL,UFID,u-Location, andOther Information
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Virtual Geo-Labels
No Physical Devices Dynamic
Computation of Geo-Labels Position View Direction Velocity
Real World
Augmented Realityon a screen
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Implementation of Virtual Geo-Label in 3-D
Server of 3-DGIS Databases
Server ofApplication DB
Geo-Label Mobile Client
Position
Velocity
Interest
View Point
Geo-Label
DynamicComputation
Presentation of UsefulInformation
Progressive Transfer
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STEMPNU
Heterogeneous Space
Euclidean Space No obstacle to movement or placement
Constraint Space Many obstacles in reality Indoor space, Road Network space, and Terrain space Representation of Constraints
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Example: Indoor Space
No more Euclidian Space Different coordinate systems and different properties.
We should rebuild Spatial DBMS for Indoor Space
Emergency Bell A
401
W.C.
404
405
406
ElevatorStairs
Emergency Bell Bp (F4, 401, 15, 18)
4th Floor
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Should be processedin Real-Time
Large Number of Nodese.g. 1 Million Nodes
→ 1 sec/ node
Scalability and Real-Time Constraint
Geographic Context
MobileNode
MobileNode
DynamicUpdates of
Position
ContextRequest
MobileNode
MobileNode
MobileNode
MobileNode
MobileNode
MobileNode
GIS DBGIS DBLocation DBstationary and mobile nodes
Location DBstationary and mobile nodes
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Server
Geographic Context-Awareness by In-Network Processing
Scalability Problem
Each node has a small fraction of geographic Information.
Each node exchanges geographic information by
P2P Sensor Network Broadcasting
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In-Network Processing: P2P
Peer-to-Peer
No Centralized ServerOriginally for File Sharing Services
Each node has an IPv6 address Databases are scattered into mobile nodes
(x1,y1,t1), IPAddr1(x2,y2,t2), IPAddr2(x3,y4,t4), IPAddr3(x4,y4,t4), IPAddr4
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Example of P2P
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In-Network Processing: Sensor Network
Sensor Network DatabaseSensor Network Database
No Centralized ServerMobile Ad-Hoc Network
MANET Databases are scattered into mobile node
Coverage Area
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STEMPNU
Data on Air
Data on AirData on Air
Broadcasting ServerBroadcasting like DMB
Databases are periodically broadcasted
BroadcastingGeographic Context
Broadcasting Server
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STEMPNU
Ubiquitous Computing Architecture
Heterogeneity and Distributed Middleware
MobileNode
MobileNode
MobileNode
Middleware Middleware Middleware
MobileNode
MobileNode
MobileNode
Middleware Middleware Middleware3-Tiers Architecture
Server Server Server
Middleware
Client Client Client
Massively Distributed Environment
Binding Client and Server
Binding Mobile Nodes
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STEMPNU
PerformanceBottleneck
Heterogeneity and Distributed Middleware
Middleware
Binding ObjectsGeographic Binding
Location Data Server
(GIS)
Mobile Node Mobile Node
Middleware Middleware
Mobile Node Mobile Node
LDS LDSStandard
e.g. SensorML
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Egocentric Mapping: Evolution of the Map
Paper Maps
Digital Maps
Mobile Maps
Intelligent Maps
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STEMPNU
Paper Maps
Only for Visualization Static Map
Information should be preprocessed with respect to the purpose
Example Signage, Immovable Maps
Problems No consideration for a specific user
No Sign on the Location or Orientation of User on the Map Limited Attributes No Mapping Operations
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Digital Maps
A progress from paper maps Several types of operations and analysis becomes possible
Visualization such as zooming, panning and rotating Spatial analysis
No consideration about mobile users No Information about
“Where I am” User’s status
Limited mapping operations are possible Zooming, Panning Layer Selection
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Mobile Maps
Digital Map with some considerations about “Where I am” and Hardware constraints such as
Size of screen Memory size
No consideration about user’s state
Mapping operation concerning mobility such as Orientation
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STEMPNU
Intelligent Mobile Map
Mobile Map
Consideration of user’s state
Dynamic Mapping
Mobility Information- Location- Direction- Speed
User State and Demand
Egocentric Mapping
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Egocentric Mapping
Traditional Map
userA
userB
userI
userD
userC
userF
userG
userH
Egocentric Map
user AEgocentric Map
user B
Egocentric Map
user C
Egocentric Map
user D
What you see is What you want What you want is What you see
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STEMPNU
Example of Egocentric Mapping
Multiple LOD
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Example of Egocentric Mapping
Varying LOD
Space Contradiction
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STEMPNU
Example of Egocentric Mapping
Information in Real-Time
Augmented Focus
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Summary
Ubiquitous Computing Location Awareness Geographic Awareness
Several Challenges to Realize Geographic Awareness Geo-Label Seamless Space
Integration of Indoor and Outdoor Spaces Heterogeneity and Scalability Issues Egocentric Mapping
Context-Aware Mapping
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STEMPNU
But NOT LIKE THIS