1 Ecology BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson.
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Transcript of 1 Ecology BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson.
1
Ecology
BIO 2215
Oklahoma City Community College
Dennis Anderson
2
Ecology
• Study of the interactions of living organisms with each other and their environment
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• Scales of Life– Populations—All members of a single species that live
together in a specified geographic region.– Communities—All species that potentially interact with
one another, in a given region.– Ecosystems—Communities of living things and their
nonliving environment. – Biosphere—Entire interactive collection of the Earth’s
ecosystems.
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Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
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• The Ecosystem: The Fundamental Unit of Ecology– Ecosystem—A self-sustaining community of organisms
and the physical environment with which they interact.– Consist of biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors.– Depend on Sun for ultimate source of energy; there’s
one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem.– Some nutrients and water are taken up by living
organisms and then cycled back to the abiotic component of an ecosystem.
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Producer
• Produces food• Energy from sunlight
converted into chemical energy
• Plants• Algae
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Consumer
• Consume food by eating
• Primary• Secondary• Tertiary
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Decomposer
• Decompose dead bodies and organic matter
• Fungi• Bacteria
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Producers
Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
1,500,000
200,000
90,000
1
Pyramid of Numbers
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Producers
Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
809 g/m2
37 g/m2
Pyramid of Biomass
11 g/m2
1 g/m2
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Alfalfa
Cattle
Man
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Alfalfa
Cattle
Man
Rice
Man
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1st trophic level
2nd trophic level
3rd trophic level
4th trophic level
producers(photosynthesizers) Primary
consumers(plant predators)
Secondary consumers
(herbivore predators)Tertiary
consumers(carnivore predators)
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kingfisher
great blue heron
merganser otter
dipper
steelheadroach stickleback
newt caddis fly larva
snailfrog tadpolewater scavengerbeetle larva
tuft midge
diatomsgreen algae
blue-green algae
crayfish
garter snake
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Abiotic Components of an Ecosystem
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Water
• Temperature
• Sunlight
• Etc
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fossil fuels
plants animals
dead organismsdecomposition bybacteria and fungi
2 respiration
respiration
1 photosynthesis
burning of fossil
fuels
5
4 3
atmospheric CO2
THE CARBON CYCLE
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1 nitrogen fixation5
denitrifyingbacteria
3 decomposition by bacteria and fungi
atmospheric N2
bacteria inroot nodulesof plants, and in soil
nitrate (NO3)
4 nitrifying bacteria
ammonia (NH3)ammonium NH4+)
animal wastedead organisms
THE NITROGEN CYCLE
assimilationinto animals assimilation
into plants2
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THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
precipitationover ocean
evaporation
watervapor
90% 10%
surfacerunoff
ocean
precipitationover land
transpiration,evaporation
groundwater
groundwaterrunoff
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Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
Producer
Decomposer
Sun
1,000,000
Calories
20,000
10,0005,000
5,000
2,0001,000
2,000
1,000500
500
300200
6,700
Total 20,000
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Energy
• Does not cycle in an ecosystem
• Usable energy lost at each trophic level
• Sun is the source of energy
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Habitat
• Where an organism is found– Marine– Fresh water– Tree tops– Under ground– etc
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Niche
• How an organism obtains food and resources to survive– “occupation”
• Black rhino feeds on leaves and woody plants
• White Rhino feed on grasses and herbs
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Competitiveexclusion
Pop
ula
tion s
ize
P. aurelia
P. caudatum
Time (days)
Time (days)Pop
ula
tion s
ize
Resourcepartitioning
P. aurelia
P. bursaria
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Territory: Area defended against others of the same species.
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peak
peak
AugustAprilJanuary December
Month
0
400
800
1200
0
4
8
12
16
Song level
Test
ost
ero
ne level
O
CH3
CH3OH
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Animal Societies
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Advantages of Group Living
• Easier to detect predator
• Easier to repel predator
• Protect young• Easier to find food• Easier to find a mate
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Disadvantages of Group Living
• More competition• More disease
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Dominance Hierarchy
• Each member has a rank in the pack
• Alpha—highest rank• Beta—second rank• Omega—lowest rank
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Dominance Hierarchy
• Reduces conflict• Promotes social order
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Predator and Prey
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Predators Benefit Prey
• Prevent overpopulation
• Remove weak and sick from population
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Snowshoe Rabbit and Lynx
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Snowshoe Rabbit and Lynx
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Coyote and Jackrabbit
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Symbosis
• Living together• Parasitism• Commensalism• Mutualism
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Parasitism
• Parasite benefits• Host harmed
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MutualismBoth benefit
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Commensalism
• Shark and Remora• Remora benefits
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Populations
• Capacity to grow exponentially
2-4-8-16-32-64
128……1,000,000
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Population Growth
• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Example– Population of 100– 10 births and 8 deaths– Rate of growth is 2%
51Time
Number in Population
Lag Phase
Log Phase
Carry Capacity
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Carrying Capacity
• Optimum number of individuals an ecosystem can support for an extended period of time.
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Environment Resistance
• Food
• Space
• Disease
• Predators
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TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH
exponential growth
logistic growth
Time
more complex growth
K
K
Pop
ula
tion s
ize
J shaped growth
S shaped growth
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Population Crash
• 1944 29 reindeer introduced to St. Matthew island
• 1964 population increased to 6,000
• Crashed to only reindeer 42
• All died a few years later
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Kiabab Forest1907 population = 4,000
1925 population 100,000
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Easter Island
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Challenges of Expanding Human Population
• 250,000 babies born each day
• 19,000 people starve to death each day
• Carrying capacity for American lifestyle is 2.5 billion
• 2 billion people do not have enough food, water and clean air.
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Expanding Economies Stress Ecosystems
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Biodiversity
• Diversity of species• Decrease Biodiversity
– Habitat destruction– Pollution– Excessive
• Hunting• Fishing• poaching
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Coral Reefs
• 10% of coral reefs lost in 1992
• 27% of coral reefs lost in 2000
• Global warming• Over fishing• Mining• Pollution
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The End